Hysteresis Research Articles

Modulation of solid solution in MgxMn1−xAl2xFe2(1−x)O4 spinel ceramics for multifunctional devices

AbstractSolid solution modulation is an ideal method for combining the advantages of different parent compounds while mitigating their disadvantages. Here, we investigated the thermal sensitivity, magnetic properties, and microwave absorption of MgxMn1−xAl2xFe2(1−x)O4 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) spinel solid solution ceramics for application in multifunctional devices. The electrical transport and magnetic properties can be modulated by adjusting the solution ratio. The ceramics exhibit negative temperature coefficient characteristic. The B‐values from 5065–8056 K, suggesting accurate temperature measurements over a wide temperature range. As a type of soft magnetic material, it has a narrow hysteresis loop and high resistivity. Vector network analyzer studies indicate Mg0.2Mn0.8Al0.4Fe1.6O4 could be a candidate for microwave absorption in S‐band. This study successfully extends the applicability of MgxMn1−xAl2xFe2(1−x)O4 ceramics for high‐temperature thermistors and also confirms potential for multifunctional device.

Switchable Photoelectric Response in High-Temperature Leadless Molecular Ferroelectric [C4N2H14][BiI5

Lead-free molecular ferroelectrics have garnered considerable attention for their promising potential, but such species with narrow band gap and sensitive photoelectric response are yet inadequate. Herein, we demonstrated the bulk ferroelectric photovoltaic effect in a novel lead-free molecular ferroelectric [C4N2H14][BiI5] with a Curie temperature (Tc) of 366 K and a narrow band gap (Eg) of 1.92 eV. The transformation of the crystal structure from the polar space group P21 to the nonpolar space group P21/m was elucidated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Room-temperature (RT) hysteresis loop reveals the intrinsic ferroelectricity of [C4N2H14][BiI5] with a relative small coercive field (Ec ∼ 0.27 kV/cm), saturation polarization (Ps ∼ 1.87 μC/cm2), and remanent polarization (Pr ∼ 1.61 μC/cm2). [C4N2H14][BiI5]-based solar device exhibits significant PV effects with a steady-state photocurrent (Jsc) of 3.54 μA/cm2 and a photovoltage (Voc) of 0.34 V under AM 1.5 G illumination, which can be significantly improved by adjusting the ferroelectric polarization, reaching a maximum Jsc of 140 μA/cm2 and Voc of 0.51 V. This work offers a promising avenue for lead-free molecular ferroelectric materials in the field of optoelectronic devices.

Magnetic, electrochemical properties and probable mechanism of charge storage in the pristine and Cr-doped CeO2

The emergence of cerium oxide (CeO2) has garnered significant interest as an energy storage gadget owing to its inspiring electrochemical, electrical and mechanical properties. Current work, we have synthesized Ce1-xCrxO2x=0,0.025,0.05,0.1 via simple auto-combustion method. The structure–property relations were characterized by several physicochemical characterizations such as XRD, FESEM, EDAX, vibrational spectroscopy, XPS, BET and UV–visible spectroscopy. The suds-like CeO2 morphology and oxygen defects were highly suitable for the electrolytic ion intercalation to the electrode. By employing the Trassati model, Power law establishment and Dunn’s model, the innate charge storage mechanisms in the synthesized materials were revealed. The specific capacitance of pristine CeO2 attained 30.42F/g and it enhances to 73.56F/g for Ce0.925Cr0.025O2 at 0.5 A/g. Further Ce0.925Cr0.025O2 possesses a capacitance retention of 108.85 % even after 1000 GCD cycles at a current density of 4 A/g. The electrochemical results suggest Ce1-xCrxO2x=0.025 as a good material for supercapacitor applications. The magnetic measurements on the doped and undoped samples show no long-range ordering indicating zero hysteresis loss. Further, magnetic studies suggests the suitability of Ce1-xCrxO2x=0.1 for supercapacitance applications.

Analyzing dynamic stall on tubercle mounted VAWT blades: A simplistic experimental approach using an oscillating rig

Leading-edge tubercles, inspired by the flippers of humpback whales, are widely adopted passive flow control devices to enhance the aerodynamic performance of various lifting surfaces. This experimental study investigates the implementation of sinusoidal and triangular tubercles on H-type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades to analyze their effects on dynamic stall characteristics. Experimental tests were conducted using a specially designed oscillating rig to replicate blade motion at different reduced frequencies. The results reveal that tubercle blades exhibit a lower stall angle and maximum normal force compared to the baseline configuration. Moreover, the dynamic stall characteristics of tubercle blades are notably smoother, leading to reduced hysteresis losses. A variation in the tubercle amplitude-wavelength ratio further decreases hysteresis, albeit at the cost of reduced normal force generation. At the highest tested reduced frequency of 0.065, tubercles reduce hysteresis by up to 38%. Despite the reduction in normal force, tubercles effectively mitigate the effects of dynamic stall vortices, resulting in smoother stall behavior. The observed reduction in hysteresis can contribute to enhancing the turbine’s lifespan and increasing power production efficiency. This experimental approach provides a cost-effective alternative to more expensive methods for studying dynamic stall characteristics.

Comprehensive electrical properties and thermal stability of PNT-xPZ-PT ceramics via composition optimization

The structure, electrical properties, and thermal stability of 2 mol% MnO2-doped 0.12Pb(Ni1/3Ta2/3)O3-xPbZrO3-(0.88-x)PbTiO3 (abbreviated as PNT-xPZ-PT-Mn, x = 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44) ceramics were systematically investigated to analyze the impact of varying PZ content within the range of 0.41–0.44. In addition, the high temperature polarization method was employed to achieve enhanced electrical performance. Notably, optimized electrical properties of d33 = 400 pC/N, Qm = 757, FOM = 3.0×105 pC/N and kp = 0.616 were obtained for the PNT-0.43PZ-PT-Mn ceramics. The enhanced electrical properties observed in this study could be attributed to the presence of dielectric relaxor behavior, and the manifestation of ferroelectric hysteresis effects. In particular, d33 and kp values exhibited a consistent trend from the room temperature to the Curie temperature, thereby indicating the remarkable thermal stability of PNT-0.43PZ-PT-Mn ceramics. This study presented a systematic approach to enhance the properties of PZT-based materials.

Effect of vaccine dose intervals: Considering immunity levels, vaccine efficacy, and strain variants for disease control strategy

In this study, we present an immuno-epidemic model to understand mitigation options during an epidemic break. The model incorporates comorbidity and multiple-vaccine doses through a system of coupled integro-differential equations to analyze the epidemic rate and intensity from a knowledge of the basic reproduction number and time-distributed rate functions. Our modeling results show that the interval between vaccine doses is a key control parameter that can be tuned to significantly influence disease spread. We show that multiple doses induce a hysteresis effect in immunity levels that offers a better mitigation alternative compared to frequent vaccination which is less cost-effective while being more intrusive. Optimal dosing intervals, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of each vaccination effort, and determined by various factors such as the level of immunity and efficacy of vaccines against different strains, appear to be crucial in disease management. The model is sufficiently generic that can be extended to accommodate specific disease forms.

Dispersion, solid solution, and covalent bond coupled to strengthen K4169/TiAl composite brazed joints: First-principles and experimental perspective

Ni/TiAl composite brazed joints could significantly reduce the aircraft's weight. However, low interfacial adhesion, coarse and brittle-hard intermetallic compounds (IMCs) seriously limited the application of Ni/TiAl composite joints in the next generation of aerospace applications. So enhanced K4169/TiAl composite joints were investigated by vacuum brazed with (Ni53.33Cr20B16.67Si10/Zr25Ti18.75Ta12.5Ni25Cu18.75) composite filler metal (CFM) designed based on cluster-plus-glue-atom model. The shear strength of the joint reached 485 MPa, comparable to the 491 MPa of TiAl substrate. The flat and brittle-hard diffusion reaction layer between Zones I and II was eliminated, simultaneously generating CrB4 dispersion strengthening due to the CFM developed with the interfacial solid-liquid space-time hysteresis effect. In Zones II and III, IMCs all transformed into Niss(Cr,Fe)[0–88], Niss(Ti, Al)[004], and Niss(Zr,Si)[11–2] of circular and oval shapes through isothermal solidification. Meanwhile, the residual stresses and hardness were distributed in reticulated cladding characteristics. Thereby, lattice distortion led to solid solution strengthening and increased plastic toughness through crack termination and bridging mechanisms, which inhibited dislocations from plugging and crack propagation. Various interfaces in Zone Ⅳ were regulated into semi- and coherent interfaces. Ni3(Ti,Al)/(Ni,Ti,Al) and (Ni,Ti,Al)/AlNi2Ti were composed of higher interfacial bonding energy (2.771 J/m2, 2.547 J/m2) and Ni-Ni covalent bonds. Interfacial covalent bonding and large interfacial bonding energy coupling strengthened Zone IV. Consequently, cracks initiated at the (Ni,Ti,Al)[013]/Ti3Al[010] and expanded rapidly into TiAl substrate. Therefore, applying this method to design CFMs and regulate the phase, grain morphology, and interface's fine structure could provide new pathways for dissimilar hard-to-join metals.

The effect of diameter on hysteresis loop squareness in iron nanowires array by micromagnetic simulation

Utilization of micromagnetic simulation is a very attractive subject to understand the magnetic behavior of nanowire arrays that tune their geometrical features and magnetic properties. Here, the micromagnetic simulations utilize to investigation of the single, and a 3 × 3 array of iron nanowires with diameters from 30 to 60 nm. The diameter size and the distance between the wires are selected according to the fabrication of iron nanowires grown in alumina templates. The simulation indicated that an increase in diameter led to a decrease in the coercive field and squareness ratio in both single nanowires and nanowire arrays. Besides, the simulation discloses that the magnetization reversal process of the nanowires with diameters more than 42 nm occurs through the nucleation and propagation of vortex domain walls. In the nanowires array, an increase in wire diameter increases the number of jumps in the hysteresis loop, indicating a more magnetic interaction between the nanowires.

Laser powder bed fusion of NbTi low-temperature superconductors

This study investigates the superconducting properties of additive manufactured in-situ NbTi alloy using laser powder bed fusion. Laser parameters were optimised for a maximum microstructural density and lowest Nb segregation fraction. These characters have been achieved at the sample built with an energy density of 3.33 J/mm2, where it shows a density value of 6.12 g/cm3, undissolved Nb fraction of 0.05 %, and randomly distributed equiaxed grains with an average size of 10–20 μm. Post-processing of the as-fabricated (AF) sample was explored as a route to collapse residual porosity and dissolve residual segregated Nb particles using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and heat treatment, respectively. HIPing resulted in a decrease of the undissolved Nb particle fraction to 0.035 %. Heat treatment at 1250 °C for 24 h, followed by aging at 400 °C for 2 h, was found to result in the complete dissolution of Nb particles and precipitation of the ɑ-Ti phase that works as pinning centres to increase the superconducting properties. The grain size increased in both post-processes to 400–500 μm. Electrical and magnetic properties were also measured for the AF, HIP and heat-treated samples. The thermal variation of electrical resistivity showed a critical temperature (Tc) range of 9.8–9.0 K, 9.6–9.1 K and 9.9–8.8 K for the AF, HIP, and heat-treated samples, respectively, which were close to the values obtained from magnetic measurements. The critical current density (Jc) was calculated using Bean’s model employing the magnetic hysteresis loops. The AF condition showed a negligible value of Jc (5 × 10−3 kA/mm2), which improved to 0.28 kA/mm2 and 2.65 kA/mm2 for the HIPed, heat treated conditions, respectively (at 4.2 K, 5 T). Mechanical tensile testing was performed for the heat-treated sample to ensure both mechanical and superconducting properties would achieve the required performance, where achieves ultimate tensile strength value of 930 MPa, with 8 % elongation.

Backcalculation of elastic moduli of elements of layered halfspace on the basis of dynamic deformation analysis (by the example of highways)

The paper is devoted to the improvement of the method of inverse calculation of elasticity moduli of layers of motorway pavements in the dynamic setting, which involves the analysis of deformation characteristics in the time domain. To solve this problem, the mathematical model of a layered half-space is adapted to the calculation of amplitude-time characteristics of deformation on the surface of the layered medium, and the construction of the corresponding bowls of maximum values of vertical displacements. Adjustment of the calculated values of vertical displacements with respect to the registered experimental displacements in the field was performed. The correspondence between the final values of maximum vertical displacements, amplitude and time characteristics on the surface of the layered medium, and the shapes and areas of dynamic hysteresis loops on the surface of the investigated medium, achieved by adjusting the calculated characteristics relative to the experimental ones, has been demonstrated. For the first time in solving the problem of determining the mechanical parameters of a layered medium, it was proposed to consider dynamic hysteresis loops as one of the parameters characterising them and the correspondence of their calculated and experimental areas as a criterion of the adequacy of the achieved result.

Manipulation of lasing modes in a deformed octagonal microcavity laser

We have demonstrated a deformed octagonal microcavity semiconductor laser with manipulated lasing modes for bistable operation and direct modulation. There are two sets of degenerated four-bounced modes, S01 and S02, in the octagonal microcavity, and the degeneracy between them is broken by introducing a square hole into the center of the cavity. In the deformed octagonal microcavity laser, mode S01 dominates the lasing process during the current rising process. However, mode S02 also lases when the current decreases and interacts nonlinearly with S01, which is caused by the non-uniform distribution of the refractive index induced by the square-ring-shaped current injection. We observe a counterclockwise bistable hysteresis loop with continuous injection current ranging from 31 to 13 mA at 288 K. We also study the small-signal modulation response of the laser at high and low states with different injection currents. By utilizing the photon-photon resonance effect between modes S01 and S02, we effectively increased the 3-dB bandwidth of the laser from 12 GHz to 16.2 GHz.

Comprehensive analysis of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, mechanical, and nonlinear optical properties of imidazolium d-camphorsulfonate single crystals

Single crystals of imidazolium d-camphorsulfonate (D-ImCS) are synthesized through the slow evaporation solution method. Powder X-ray diffraction reveals that the grown crystals have crystallized in the monoclinic phase with non-centrosymmetric space group P21. UV–visible spectroscopy measurements showed that D-ImCS crystals only absorb in the UV region. Photoluminescence studies indicated emissions in the blue and violet regions. The functional groups present in the crystal were identified through FTIR analysis. The soft nature of the crystal was identified using Vicker's microhardness testing. Dielectric analysis reveals the transition temperature Tc= 365.7 K. The piezoelectric charge constant (d22) is determined to be ±8 pC N−1. The polarization hysteresis loop demonstrates the ferroelectric nature. The presence of NLO property is demonstrated through SHG. Density Functional Theory (DFT) utilizing Gaussian 16 W software provided the optimized structure, UV–visible absorbance, FTIR spectra, frontier molecular orbitals, density of states, molecular electrostatic potential, atomic charge distribution, natural population analysis and non-linear optical properties (NLO). This computational approach complements and validates experimental findings, resulting in a thorough knowledge of D-ImCS behavior and properties.

Revealing the role of B-site cations in the antiferroelectricity of NaNbO3-based perovskites

The promising prospects of antiferroelectric perovskite oxides in the realm of energy storage applications hinge on the unique field-induced phase transitions. Once the transition is triggered by the application of an electric field, characteristic double polarization loops appear. However, NaNbO3-based materials that exhibit a reversible phase transition are still rare, which hinders the practical applications of lead-free antiferroelectrics. Here, the impact of materials chemistry on the competition between antiferroelectric and ferroelectric states is demonstrated in a series of NaNbO3-based solid solutions with varying perovskite B-site cations, while the A-site is fixed as strontium. The crystal structure is analyzed on the basis of Rietveld refinement of high-energy X-ray diffraction data. The phase transition behavior as well as the antiferroelectric and ferroelectric properties are probed by a series of electrical measurements. The antiferroelectric phase is universally observed for all investigated materials in the virgin state. The SrTiO3-substituted system shows an irreversible phase transition similar to that of pure NaNbO3. In contrast, double polarization hysteresis loops are observed in the SrHfO3-, SrZrO3-, and SrSnO3-substituted systems. It is confirmed that compounds that can reduce the tolerance factor of the system contribute to the stabilization of the antiferroelectric order, while those that can reduce the electronegativity difference lead to more pronounced double loops. The competition between antiferroelectricity and ferroelectricity is linked to the competition between covalent and ionic bonding in perovskites.

Sol-gel hydrothermal synthesis of lead-free BT nanoparticles for enhanced dielectric properties in PVDF nanocomposites

In the present work BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes from 150 to 400 nm were prepared by sol–gel hydrothermal method at a temperature lower than 220 °C, and were used as nanofiller for PVDF composites with a loading from 10 to 25 vol%. The morphology of the BT NPs was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the structural composition was studied by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hydrothermal temperature was found to control both the size as well as the phase composition of the BT NPs.The PVDF/BT nanocomposites exhibit enhanced dielectric permittivity and reduced loss tangent, especially with 20 vol% NPs, which contributes to the improvement of the ferroelectric properties. The inclusion of BT in PVDF matrix enhances also the crystallinity of PVDF by acting as a nucleating agent, which further increases the stiffness of the composite. However, at higher volume loading, the reverse tendency was observed with a huge decrease in the PVDF crystallinity at 25 vol%. The simulated PE loop was also investigated for the different loadings mentioned above using an Ising type model based on a 2D lattice and solved by monte-Carlo metropolis method. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results for the polarization hysteresis loops.

A Study on the Bearing Performance of an RC Axial Compression Shear Wall Strengthened by a Replacement Method Using Local Reinforcement with an Unsupported Roof

When compared with conventional replacement reinforcement methods, the method of replacement using a local reinforcement with an unsupported roof has the advantages of shortening the reinforcement cycle and reducing material loss, and many scholars have carried out useful explorations thereof. At present, the formula for the bearing capacity of reinforcement by replacing concrete in the Code does not consider the effect of stress hysteresis on the parts of the reinforcement; so when the initial stress level is greater than 0.4, the Code’s strength utilization coefficient of 0.8 for the new concrete in the replaced area is on the side of insecurity. In this study, we are trying to improve and supplement the formula in the Code through the following work. Firstly, 18 groups of shear wall models were constructed using a VFEAP finite element analysis program to analyze the bearing performances of the shear walls after the replacement. The results showed that the replacement concrete strength, the initial stress level and the size of the replaced area had a significant influence on the bearing capacity of the shear wall after the replacement. Secondly, utilizing the replacement concrete strength, the initial stress level and the size of the replacement area as key parameters, then introducing the strength improvement coefficient considering the constraints of the stirrups, the modified strength utilization coefficient of new concrete in the replaced area was formulated. Finally, based on the modified strength utilization coefficient, the replacement bearing capacity formulas for the one-batch, two-batch, and three-batch replacements were derived, and an N-batch replacement bearing capacity formula was regressed and fitted on the basis of these equations, which are less discrete and more secure than the Code’s formula.

Role of surface roughness in determining surface energy and magnetic properties of Fe80Ce20 films during thermal processing on Si(100) and glass substrates

In this study, Fe80Ce20 films were deposited on Si(100) and glass substrates using sputtering in a high-vacuum environment and subsequently heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace. The films, with thicknesses ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm, were annealed at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. The objective was to investigate the effects of film thickness and annealing temperature on the structural, surface energy, and magnetic properties of the material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of both Si(100)/Fe80Ce20 and Glass/Fe80Ce20 films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a smooth film surface that became rougher after annealing. Contact angle measurements indicated hydrophilic properties, with the highest surface energy observed in the as-deposited films due to a higher density of defects and grain boundaries. The hysteresis loop demonstrated exceptional soft magnetic properties and a high saturation magnetization (Ms) of approximately 2000 emu/cm³. Annealing at 100 °C altered the magnetic domain structure from a striped labyrinthine configuration to an aligned pattern. At higher annealing temperatures, the films exhibited grain growth, increased surface roughness, and new grain formation. Following annealing, the grains in the Fe80Ce20 films became larger, surface roughness increased, and the water contact angle increased, rendering the films more hydrophobic. The as-deposited films displayed the highest surface energy due to the high density of defects and grain boundaries. Increased surface roughness led to more grain boundary defects and irregularities, which served as pinning points for magnetic domain walls, thus increasing coercivity (Hc). Rough surfaces induced local stress fields, increased magnetic anisotropy, and decreased saturation magnetization. Thermal perturbations from higher annealing temperatures further disrupted the alignment of the magnetic moments, leading to a reduction in saturation magnetization.

Al1−xScxSbyN1−y: An opportunity for ferroelectric semiconductor field effect transistor

For the in-memory computation architecture, a ferroelectric semiconductor field-effect transistor (FeSFET) incorporates ferroelectric material into the FET channel to realize logic and memory in a single device. The emerging group III nitride material Al1−xScxN provides an excellent platform to explore FeSFET, as this material has significant electric polarization, ferroelectric switching, and high carrier mobility. However, steps need to be taken to reduce the large band gap of ∼5 eV of Al1−xScxN to improve its transport property for in-memory logic applications. By state-of-the-art first principles analysis, here we predict that alloying a relatively small amount (less than ∼5%) of Sb impurities into Al1−xScxN very effectively reduces the band gap while maintaining excellent ferroelectricity. We show that the co-doped Sb and Sc act cooperatively to give a significant band bowing leading to a small band gap of ∼1.76 eV and a large polarization parameter ∼0.87 C/m2, in the quaternary Al1−xScxSbyN1−y compounds. The Sb impurity states become more continuous as a result of interactions with Sc and can be used for impurity-mediated transport. Based on the Landau-Khalatnikov model, the Landau parameters and the corresponding ferroelectric hysteresis loops are obtained for the quaternary compounds. These findings indicate that Al1−xScxSbyN1−y is an excellent candidate as the channel material of FeSFET.

Exploring the magnetic behavior of potassium-doped Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3-xKxO10-δ (x=0, 1, 2.5, 3) superconductors

This study investigates the superconducting and magnetic behaviour of Potassium-doped Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3-xKxO10-δ superconductors by varying potassium-concentrations (x = 0, 1, 2.5, 3). We have synthesized the samples by two-step solid-state-reaction method and explored their superconducting features by XRD analysis, SEM and resistivity measurements. Through a comprehensive exploration of magnetic measurements i.e magnetization versus magnetic field and temperature, we aim to elucidate the impact of potassium doping on the diamagnetic characteristics of these superconductors. The results reveal that by raising the doping concentration of potassium, the orthorhombic unit cell's axis lengths decresese. The onset of superconductivity and the magnitude of diamagnetism are also decreased. The magnetic behavior of these samples was studied by field cooled and zero field cooled from 2 to 300 K and taking the hysteresis loops at temperatures 2 to 60 K. In the doped samples, the suppression of current density is steeper with increase in temperature. Doped atoms boost the population of localized defects, which serve as pinning centers. This study will contribute valuable information to the understanding of the relationship between magnetic behavior and the superconducting nature of complex oxide materials.

Cyclic response of unsaturated weathered red mudstone: Experimental investigation and a cyclic model

The mechanical properties and constitutive model of unsaturated soils under cyclic loading are crucial for understanding the behavior of foundations and slopes subjected to dynamic motions such as earthquakes and traffic loading. In this study, multilevel strain-controlled cyclic simple shear tests of unsaturated weathered red mudstone (WRM) were conducted. The detailed investigation focused on cyclic responses, including shear stress-strain behavior and volume change, strain-dependent secant shear modulus and damping ratio, and stress–dilatancy behavior. This study revealed the significant influences of the degree of saturation and vertical stress on these responses, with the initial static shear stress mainly affecting the shear stress-strain behavior and volume changes at the initial loading stage. Based on the experimental observations, a cyclic constitutive model was proposed for unsaturated WRM. The model incorporates a slightly revised Davidenkov model and Masing criterion to generate shear stress-strain hysteresis loops with or without initial static shear stress. Additionally, a stress-dilatancy equation was included to capture the volume changes during cyclic loading. The proposed model was verified by comparing representative test data and calculation results, demonstrating the excellent performance of the proposed model in modeling the main features of unsaturated WRM under cyclic loading.

Electrical conductivity model for reactive porous media under partially saturated conditions with hysteresis effects

The electrical conductivity of a porous medium is strongly controlled by the structure of the medium at the microscale as the pore configuration governs the distribution of the conductive fluid. The pore structure thus plays a key role since different geometries translate in variations of the fluid distribution, causing different behaviors measurable at the macroscale. In this study, we present a new physically-based analytical model derived under the assumption that the pore structure can be represented by a bundle of tortuous capillary tubes with periodic variations of their radius and a fractal distribution of pore sizes. By upscaling the microscale properties of the porous medium, we obtain expressions to estimate the total and relative electrical conductivity. The proposed pore geometry allows us to include the hysteresis phenomenon in the electrical conductivity estimates. The variations on these estimates caused by pore structure changes due to reactive processes are accounted by assuming a uniform dissolution of the pores. Under this hypothesis, we describe the evolution of the electrical conductivity during reactive processes. The expressions of the proposed model have been tested with published data from different soil textures, showing a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Hysteretic behavior and mineral dissolution are also successfully addressed. By including hysteresis and mineral dissolution/precipitation in the estimates of the electrical conductivity, this new analytical model presents an improvement as it relates those macroscopic physical phenomena to its origins at the microscale. This opens up exciting possibilities for studies involving electrical conductivity measurements to monitor water movement, and hysteretic and reactive processes in porous media.