Hyponatremia Research Articles

Sodium content in processed food items in Sweden compared to other countries: a cross-sectional multinational study.

Dietary sodium has a dose-response relationship with cardiovascular disease, and sodium intake in Sweden exceeds national and international recommendations. Two thirds of dietary sodium intake comes from processed foods, and adults in Sweden eat more processed foods than any other European country. We hypothesized that sodium content in processed foods is higher in Sweden than in other countries. The aim of this study was to investigate sodium content in processed food items in Sweden, and how it differs from Australia, France, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Data were collected from retailers by trained research staff using standardized methods. Data were categorized into 10 food categories and compared using Kruskal-Wallis test of ranks. Sodium content in the food items was compared in mg sodium per 100 g of product, based on the nutritional content labels on the packages. Compared to other countries, Sweden had among the highest sodium content in the "dairy" and "convenience foods" categories, but among the lowest in "cereal and grain products," "seafood and seafood products" and "snack foods" categories. Australia had the overall lowest sodium content, and the US the overall highest. The highest sodium content in most analyzed countries was found in the "meat and meat products" category. The highest median sodium content in any category was found among "sauces, dips, spreads and dressings" in Hong Kong. The sodium content differed substantially between countries in all food categories, although contrary to our hypothesis, processed foods overall had lower sodium content in Sweden than in most other included countries. Sodium content in processed food was nonetheless high also in Sweden, and especially so in increasingly consumed food categories, such as "convenience foods".

A metal-poor star with abundances from a pair-instability supernova

The most massive and shortest-lived stars dominate the chemical evolution of the pre-galactic era. On the basis of numerical simulations, it has long been speculated that the mass of such first-generation stars was up to several hundred solar masses1–4. The very massive first-generation stars with a mass range from 140 to 260 solar masses are predicted to enrich the early interstellar medium through pair-instability supernovae (PISNe)5. Decades of observational efforts, however, have not been able to uniquely identify the imprints of such very massive stars on the most metal-poor stars in the Milky Way6,7. Here we report the chemical composition of a very metal-poor (VMP) star with extremely low sodium and cobalt abundances. The sodium with respect to iron in this star is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Sun. This star exhibits very large abundance variance between the odd- and even-charge-number elements, such as sodium/magnesium and cobalt/nickel. Such peculiar odd–even effect, along with deficiencies of sodium and α elements, are consistent with the prediction of primordial pair-instability supernova (PISN) from stars more massive than 140 solar masses. This provides a clear chemical signature indicating the existence of very massive stars in the early universe.

Sodium evolution in hyponatraemia: a mixed effects model analysis of the Hyponatraemia Registry.

Achieving recommended targets of sodium correction is challenging to physicians treating hyponatraemia. Plasma sodium has to be increased effectively, yet overcorrection must be prevented. This is often hampered by a high variability of responses to treatment. Here, we sought to delineate factors influencing sodium evolution. We retrospectively analysed 3460 patients from the multinational Hyponatraemia Registry comprising a wide range of hyponatraemia aetiologies and treatment strategies. Multivariable linear mixed effects models were applied to identify predictors of plasma sodium evolution within the first 24 h of treatment. Evolution of sodium levels over time showed a curvilinear pattern with steeper rise at earlier time points. Baseline sodium showed the most pronounced impact with an additional increment of 3.12 mEq/L for every 10 mEq/L initial sodium reduction. With sodium increments of 1.9 mEq/L and 1.4 mEq/L per 24 h, respectively, the entities hypovolaemic and thiazide-associated hyponatraemia were independent factors for sodium evolution. Therapeutic regimens using hypertonic saline (4.6 mEq/L/24 h), tolvaptan (3.4 mEq/L/24 h), or combination therapy (2.6 mEq/L/24 h) were also associated with a significantly larger sodium rise when compared with no active treatment. Choice and dosing of active hyponatraemia therapy should be adjusted not only according to aetiology but most importantly to pretreatment sodium. Although counterintuitive, less aggressive therapy in more profound hyponatraemia might be safer but yet effective at least in less severe cases.

Potential of polysaccharides for food packaging applications. Part 2/2: An experimental review of the effect of aging conditions on the functional properties of polysaccharide films

In recent years, polysaccharides have attracted interest for their potential use in food packaging due to their functional properties, such as film-forming ability and oxygen barrier property. However, when considering polymers extracted from natural resources for packaging applications, one of the most critical issues is their stability over time. Accordingly, this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of storage on the functional properties of films made from the most popular polysaccharides (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, low methoxyl pectin, cationic starch, sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan, chitosan, and pullulan) to be potentially used in packaging or coating applications. The optical, mechanical and barrier (to oxygen and water vapor) properties of these polysaccharide films were measured after 6 and 12 months of storage at 50% relative humidity (RH) and 25 °C. The values obtained were compared with those initially determined for starting materials just after their production (0 month). The functional properties of almost all of the polysaccharide films showed remarkable stability during the 12 months of storage. However, small changes were observed in some of the properties, especially in the optical ones. This was the case for the chitosan films which exhibited a color change indicative of Maillard reaction, as also evidenced by changes in the UV visible spectrum (especially in the 280–350 nm range) with a sharp decrease in the transmittance. Furthermore, after 12 months of storage, all polysaccharide films lost 4–60% of their initial glycerol content. Surprisingly, this did not significantly affect either the mechanical or barrier properties of the films.

Influence of Sodium and Potassium Chloride on Rennet Coagulation and Curd Firmness in Bovine Milk.

One of the salting methods in cheese production implies salting the milk before coagulation used in making Domiati-type cheeses and a variety of autochthonous "Lički Škripavac" cheese. The most used sodium replacer is potassium. This study investigated the influence of different added salt concentrations (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and NaCl to KCl ratios (100%, 50:50%, 25:75%) on the rennet coagulation and curd firmness in bovine milk. The milk coagulation parameters were determined with a computerized renneting meter, Lactodinamograph. The results showed significant interactions between the salt concentrations and NaCl to KCl ratios (p < 0.0001, α = 0.05) by prolonging the beginning of coagulation (10-20 min) and curd firming rate (1-5 min) by an increase in salt concentration for all treatments. The 50:50 treatment values (RCT, k20, a30, a60, amax) were closest to the control (without salt) and had the best results among all treatments in the lower (1%) and medium (1.5%) salt concentration (p > 0.0001, α = 0.05) while in the highest salt concentration (2%) the treatment effect was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). These results should help future studies make a lower sodium product appealing to consumers without losing quality.

Covalent sulfur/CoS2-decorated honeycomb-like carbon hierarchies for high-performance sodium storage with ultra-long high-rate cycling stability

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) with high theoretical sodium storage capacity have been regarded as one of the most competitive and promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, great challenges still exist for TMS to achieve long-cycle life owing to the poor conductivity and volume expansion during the sodiation/desodiation process. The conventionally used pure carbon coating method can effectively solve the above problems. However, the low sodium ion storage capability of carbon will decrease the capacity of the anode. Thus the functionalization of well-designed carbon nanostructures with exotic elements (e.g., sulfur) or high-specific-capacity materials has been regarded as an efficient route to enhance sodium storage performance. Herein, we developed a facile strategy to incorporate covalent sulfur and CoS2 nanoparticles into honeycomb-like carbon matrices (denoted as S/CoS2@C), where sulfur is vaporized under vacuum and reacted with the Co-decorated carbon hierarchies, leading to the formation of CoS2 nanoparticles as well as the covalent C–Sx–C bonds. Consequently, the as-prepared S/CoS2@C composite demonstrates excellent sodium storage performance, with high initial coulomb efficiency (ICE) of 83 % and capacity retention of 95 % (478.5 mAh g−1) after 700 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and an outstanding high-rate long-term cycling stability with a high reversible capacity of 396.1 mAh g−1 after 5000 cycles at 2 A g−1 (an average decay rate of only 0.0014 %). Furthermore, electrochemical analyses reveal that both covalent sulfur and CoS2 contribute to the sodium storage capacity via a predominantly surface-induced capacitive process, and the well-designed S/CoS2@C composite with encapsulation of covalent sulfur and CoS2 into the highly interconnected porous carbon matrices efficiently buffer the volume changes and well maintain the electrode integrity/conductivity upon sodiation/desodiation cycling.

DISTURBED ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLACENTAL SODIUM CONTENT AND GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION BUT NOT IN PRE-ECLAMPSIA

Objective: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) facilitate tissue sodium accumulation which plays an important role in regulation of sodium homeostasis, water balance and blood pressure. During pregnancy, GAGs are also highly expressed in placental tissue. We studied placental sodium concentration and GAG content from normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies to explore a link between placental sodium and blood pressure during pregnancy. Design and method: We performed a prospective case-control study in singleton pregnancies with normal blood pressure (nBP, n = 22), gestational hypertension (GH, n = 12) and pre-eclampsia (PE, n = 10). Two full thickness placental biopsies (central [near umbilical cord insertion] and peripheral) were collected after delivery for analysis of placental electrolyte concentration (ICP-OES) and GAG content (UPLC-MS/MS). Linear associations were explored with a linear regression analysis with correction for gestational age, mode of delivery and treatment with antihypertensive drugs. Results: Placental sodium concentration in GH was 10.1% (p = 0.01) lower in central and 9.4% (p = 0.04) lower in peripheral biopsies compared to nBP. Total peripheral heparan sulfate (HS) expression was 32.3% lower in GH compared to nBP (p = 0.04). Also, di-sulfated HS as percentage of total HS was lower in peripheral biopsies of GH compared to nBP (11.0% [IQR 10.0-11.4] vs 12.3% [IQR 11.3-14.5], p = 0.02). In PE, placental GAG and sodium content were not significantly different from nBP. Placental sodium concentration was linearly associated with percentage of di-sulfated HS (Fig A), while in central biopsies it was negatively associated with systolic BP (Fig B). Conclusions: We show that GH is accompanied by lower placental sodium content when compared to pregnancies with normal blood pressure. Also, lower placental sodium content during pregnancy is associated with lower placental GAG content and higher BP. This indicates that placental sodium homeostasis might be involved in chronic maternal blood pressure regulation.

DIURETIC THERAPY – STILL NUMBER 1 REASON FOR HYPONATREMIA

Objective: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance in hospitalized patients. Up to 35% of patients develop hyponatremia during hospitalization. Hypertension is also common in hospitalized patients with prevalence rates up to 72%. We aimed to study the main causes of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients and to investigate the association between hyponatremia and hypertension in this population. Design and method: We included consecutive patients admitted to our hospital between March 2019 and August 2021, with the diagnosis of hyponatremia. We retrospectively analyzed the electronic health records and we collected demographic data, clinical and paraclinical data, hyponatremia etiology and associated comorbidities. We conducted comparative analysis between group without hypertension (Group 1) versus group with hypertension (Group 2). Results: The study population included 397 patients (mean age 71 ± 12 years old, 50,9 % women) with hyponatremia (4,9% of total admissions to our department in the specified period of time) -40,6% mild and 59,4% moderate-severe hyponatremia. The main causes of hyponatremia were diuretic use (37,7%), SARS-COV2 infection (17,1%), NYHA class IV heart failure (12,5%), SARS-COV2 infection associated with diuretic use (10,3%). 21,9% of patients had chronic treatment with psychotropic medication (antidepressants or antipsychotics), 8,6% of patients had chronic treatment with antiepileptic drugs The majority of patients in the study population had hypertension (68,3%). Patients in the hypertensive group were older (72 ± 11 vs 67 ± 15 years old, p&lt;0,001). Mean sodium at hospital admission was lower in group 2 (125,9 vs 127,8 p = 0,01). Hyponatremic encephalopathy was more common in group 2 (15,9% vs 4,0%, p = 0,001). Diuretic use was also more prevalent in hypertensive group (56,3% vs 31,0%, p&lt;0,001). Loop diuretic use was similar between groups (38,5%-Group 1 vs 32,5% - Group 2, p = 0,47), but thiazide-like diuretic use was more common in Group 2 (46,8% vs 20,5%, p = 0,003). Conclusions: The most common etiology of hyponatremia in the internal medicine department of an emergency hospital was diuretic use. Hypertension was associated with older age, lower sodium at hospital admission, hyponatremic encephalopathy and thiazide-like diuretic use in this population.

Comparison of efficacy between immune checkpoint inhibitors and irinotecan-based chemotherapy as third-line treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer: A Korean real-world multicenter study (KCSG ST22-06).

e16047 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or irinotecan-based chemotherapy are frequently used after paclitaxel plus ramucirumab as second-line treatment for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic gastric cancer (RMGC). This study aimed to compare the efficacy between ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy as third-line treatment in patients with RMGC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with RMGC, whose third-line treatment started between July 2019 and June 2021 at 17 centers in South Korea. The ICI group included patients who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab and the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group included those patients who received irinotecan or FOLFIRI. Results: A total of 363 patients (129 in the ICI group and 234 in the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group) were analyzed. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.2 and 2.9 months in the ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy groups, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 5.5 months (95% CI, 3.6-7.4) in the ICI group and 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.8-7.0) in the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group [HR 0.97 (95% CI, 0.75-1.25); P=0.786]. Multivariable Cox-regression analysis showed that weight loss, peritoneal metastasis, low serum sodium, low serum albumin and short duration of second-line treatment were associated with inferior OS ( P&lt;0.05), meanwhile microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/mismatch repair-deficient (MMR-D) tumor was an independent prognostic factor for superior OS. The ICI group showed significantly longer OS than the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group in patients without peritoneal metastasis [HR 0.54 (95% CI 0.30-0.99); P=0.047)]. Whereas the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group showed significantly longer OS in patients without PD-L1 expression [HR 1.62 (95% CI 1.03-2.55); P=0.037] than the ICI group. Conclusions: No significant difference in survival outcome was observed between ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy as third-line treatment for patients with RMGC. ICI might be preferred for patients without peritoneal metastasis and irinotecan-based chemotherapy for patients with tumors without PD-L1 expression.

SKIN SODIUM CONTENT AS A PREDICTOR OF BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO RENAL DENERVATION

Objective: In patients with treatment resistant hypertension (TRH), renal denervation (RDN) emerged as an adjacent therapeutic option. It has been detected that patients with TRH have elevated Sodium (Na) content in muscle and skin. This analysis aimed at evaluating whether tissue Na content predicts blood pressure (BP) response after RDN. Design and method: Radiofrequency device based endovascular RDN was performed in 53 patients with uncontrolled TRH (office BP&gt; = 140/90 mmHg and diagnosis confirmed by 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring) in our certified RDN center. Office and 24-h ambuatory BP were measured at baseline and after 6 months. To assess tissue Na content 23Na-MRI was performed at baseline prior to RDN. We splitted the study cohort based on the median systolic 24-h ambulatory BP reduction after 6 months into responders and non-responders and compared tissue Na content and baseline characteristics between these groups. The study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01687725). Results: 53 patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Office systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by -12.9±21.1 mmHg and -7.7±12.5 mmHg and 24-h ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by -8.6±14.0 mmHg and -4.7±9.5 mmHg after 6 months. Responder could be characterized as patients with low tissue sodium content in skin, more female patients, patients with aldosteron-antagonists, high baseline 24-h night-time heart rate and high LDL-cholesterol (see table, only p&lt;0.10 are shown). This results remained significant after adjustment for baseline 24-h SBP. Similar results were obtained if the two groups were created based on the median of 24-h day-time and night-time BP reduction after 6 months. Conclusions: We identified Na in skin, sex, 24-h night-time heart rate, aldosterone antagonists and LDL-cholesterol as predictors of the systolic BP response. We conclude that 23Na-MRI may assist to select patients with uncontrolled TRH who will have a clinically meaningful BP reduction following RDN treatment.

Risk factors for the prognosis of patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and their predictive values.

Abstract. We aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting the progno-sis of patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and their predictive values.The clinical data of 149 patients with decompensated hepatitis B cir-rhosis, treated from August 2015 to June 2019, were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into death and survival groups during a one-year follow-up. Their baseline data were compared, and the risk factors affecting death, corre-lations among risk factors, and predictive values of these factors for death were analyzed. Survival analysis was conducted. During a one-year follow-up, 103 pa-tients survived, and 46 died. High neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, and low serum sodium were independent risk factors for death in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis. NLR correlated positively with CTP and MELD scores (r=0.346, p=0.0001, r=0.243, p=0.0003, respectively). Likewise, the RDW had positive correlations with CTP and MELD scores (r=0.417, p=0.0001, r=0.413, p=0.0003, respectively). Se-rum sodium was negatively correlated with CTP and MELD scores (r=-0.484, p=0.0001, r=-0.476, p=0.0001, respectively). The survival rate was high in patients with NLR&lt;7.38, RDW&lt;16.15%, serum sodium&gt;146.31 mmol/L, CTP score&lt;10.26 points, and MELD score&lt;11.31 points (p=0.0001). NLR, RDW, serum sodium, MELD, and CTP scores had high death predictive values.NLR, RDW, serum sodium, CTP score, and MELD score can be considered as critical indices for evaluating and predicting the prognosis of patients with decompen-sated hepatitis B cirrhosis.

DIETARY SODIUM/POTASSIUM INTAKE AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION: DATA FROM NHANES 2011-2014

Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary sodium/ potassium intake and cognition in elderly individuals with hypertension. Design and method: We designed a cross-sectional study based on the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cognitive performance was assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease test (CERAD), and Animal Fluency Test (AFT). Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to assess the relationship between dietary sodium/ potassium intake and cognition. Results: After excluding participants with incomplete data, 1670 out of 2276 participants had confirmed hypertension. Compared with the lowest quartile of dietary sodium, the lowest weighted odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment in DSST was observed in Q4 (OR = 0.45, 0.29–0.70), and a similar trend was observed in AFT (OR = 0.34, 0.18–0.65). After adjusting the covariates, the lowest weighted multivariate adjusted OR of cognitive impairment in DSST were also observed in Q4 (OR = 0.47, 0.26–0.84) compared with the lowest quartile of dietary sodium. The RCS results showed that dietary sodium was U-shaped and associated with the risk of cognitive impairment in the DSST (Pnon–linearity = 0.0067). No significant association was observed between dietary potassium and cognitive performance. Conclusions: Too high and too low dietary sodium levels were associated with impairment of specific processing speed, sustained attention, and working memory for hypertension among the elderly in the United States. However, no association was observed between the dietary potassium intake and cognition.

ABSENT VASOREACTIVE RESPONSE TO HIGH SODIUM INTAKE COINCIDES WITH SALT SENSITIVITY IN CKD PATIENTS

Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are advised to limit salt intake, because of its detrimental effects on blood pressure (BP) and albuminuria. The salt-sensitive BP response in CKD is classically attributed to impaired renal ability to excrete sodium (Na+) resulting in fluid overload. Yet, BP sensitivity to salt is also linked to vasodysfuction, and may even be fluid independent. We aimed to investigate which factor contributes to BP sensitivity to salt in CKD. Design and method: In this randomized crossover study, CKD patients (KDIGO stage G2-3A, proteinuria &gt;0.5 g/d) and healthy controls (HC) followed a 7-day low sodium diet (LSD, &lt;50mmol/d) and high sodium diet (HSD, &gt;200mmol/d), respectively. After each diet, assessment of the hemodynamic profile included daytime BP (Mobil-O-Graph) and cardiac output (CO) measurements (using NexfinTM), by which SVR was calculated accordingly. Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) change was assessed with multi-frequency body impedance spectroscopy (FHCresenius). Results: We included 16 HC (median age 36.0 yrs) and 8 CKD patients (median age 49.5 yrs, and median (IQR) proteinuria 0.6 (0.5-1.1) g/d and plasma creatinine 144 (103 - 167) μmol/l. Dietary salt intervention was successful with median difference in urine Na+ excretion of 242.2 vs 224.6 mmol/day in HC and CKD respectively (p = 0.74). After HSD, the median (IQR) change in systolic BP of patients with CKD was 14 mmHg (4 - 18; p = 0.04), while systolic BP change (4 mmHg (-3 - 8)) in HC was not significant (Fig 1A). After HSD, we observed a significant ECV expansion in both CKD and HC subjects (Fig 1B), but no effect on CO. No associations between HSD-induced BP changes and both ECV and CO were found. Systolic BP increase was correlated with SVR decline in HC, but not in CKD patients (Fig 1C). Conclusions: In contrast to healthy persons, BP salt sensitivity in CKD does not associate with vasodilation. Regarding the absence of differences with ECV and CO between healthy and CKD persons, our data indicate that the incapacity for vasodilation might explain salt sensitivity in CKD.

First-Principles Investigation on Multi-Sodium Sulfide and Sodium Sulfide Clusters in Sodium-Sulfide Batteries

Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries are expected to be widely used in large energy storage and power batteries due to their high energy density, abundant resources, and low price. However, shuttle effect of polysulfide, low reactivity of the end product, low activity of sodium sulfide, and electrode swelling are the main challenges. In order to improve the low sodium sulfide reaction performance and electrode swelling, the volume swelling of the final product sodium sulfide can be well controlled by using sodium sulfide directly as the cathode, and a special cathode structure was developed to overcome the “inert” problem of Na2S. Nevertheless, the structure, relative stability and electronic properties of (Na2S)n clusters are still uncertain so far, which is a necessary prerequisite for optimizing their properties and understanding their partitioning processes. In this paper, theoretical calculations of (Na2S)n clusters were performed to investigate the catalytic decomposition of sodium sulfide by mono-atomic catalysts, giving the energy distribution of sodium ions diffusing over FeN4 and FeN2. Together, these calculations confirm the high coordination design of mono-atomic Fe–N–C catalysts with high sulfur affinity and catalytic activity. Our work is an important step toward understanding (Na2S)n clusters and improving the performance of Na–S cells.

Functional properties and chemical constituents of eight underutilized Ghanaian legumes

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of some Ghanaian underutilized legumes in helping to reduce the problems of poverty, hunger and malnutrition among the vulnerable group of the Ghanaian population. The study looked into the functional properties, fat and fatty acid distribution, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cyanide and isoflavone contents of raw and processed seed flours of Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Mucuna pruriens, Parkia biglobosa, Phaseolus lunatus and Vigna subterranea. The parameters mentioned above were also determined for raw fruit flour of Dialium guineense. In addition to these, the study also looked into the crude protein and starch contents of the raw and processed seed flours of Canavalia gladiata, Parkia biglobosa and Vigna subterranea. The obtained results suggest that the legumes may have untapped potential, which may be exploited to help assist in reducing hunger, malnutrition and poverty in Ghana. Results of the functional properties reveal that the legumes may serve useful roles in various food products. For instance, velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense) flour may be useful in infant food formulations because of it high solubility and low bulk density. African Locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) flour had the highest fat content among the studied flours, recording a fat content of approximately 14%. It may therefore be economical to express the oil and use the oil as an edible oil or for industrial applications for products such as soaps, shampoos, paints, etc. This means the properties of the oil of African Locust bean flour need to be studied to know the uses of the oil. Unsaturated fatty acids in the cis configuration formed more than 50% of the fatty acids in all the legumes. This observation coupled with the low sodium content of all the legumes suggest that these legumes may be suitable for consumption to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The daily nutrient needs of individuals can be met by the consumption of the appropriate amounts of these legumes. For example, 375.25 g of processed velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) flour may be able to meet the adequate intake (AI) of 350 mg/day magnesium for adult males.

Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt

Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brown seaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis is one of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawater and has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratio for producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, and antioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilis seaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had a total phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activity value of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 mmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 mmol Fe2+/g. The best treatment for producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl 47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/L and 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 mg/mL ascorbic acid/g, and 304.32 mmol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production of healthy seaweed salt.

Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt

Healthy seaweed salt is low sodium salt from seaweed that offers health benefits for hypertension patients. Indonesian seaweed has the potential to produce healthy seaweed salt. Research to date still focuses on green and brownseaweed but there is still no report for red seaweed. Actinotrichia fragilis isone of red seaweed species that has been discovered in Indonesia’s seawaterand has not yet been utilized. Thus, this study aimed to determine the chemicalcomposition and antioxidant activity of A. fragilis flour and the optimum ratiofor producing seaweed salt with a high yield, optimum %NaCl, Na/K ratio, andantioxidant activity. Seaweed salt production treatment was the ratio of seaweed flour and distilled water 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 (w/v), extracted at 40°C for 10minutes. The mixture was filtered, then dried at 60°C for 30 hours. Data analysiswas performed by analysis of variance. The raw material for dried A. fragilisseaweed has a high ash and low-lipid content. Then the ethanol extract had atotal phenolic content value of 84.34 mg GAE/g and an antioxidant activityvalue of 98.22 mg/L. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract was 60.15 nmol ascorbic acid/g and 552.21 n mol Fe2+/g. The best treatmentfor producing A. fragilis salt is 1:10 with yield of 12.76±0.13%, %NaCl47.22±1.38%, Na/K ratio 3.32±0.18, IC50 with DPPH and ABTS method 113 mg/Land 87.27 mg/L, total antioxidant capacity 38.21 n g/mL ascorbic acid/g, and304.32 n mol Fe2+/g. Furthermore, A. fragilis can be used for the production ofhealthy seaweed salt.

Does Dietary Sodium Alginate with Low Molecular Weight Affect Growth, Antioxidant System, and Haemolymph Parameters and Alleviate Cadmium Stress in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)?

Decreasing low molecular weight can improve the digestibility and availability of ingredients such as sodium alginate. This study aimed to test the four dosages of low molecular weight sodium alginate (LMWSA) (0%: Control, 0.05%: 0.5 LMWSA, 0.10%: 1.0 LMWSA, and 0.2%: 2.0 LMWSA) in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (3.88 ± 0.25 g) for eight weeks. After finishing the trial, shrimp were exposed to cadmium (1 mg/L) for 48 h. While feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved in shrimp fed dietary 2.0 LMWSA (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in growth among treatments. The results showed a linear relation between LMWSA level and FCR, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) before; and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), GST, and alanine transaminase (ALT) after cadmium stress (p < 0.05). The GST, MDA, ALT, and aspartate transaminase (AST) contents were changed after stress but not the 2.0 LMWSA group. The survival rate after stress in 1.0 LMWSA (85.23%) and 2.0 LMWSA (80.20%) treatments was significantly higher than the Control (62.05%). The survival rate after stress negatively correlated with GST and ALT, introducing them as potential biomarkers for cadmium exposure in whiteleg shrimp. Accordingly, the 2.0 LMWSA treatment had the best performance in the abovementioned parameters. As the linear relation was observed, supplementing more levels of LMWSA to reach a plateau is recommended.

0611 Treatment Satisfaction and Preferences in People With Narcolepsy Transitioning From Sodium Oxybate to Lower-Sodium Oxybate

Abstract Introduction Lower-sodium oxybate (LXB; Xywav®), which contains the same active moiety as higher-sodium oxybate (SXB; Xyrem®) but with 92% less sodium, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in patients ≥7 years of age with narcolepsy. LXB is recognized as clinically superior to SXB in narcolepsy by the US FDA due to lower chronic sodium exposure; however, real-world data describing patient preferences and satisfaction are lacking. Methods Transition Experience of persons with Narcolepsy taking Oxybate in the Real-world (TENOR; NCT04803786) was a patient-centric, prospective, observational, noninterventional, virtual-format study of US adults with narcolepsy (type 1 or 2) transitioning from SXB to LXB within the previous/upcoming 7 days. Longitudinal data collected during transition and for 21 weeks thereafter included responses to the Ease of Switching Medications Scale (EOSMS), Forced Preference Questionnaire (FPQ), and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication-version II (TSQM-vII). Results The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the 85 participants (narcolepsy type 1, n=45; narcolepsy type 2, n=40) was 40.3 (13.0) years; most were female (73%) and White (87%). Mean (SD) time on current SXB regimen was 57.8 (52.1) months. Nearly all participants took SXB (82/85, 96%) twice nightly prior to transition and LXB (82/84, 98%) twice nightly after transition. Most participants (61/73, 84%) reported that switching from SXB to LXB was “extremely easy, not difficult at all” or “easy” on the EOSMS, and most (59/73, 81%) preferred LXB to SXB on the FPQ. Among participants who preferred LXB, lower sodium content (56/59, 95%) and fewer cardiovascular issues (27/59, 46%) were cited as the most common reasons. There were minimal mean (SD) changes in TSQM-vII scores for global satisfaction (1.1 [18.6]), satisfaction with effectiveness (1.0 [16.8]), side effects (4.1 [23.7]), or convenience (−3.9 [15.2]) after transitioning from SXB to LXB. Conclusion Overall, most participants indicated that switching from SXB to LXB was “easy” or “extremely easy.” Most participants preferred LXB to SXB, primarily because of its lower sodium content. Satisfaction with oxybate treatment was maintained following transition to LXB. Support (if any) Jazz Pharmaceuticals

0598 Patient-Reported Sleep Quality in People With Narcolepsy Transitioning From Sodium Oxybate to Lower-Sodium Oxybate

Abstract Introduction Lower-sodium oxybate (LXB; Xywav®), which contains the same active moiety as higher-sodium oxybate (SXB; Xyrem®) but with 92% less sodium, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in patients ≥7 years of age with narcolepsy. LXB is recognized as clinically superior to SXB in narcolepsy by the US FDA due to lower chronic sodium exposure. Real-world data related to sleep quality following transition from SXB to LXB are lacking. Methods Transition Experience of persons with Narcolepsy taking Oxybate in the Real-world (TENOR; NCT04803786) was a patient-centric, prospective, observational, noninterventional, virtual-format study of US adults with narcolepsy (type 1 or 2) transitioning from SXB to LXB within the previous/upcoming 7 days. Longitudinal data collected during transition and for 21 weeks thereafter were based on daily and weekly questionnaires and sleep diaries instructing participants to rate the quality of their sleep and how refreshed they felt upon waking, and to record their sleep latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), time in bed (TIB), and total sleep time (TST). Results The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of the 85 participants (narcolepsy type 1, n=45; narcolepsy type 2, n=40) was 40.3 (13.0) years; most were female (73%) and White (87%). Almost all participants took SXB (82/85, 96%) twice nightly prior to transition and LXB (82/84, 98%) twice nightly after transition. Most participants rated their sleep quality as “good” or “very good” at baseline (45/84, 54%) and end of study (38/71, 54%), while 24/84 (29%) and 30/71 (42%) reported feeling “well-rested” or “very well-rested” at baseline and end of study, respectively. At end of study, changes (n=71) in mean (SD) sleep latency, WASO, TIB, and TST were −10.5 (16.2), −14.8 (56.6), 7.6 (67.7), and 33.0 (93.8) minutes, respectively. Conclusion Although participant-reported sleep quality was generally unchanged during the study, a greater percentage of participants reported feeling refreshed at end of study (on LXB) than at baseline (on SXB); however, there was no non-transitioning arm for comparison. Small changes were noted at end of study in sleep parameters, including sleep latency, WASO, and TST. Support (if any) Jazz Pharmaceuticals