IAEA Research Articles

Repercussions of the United States’ Withdrawal from the International Iranian Nuclear Agreement

This text explores Iran’s willingness to enhance transparency and compliance with international nuclear regulations by agreeing to grant limited access to non-nuclear sites, particularly military facilities, for International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. The commitment is made within the framework of the Additional Protocol to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), showcasing Iran’s dedication to implementing and ratifying international agreements. One of the key provisions of Iran’s commitment involves a substantial reduction in the number of centrifuges over ten years. The total number of centrifuges is set to decrease from 19,000 devices (including 10,200 currently operational) to 6,104. Furthermore, only 5,060 of these centrifuges will be authorized to produce uranium enriched at a rate not exceeding 3.67% for 15 years. Notably, all centrifuges used during this period will be of the first generation, emphasizing Iran’s adherence to specified technological limitations. This abstract provides an overview of Iran’s multifaceted commitments, highlighting its efforts to address global concerns surrounding its nuclear program while operating within the stipulations of the Additional Protocol to the NPT. ten years.

Levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in foods from the first German total diet study.

Although natural radionuclides are always present in foods, information about the levels is scarce. The diet-related exposure to radiation is, however, dependent on the radionuclide content of respective food items. In this study, the levels of the naturally occurring radionuclides lead-210 (Pb-210), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226) and radium-228 (Ra-228) were investigated in over 200 foods as part of the first German total diet study. Radioanalytical techniques and measurements were applied for determination. The natural radionuclide activity concentrations obtained were generally low compared to international data compilations. Together, Ra-228 and Ra-226 mostly dominated the levels of activity concentrations. Of all Ra-226, Ra-228 and Pb-210 results, between 1% and 19% exceeded the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidance level for food products of 0.1Bq/kg or 1Bq/kg. The received activity levels for both U-234 and U-238 were found to be below the suggested IAEA guidance level of 10Bq/kg. The radionuclide activity ratios of Ra-226/Ra-228, U-234/U-238 and Pb-210/Ra-226 of the foods were examined as well. In particular, it was found that the average Ra-226/Ra-228 ratio in all main food groups was substantially lower than the average Ra-226/Ra-228 ratio in soils. An isotope dependent transfer of Ra-226 and Ra-228 from soil to plants and foods is suggested to explain the difference. The obtained data set will be a valuable contribution to international data collections and thus help to a better understanding of the public exposure to natural radionuclides from the food consumption in the future.

Strategic Approach for the Elaboration of a Safety Design Basis for Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities in Brazil

A nonreactor nuclear facility (NRNF) for maritime activities is being designed as part of the Brazilian naval nuclear propulsion program. The absence of national regulations for the design and licensing of naval NRNFs presents a challenge that must be addressed. This study aims to present an initial proposal for developing a safety design basis for NRNFs in Brazil. This proposal is based on the collection and analysis of national and international standards (documentary research), as well as articles, dissertations, and theses (bibliographic research) that discuss the criteria and safety requirements relevant to the licensing and design of NRNFs. This research develops a strategy for applying U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) regulations derived from the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, “Energy,” Part 830, “Nuclear Safety Management,” in conjunction with CNEN (National Nuclear Energy Commission, Brazil) regulation NE 1.04, “Licensing of Nuclear Installations,” aligned with International Atomic Energy Agency requirements to develop a safety design basis for naval NRNFs. The first step of the proposed strategy involves categorizing facility hazards conducted in accordance with DOE-STD-1027. The process continues for facilities categorized as hazard categories 1, 2, and 3. The directive DOE O 420.1C, “Facility Safety,” and the invoked standards serve as foundational elements for developing the safety design basis. The results of this research demonstrate that the DOE regulatory framework for NRNFs is a suitable alternative to address the national regulatory gap and improve the national licensing process by incorporating the safety-in-design concept.

The occupational hazards of anesthesiologists: A literature review and evidence-based approach to prevention

Background An occupational hazard is any workplace condition that poses a risk to an employee's health. Occupational hazards are ubiquitous in the field of anesthesiology and often go underappreciated. These hazards warrant careful assessment and strategic preventative planning. Objective This narrative literature review examines the occupational hazards encountered by anesthesiologists and discusses evidence-based techniques to mitigate these risks. Facilitating the health and safety of anesthesia professionals protects not only the providers themselves but also enhances patient care by reducing the possibility of medical errors due to occupational fatigue, stress, and injuries. Methods A targeted search of PubMed and other databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science) was used to review the literature. Safety standard handbooks by the International Atomic Energy Agency, The Pan American Health Organization, The World Health Organization, and Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, were also consulted to provide the current guidelines for hazards discussed. Articles and information were included if they provided information about the occupational hazards of anesthesiologists or evidence-based prevention techniques for mitigating the hazards. Results The occupational hazards are classified into physical, chemical, and biological categories. Evidence-based preventive measures are proposed and examined for each category. Conclusion This paper examines the challenges faced by anesthesiologists by categorizing the physical, chemical, and biological occupational hazards. Each identified hazard is accompanied by evidence-based strategies to mitigate its impact. By illuminating these issues, increased awareness among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public can foster a collective effort to improve the safety of the work of anesthesia providers.

Aktuální trendy a výzvy v oblasti právní úpravy odpovědnosti za jaderné škody v evropském kontextu

Currently, the legal framework for nuclear liability derives mainly from two major international treaties: The Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy, signed under the auspices of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in 1960 and the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, that was signed under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1963. Both the Paris Convention and the Vienna Convention, are governed by identical basic principles. These principles are strict (objective) liability, congruence between liability and coverage, channelling of liability exclusively onto the operator, very restricted exonerations, non-discrimination of victims, and exklusive jurisdiction of the courts of one country. So, if we would like to analyse the situation with nuclear liability in the European Union, we can define this as a “patchwork”. Before 2004 enlargement, the EU member states, with exception of Austria, Ireland and Luxembourg, were parties to the Paris Convention and most of them also to the Brussels Conventions. During the 2004 and 2008 enlargements, mainly Vienna Convention signatories entered the Union. While all of these Vienna Convention states are also parties the 1988 Joint Protocol, only 8 of the Paris Convention states adhere to this instrument which creates a “bridge” between the Paris and the Vienna Conventions. Slovenia originally was a Vienna State but in 2001 signed the Paris Convention and terminated the Vienna Convention.

IPEM code of practice for proton therapy dosimetry based on the NPL primary standard proton calorimeter calibration service.

Internationally, reference dosimetry for clinical proton beams largely follows the guidelines published by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA TRS-398 Rev. 1, 2024). This approach yields a relative standard uncertainty of 1.7% (k=1) on the absorbed dose to water determined under reference conditions. The new IPEM code of practice presented here, enables the relative standard uncertainty on the absorbed dose to water measured under reference conditions to be reduced to 1.0% (k=1). This improvement is based on the absorbed dose to water calibration service for proton beams provided by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the UK's primary standards laboratory. This significantly reduced uncertainty is achieved through the use of a primary standard level graphite calorimeter to derive absorbed dose to water directly in the clinical department's beam. This eliminates the need for beam quality correction factors (k_(Q,Q_0 )) as required by the IAEA TRS-398 approach. The portable primary standard level graphite calorimeter, developed over a number of years at the NPL, is sufficiently robust to be useable in the proton beams of clinical facilities both in the UK and overseas.
The new code of practice involves performing reference dosimetry measurements directly traceable to the primary standard level graphite calorimeter in a clinical proton beam. Calibration of an ionisation chamber is performed in the centre of a standard test volume (STV) of dose, defined here to be a 10 x 10 x 10 cm volume in water, centred at a depth of 15 cm. Further STVs at reduced and increased depths are also utilised. The designated ionisation chambers are Roos-type plane-parallel chambers.
This article provides all the necessary background material, formalism, and specifications of reference conditions required to implement reference dosimetry according to this new code of practice. The Annexes provide a detailed review of ion recombination and how this should be assessed (Annex A1) and detailed work instructions for creating and delivering the standard test volumes (Annex A2).&#xD.

Adaptive Sampling Limit Surface Search Application to Identify Cliff-Edge Effects in Severe Accident Uncertainty Analysis

Severe accident (SA) codes and their core degradation models have to deal with strongly nonlinear and discontinuous phenomena. In the application of uncertainty quantification to SA simulations, the combination of such phenomena may lead to a strong increase in the uncertainty propagated through the simulation, as well as to the chaotic behavior of the output variables. In this framework, the application of the limit surface search method of the RAVEN tool is proposed for a case where cliff-edge effects of SA phenomena determine a bifurcation of an output figure of merit. The algorithm is based on a predictive method making use of a support vector machine model, and it is applied with the aim of separating those input values that lead to different phenomenologies among the uncertainty calculations. The case study is in regard to the uncertainty analysis of the ASTEC code simulation of the QUENCH6 experimental test conducted in the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency Coordinated Research Project I31033.

Beyond the Surface: Evaluating the Impacts of Fukushima Nuclear Wastewater Release

Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in Japan, managing contaminated water became a long-term challenge. In August 2023, Japan began discharging treated atomic wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, sparking global concern. Since nuclear wastewater discharge involves environmental safety, public health, and international relations, understanding various perspectives and presenting scientific data is crucial for formulating reasonable policies. This study aims to analyse the attitudes of different countries towards the Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge, assess its scientific basis, and explore its economic impact on Japan's fishing industry. The results show that Japan's wastewater discharge complies with international safety standards, based on an evaluation of publicly available data from the Tokyo Electric Power Company and the International Atomic Energy Agency. The analysis encompassed both safety measures and environmental impacts of this specific nuclear wastewater release. Despite scientific studies confirming that the treated nuclear wastewater meets safety standards, ongoing public concerns and geopolitical tensions have caused significant economic impacts on Japan's fishing industry. Therefore, enhanced scientific dialogue and research are needed to effectively address the potential long-term challenges that nuclear wastewater discharge may pose to marine ecosystems and global food safety

Evolution and Recent Radiation Therapy Advancement in Uganda: A Precedent on How to Increase Access to Quality Radiotherapy Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

The evolution of radiation therapy in Uganda has been a journey marked by significant milestones and persistent challenges. Since the inception of radiotherapy services in 1988-1989, there has been a concerted effort to enhance cancer treatment services. The early years were characterized by foundational developments, such as the installation of the first teletherapy units, low-dose-rate brachytherapy units, and conventional simulators, and the recognition of radiation oncologists and medical physicist professionals laid the groundwork for radiotherapy treatment modalities. With more support from the International Atomic Energy Agency, the acquisition of dosimetry equipment, treatment planning systems, and additional professional training signaled a new era in the fight against cancer. As we entered the second decade of the millennium, the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) witnessed a progression in sophisticated radiotherapy services, including high-dose-rate brachytherapy, initiation of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)/volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and use of artificial intelligence. These advancements improved the efficiency/precision of treatments and the time patients spent undergoing therapy. Around the second decade of radiotherapy services, about 600 new patients with cancer were annually treated compared with about 2,600 in 2023. Currently, an average of 1,440 brachytherapy insertions are done annually compared with 300 insertions for the first 20 years. Despite the technological strides, the UCI faced numerous obstacles, including limited equipment, knowledge gaps in appropriate tumor/organs at risk segmentations, treatment planning, and protocols. However, international support and collaboration efforts have led to significant improvement in the precision and effectiveness of treatments. Currently, about 51% of all patients are treated with image-guided techniques-IMRT/VMAT (42%) and three-dimensional conformal radiation treatment (10%). The Government has commenced the decentralization of radiotherapy services to other regions. This review can be a learning lesson for the more than 25 countries in Africa and other low-middle-income countries globally that do not have access to radiotherapy and/or are in the process of starting such facilities.

Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods

90Sr does not exist in nature. Its main sources in the environment are global fallout of past nuclear accidents or nuclear detonations. 90Sr is radiologically significant because of its relatively long physical and biological half-lives and its chemical resemblance to calcium. In order to estimate the radioactivity level of 90Sr around Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, environmental samples (soil, water, vegetation, and water) and food samples (wheat, milk, poultry) were collected from the different selected sites around PINSTECH within the area of about 12.5 km radius. All samples were pretreated using the guidelines of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Reports Series No. 295. 90Sr was indirectly determined through its progeny 90Y in secular radioactive equilibrium. 90Y was radiochemically separated using combination of Tri-n-butyl Phosphate (TBP) solvent extraction and precipitation. Finally, the activity was measured on Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) through Cherenkov radiation. The activity concentrations of 90Sr in all samples were too low to be detected by the LSC system, except for a vegetation sample from Rawal Dam where a minimum activity of 0.16 ± 0.04 Bq/kg of fresh weight was found. No considerable activity concentration of 90Sr was found around PINSTECH research facilities.

Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake

Nutritional epidemiology aims to link dietary exposures to chronic disease, but the instruments for evaluating dietary intake are inaccurate. One way to identify unreliable data and the sources of errors is to compare estimated intakes with the total energy expenditure (TEE). In this study, we used the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labeled Water Database to derive a predictive equation for TEE using 6,497 measures of TEE in individuals aged 4 to 96 years. The resultant regression equation predicts expected TEE from easily acquired variables, such as body weight, age and sex, with 95% predictive limits that can be used to screen for misreporting by participants in dietary studies. We applied the equation to two large datasets (National Diet and Nutrition Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and found that the level of misreporting was >50%. The macronutrient composition from dietary reports in these studies was systematically biased as the level of misreporting increased, leading to potentially spurious associations between diet components and body mass index.

Soil Sampling Procedure for Management and Analysis of Legacy Sites in the Korean Peninsula

Background: The Korean Peninsula is split between the South Korea and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea), with North Korea possessing nuclear weapons. There are rising concerns over legacy sites, areas contaminated primarily by nuclear activities. In North Korea, these sites lack regulatory oversight and are likely neglected even if inactive. Hence, it is vital to devise strategies to manage and assess these sites. Yongbyon, a prominent nuclear site in North Korea, has been proposed for environmental sampling to gauge contamination levels. The goal is to determine contamination by suggesting sample collection points in Yongbyon.Materials and Methods: Using recent data and satellite imagery from the International Atomic Energy Agency’s periodic Safety Measures Report, we selected legacy sites to assess their contamination levels with recent data and satellite imagery. We identified sampling locations using the Visual Sample Plan (VSP) to check nuclear contamination. From these results, we devised a scenario evaluating accessibility and the local environment.Results and Discussion: For Yongbyon in North Korea, this study created two sampling scenarios based on interior access feasibility. Given North Korea’s constraints, we finalized the scenario without interior access. The sampling areas include two steam lines, four vehicle paths, and five green zones outside the facility.Conclusion: Nuclear facility operations worldwide are concerning. When halted, these become legacy sites requiring contamination management. Despite North Korea’s limited recordkeeping and challenges in determining contamination, we devised a sampling scenario using VSP software, factoring in accessibility and movement paths.

Consolidated Newborn Bloodspot Screening Efforts in Developing Countries in the Asia Pacific-2024.

Approximately half of all births globally occur in the Asia Pacific Region. Concerted efforts to support local activities aimed at developing national newborn screening (NBS) have been ongoing for almost 30 years, first by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and then through volunteer efforts. Sustainable newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) continues to be initiated and develop in many of the countries with developing economies in the region. Since the discontinuation of IAEA funding in 2007, a working group of the Asia Pacific Society of Human Genetics (APSHG) consisting of interested representatives from countries in the region with less than 50% NBS coverage has participated in periodic workshops to exchange information, set goals, and provide peer support. Facilitated by international NBS experts, interested corporate sponsors, and the APSHG, the 7th workshop of representatives from 10 East Asian countries with developing NBS systems was recently held in Kathmandu, Nepal. This report summarizes the NBS activities in these countries and describes the continuing efforts to move NBS ahead in the region.

Establishment of Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for Head CT Imaging in the Madina Region, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Computed Tomography (CT) is crucial in medical diagnosis, particularly for head examinations. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are pivotal in balancing diagnostic efficacy with radiation safety. International organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) provide guidelines for establishing DRLs, emphasizing their importance in optimizing radiation doses. Aim: This study aimed to establish and standardize DRLs for head CT imaging in institutional and regional settings, emphasizing the need for tailored reference levels specific to each region's practices and standards. Method: Data collection included patient demographics, imaging parameters, and radiation dose indices, namely volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP). Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the median and 3rd quartile values for establishing DRLs. The results were compared with national and international benchmarks to assess variations in radiation doses across regions. Results: Demographic profiles detailed gender distributions and ages across hospitals. Imaging parameters exhibited variability in tube voltage, milliampere-seconds (mAs), pitch, scan length, and field of view (FOV). For CTDIvol, the 3rd quartile value was 65.8 mGy (range: 24.8-85.9 mGy), and for DLP, it was 1230.95 mGy·cm (range: 382.3-1189.0 mGy·cm). These values were slightly higher than the national DRLs for Saudi Arabia in 2021 and other international benchmarks, underscoring the need for further optimization and alignment of protocols. Conclusion: Optimizing and standardizing DRLs for head CT imaging is crucial for effectively managing radiation doses while ensuring diagnostic accuracy. Comparison with national and international benchmarks highlighted the importance of tailoring reference levels to regional practices and standards, ensuring patient safety without compromising diagnostic efficacy.

Enhancing puncture resistance in critical applications: A combined experimental and numerical approach

The qualification of materials for puncture resistance is essential for applications like pressure vessels and transport containers, particularly for the safe transport of radioactive materials. International regulations, set forth by organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Commission (AERB), mandate the design of transport packages capable of withstanding various accident scenarios, including puncture, fire, impact, and immersion, to ensure the safety and integrity of radioactive material transport. This paper establishes a correlation between puncture energy ( E) required to penetrate stainless steel and mild steel plates, both with and without lead backing, as a function of plate thickness ( t) and punch diameter ( d). The simulation of strain and damage caused by punch impact is carried out within the elastoplastic region of structural materials, with a focus on the kinetic strengthening of the material. Abaqus finite element software is employed for numerical simulations, with model parameters derived from experimental stress-strain flow curve data using a curve-fitting technique. Dynamic compression experiments were conducted at the Refueling Technology Division (RTD) in the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) across a range of strain rates from 600 [Formula: see text] to 1750 [Formula: see text] at room temperature, using a Split Hopkinson Pressure bar. Additionally, drop weight tower (DWT) experiments were performed at RTD in the BARC facility to calibrate numerical simulations. These experiments were carried out on both bare and leaded stainless steel (SS304L) and mild steel (SA516Gr70) plates.

The IAEA and Irreversibility: Addressing Political, Institutional, and Technological Verification Challenges in Former Nuclear-Armed States

ABSTRACT This article addresses challenges the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) may face when conducting nuclear verification activities in former nuclear-armed States after the completion of their disarmament process. It does so by discussing the institutional, political and technological considerations that would present challenges and opportunities for the IAEA, building on discussions held in a workshop with an interactive simulation with eminent practitioners in the field of nuclear verification and scholars. First, the article briefly describes past discussions on the IAEA’s role in verifying former nuclear weapons possessors, and it assesses how nuclear safeguards could ensure irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in a disarmed environment. Second, it explores institutional, political, and technological challenges and opportunities for the IAEA verifying irreversibility. Institutional aspects include resource management, legal frameworks, and the adaptation of policymaking organs. Political aspects discussed are the potential for shifting the Agency’s organisational culture and mitigating financial constraints. Lastly, technological aspects include leveraging existing and new verification methods, dealing with new forms of classified materials, and assessing the completeness of nuclear material inventories.

Assessment of surface contamination of low-dose radioactive iodine ( 131 I) treatment container.

With the advancement of radiotherapy technology in the medical field, the amount of radioactive waste has rapidly increased, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has proposed waste deregulation standards based on individual dose, collective dose, and nuclide concentration. The purpose of this study is to define the standard period (1 day) required to measure collected radioactive waste using direct and indirect methods with a radioactivity meter, ensure that the radiation dose remains below the allowable level, and transport the waste safely. In this study, 131 I low-dose (30 mCi) radioactive waste discarded after radioiodine treatment at a medical institution was collected, and a measuring container was prepared to measure radioactivity concentration according to IAEA standards. The experiments showed that the minimum number of days required for the contamination levels of the inner and outer parts of containers and therapeutic plastics to fall below the tolerance limit were 6, 1, and 5 days, respectively. Conversely, the contamination levels measured immediately after 131 I treatments in the cases of Styrofoam and paper boxes were below the tolerance limit. The study emphasizes the need for a safe disposal process and active radioactive waste management operations by radioactive waste transporters by specifying the scope for safe transportation beyond the permissible limit.

Fukushima Daiichi ALPS-Treated Water Discharge: Bolstering Norms to Protect the Marine Environment

Abstract The discharge of the ALPS-treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station raises complex issues regarding the normative framework governing its impact on the marine environment. Due to its cross-cutting nature, international norms from both the nuclear and ocean domains are potentially applicable. While the International Atomic Energy Agency’s safety review has focused on assessing the consistency of Japan’s actions with the safety standards, less attention has been paid to international conventions relevant to the discharge. This article aims to (i) clarify the key international norms for marine environmental protection from both domains and consider how they interrelate; and (ii) identify governance challenges associated with these norms. It examines governance concerns related to safety standards and key international conventions, concluding with recommendations to strengthen and develop the normative framework.

The Role of Small Modular Reactors in the Energy Transition to Decarbonization

The global push to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while meeting the rising demand for electricity, has led to a growing interest in less polluting energy sources. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) emerge as a key innovation in nuclear power, offering enhanced safety, transportability, and cost-effectiveness. This paper explores the role of SMRs in advancing decarbonization and strengthening energy security, with a focus on their potential deployment in the EU, including with the aim to achieve climate targets and ensure a stable electricity supply. The study evaluates various SMR designs using the International Atomic Energy Agency’s reactor technology assessment toolkit, considering factors such as safety, economic viability, and regulatory challenges. The findings highlight the critical role of informed decision-making in the successful integration of SMRs into national energy grids, addressing both technical and public perception issues. This paper also underscores the importance of SMRs in creating a sustainable and resilient energy future.

Application of Reactor Technology Assessment for Floating Nuclear Power Plant Site Selection

At ATOMEXPO in 2015, Indonesia expressed its interest in building a Floating Nuclear Power Plant (PLTN). As a technology that is starting to be in demand in various countries, until this paper was written, the only Floating NPP operating commercially in the world is the Akademik Lomonosov from Russia. Indonesia will be included as a newcomer country if it realizes the construction of a Floating NPP. In this regard, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published a reactor technology assessment (RTA) guideline. RTA is a method that newcomer countries can use to select a reactor at a predetermined site. This study demonstrated the application of RTA for a different purpose, namely site selection when the reactor has been determined. This is possible because some parameters in RTA are site-specific. This study compared the total score at each site, where the highest total score means the site that needs to be prioritized. The candidate sites used in this study include Gelasa Island, Ujung Lemah Abang (ULA), North Luwu, and Labuhan Badas, and the type of reactor used is KLT-40S, which is used in the Akademik Lomonosov Nuclear Power Plant. The study results found that the site with the highest score was ULA, with a total score of 3.5772, so this site needs to be considered in the construction of the Floating Nuclear Power Plant. Keywords: Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), Floating Nuclear Power Plant, External Hazards, reactor technology assessment (RTA)