In this study, aromatics were prepared by continuous microwave pyrolysis experiment in the presence and absence of HZSM-5 using different types of waste cooking oil (corn oil, rice oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, soybean oil, blending oil, peanut oil, palm oil), and the effects of raw material characteristics on pyrolysis products were compared. The results showed that the fatty acid composition of waste cooking oil affects the composition of pyrolysis products. For example, linoleic acid promotes naphthene and inhibits olefin formation; oleic acid is easy to form C9 and C10 compounds; compared with oleic acid and linoleic acid, palmitic acid is not conducive to deoxidation. In addition, the deoxidation degree of waste cooking oil is related to the raw material H/Ceff, and the order from high to low is corn oil > rapeseed oil > sunflower seed oil > peanut oil > soybean oil. The yield of the oxygen-containing compounds is inversely proportional to it. With the use of HZSM-5 catalyst, the content of toluene and xylene in liquid products is significantly increases, especially the content of xylene. The catalytic effect of rice oil is the most significant, with xylene content increased by 19.2% compared with the non-catalytic pyrolysis. This provides a reference for the efficient treatment of waste oil and the production of aromatics in the future.