Hypothyroid Group Research Articles

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and its association with feto-maternal outcomes: A prospective observational study from a tertiary care institute in Northern India

BackgroundThyroid dysfunction in pregnancy is one of the most prominent endocrinological disorders. Physiological changes in thyroid status and non-adaptation to these changes during pregnancy lead to thyroid dysfunction resulting in feto-maternal complications. In this context, we undertook this study to estimate the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women and their association with feto-maternal outcomes. MethodsThis prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care institute in Punjab, North India. We recruited 347 pregnant women who visited the OPD (Out Patient Department) through consecutive sampling, out of which 300 were included in our final analysis. A detailed history and clinical examination were made. Apart from routine ante-natal investigations, we estimated the TSH levels. In case of abnormal TSH values, free T4 and T3 levels were assessed. Study participants were followed till 12 weeks post-delivery to observe their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. ResultsOverall prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy was 33.9%, with hypothyroidism (31.6%) being more common than hyperthyroidism (2.3%). A significant association was found between thyroid disorders and feto-maternal complications (p value < 0.001). Adverse maternal effects observed in the hypothyroid group as compared to the euthyroid group were preeclampsia (14.7% vs. 5.6%), anemia (7.4% vs. 6.1%), abortion (7.4% vs. 0.5%) and meconium-stained liquor (5.3% vs. 2.5%). Abortion (71.4%) was the main complication in the hyperthyroid group. Adverse neonatal outcomes were low and very low birth weight, low Apgar scores, respiratory distress syndrome, and meconium aspiration syndrome. ConclusionWe observed a high prevalence of thyroid disorders and their relative adverse effects. Universal screening of all women in the pre-conception period or as early as pregnancy is diagnosed, is recommended to reduce subsequent feto-maternal morbidity and mortality.

Thymoquinone protects the testes of hypothyroid rats by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress and promoting SIRT1 testicular expression.

Background: Hypothyroidism has been linked to many testicular structural and dysfunctional changes in males. Thymoquinone (TQ) has shown a potent testicular protective effect through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, fertility-enhancing, and endocrine modulatory activities. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of TQ in preserving the testicular structure of a model of experimentally induced hypothyroidism in rats and identify the mechanism behind this effect. Materials and methods: Propylthiouracil (PTU) was used to induce hypothyroidism in adult male Wistar rats, who were then treated with TQ (50mg/kg/body weight) for 4weeks and compared to the untreated rats. Thyroid hormonal profile, oxidants/antioxidants profile, and serum testosterone levels were assessed. Gene expression and immune expression of SIRT1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and NF-κB were also assessed in the testicular tissue. Results: TQ administration successfully improved PTU-induced disturbance in the thyroid hormonal profile (T3, T4, and TSH), serum testosterone level, and pancreatic antioxidants compared to the untreated hypothyroid group. TQ significantly downregulated (p = 0.001, p ˂ 0.001) TNF-α and NF-κB transcription, while it significantly upregulated (p = 0.01) SIRT1 transcription in the testes of hypothyroid rats. TQ markedly relieved the histopathological testicular changes induced by PTU and significantly increased (p = 0.002, p = 0.01) the sectional area of seminiferous tubules and germinal epithelial height, respectively. TUNEL-positive apoptotic germinal cells were significantly decreased (p ˂ 0.001), while PCNA-positive proliferating germinal cells and androgen receptor expression were significantly increased (p ˂ 0.001) in the testes of TQ-treated hypothyroid rats. Conclusion: Thymoquinone could limit the hypothyroidism-induced structural changes in the testis, mostly through the upregulation of SIRT1 expression, which seems to mediate its promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects that were evident in this study. Therefore, TQ is recommended as an adjuvant safe supplement in managing hypothyroidism, especially in males.

ODP394 Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Abstract Background CAH is a life-long inherited condition in which individuals require multiple daily doses of medication and are at risk for life-threatening adrenal crises. Adult studies have demonstrated increased rates of psychiatric morbidity with CAH. Given the chronicity and severity of CAH, children are at risk for psychiatric morbidity as well. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with CAH. Method: This was a cross-sectional cohort study in which children and adolescents (ages 7-17 years) with CAH (classical or non-classical, on steroid treatment) and their parents were recruited from our institution's urban outpatient clinics from May to December 2021. Healthy, well-controlled children and adolescents with congenital or autoimmune hypothyroidism (HT) and their respective parents served as control participants. Children and adolescents completed questionnaires, based on age eligibility: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), Children's Depression Inventory 2 Self Report – Short (CDI-2), and Patient Health Questionnaire modified for Adolescents (PHQ-A). Parents completed respective parent-proxy questionnaires. Higher scores indicated greater symptoms of anxiety and depression. "At risk" scores were specific to each questionnaire. Measures were completed at a clinic visit, and demographic and past medical history were collected via a separate survey and the electronic medical record. Results A total of 58 child-parent dyads completed questionnaires. Thirty-two children had CAH (66% female, age 11.4 ±2.6 years, CAH duration 8.9 ±3.9 years) and 26 had HT (73% female, age 12.7 ±2.9 years, HT duration 6. 0±4.2 years). Thirty-two, 30 and 13 CAH children and 25, 26 and 16 HT children completed the SCARED, CDI-2 and PHQ-A, respectively. There was no significant difference in level of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children with CAH as compared to the HT group (SCARED 19 ±12 vs. 26±17, P=0.200; CDI-2 53±11 vs. 55±11, P=0.400). The CAH group had fewer depressive symptoms than the HT group on the PHQ-A (4±6 vs 6±5, P=0. 038). There was no difference in rate of "at risk" scores between the CAH and HT groups (SCARED 33% vs. 44%, P=0.400; CDI-2 24% vs. 31%, P=0.500; PHQ-A 15% vs. 31%, P=0.400). No adolescent participants were found to have active suicidal ideation or intent. Children with CAH were more likely to score higher than parent-proxy responses for anxiety-related disorder (19 ±12 vs. 10±8, P=0. 003) and depressive symptoms (CDI-2 53±11 vs. 49±10, P=0. 046). Conclusions Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms does not appear to be higher in children and adolescents with CAH as compared to controls. There is a lack of agreement between child and parent-proxy responses with parents endorsing fewer anxiety and depression symptoms than children. Findings suggest that children with CAH may benefit from routine mental health evaluations as part of CAH care and not only after voiced parental concern. Presentation: No date and time listed

Does presence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid auto antibodies affect pregnancy outcomes in pregnancy? A record-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveOur aim in this study is to determine the relationship between TPOAb positivity and pregnancy outcomes in the subclinical hypothyroid patient group. Materials and methodsThis study was started with 21,321 pregnant women, but after the exclusion criteria, 11,387 pregnant women were included int his study. Demographic characteristics of each patient group included in the study, such as age, bodymass index (BMI), and laboratory parameters such as complete blood count (hemogram), liver and kidney function tests, type of delivery, birth weight, neonatal intensive care admission, 1st and 5th minute APGAR scores, glucose tolerance test results, whether there was high blood pressure during pregnancy, whether there was premature rupture of membranes were recorded from the hospital information system and patient files. ResultsPregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism were divided into groups according to their TPOAb status. When maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated between groups; Among these four groups there was a statistically significant difference only in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) antibody groups with and without subclinical hypothyroidism according to their positivity (p < 0.01). When the euthyroid TPOAb negative group was taken as reference, the risk of impaired and TPOAb positive groups (OR: 1.210; 95% CI: 0.936–1.563; P = 0.145), impaired in the group with subclinical hypothyroidism but TPOAb positivity glucose tolerance 1.358(OR: 1.358); 95% CI: 1.042–1.770; P = 0.023) fold increased by 3.556 (OR: 3.556) in the group with subclinical hypothyroidism and TPOAb positivity; (95% CI: 2.37–5.343; p < 0,001). ConclusionIn ourstudy, there was a significant difference only in terms of IGT between the Groups with and without subclinical hypothyroidism, depending on whether they were positive for TPOAb or not. Therefore, studies in volving larger patient groups are needed.

Language and Neurocognitive Impairments Associated with Hypothyroidism

Introduction: Accumulating clinical evidence has indicated that hypothyroidism was associated with neurocognitive and linguistic impairments; however, these impairments were not reported in Arabic individuals. The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the patterns of linguistic and neurocognitive impairments associated with hypothyroidism in native speakers of Jordanian Arabic and (2) to examine the accuracy of TFT in confirming a clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Methods: A cross-sectional design with random recruitment of participants from targeted hypothyroid (HT) and euthyroid (ET) groups was conducted. Clinical evaluation of hypothyroidism was obtained via a structured questionnaire followed by TFT. Evaluation measures included digit span, confrontation naming, color naming, auditory and visual memory, and visual recognition tasks. The HT group comprised 36 participants including 8 males and 28 females with a ratio of 1:3.5. Their age ranged between 5.11 and 10.7 years (M = 7.7, SD = ±1.4). The ET group included an equal number of participants in terms of age and gender, their age ranged between 5.9 and 10.8 years (M = 7.6, SD = ±1.5). Results: Results revealed significant differences between the two experimental groups in all of the linguistic and neurocognitive tasks. The HT showed 10- and 26-s delayed responses on a timed color naming and visual recognition tasks compared to the ET group, whereas the ET group showed larger scores compared to the HT on the digit span, confrontation naming, auditory memory, and visual memory tasks. Differences were 2.2, 4, 1.7, and 3 points, respectively. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism influences linguistic and neurocognitive functions mainly naming ability, working memory, and auditory and visual processes needed for learning. Clinicians ought to be attentive to these impacts when designing screening and therapy protocols for children with hypothyroidism. Furthermore, TSH showed higher prediction of hypothyroidism and may be used in favor of FT3 and FT4.

Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Their Families.

This study aimed to investigate the psychosocial impact of the pandemic in pediatric patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and their families and whether congenital adrenal hyperplasia imposes an additional burden compared to other endocrine disorders. Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 38) and congenital hypothyroidism (n = 41) and their families were enrolled in the prospective longitudinal survey study. Questionnaires that were completed remotely in June 2020 and in July 2021 included Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and purpose-built daily routine, parent, and child COVID information scores, factors affecting drug usage, and parents' thoughts about the pandemic. At the end of 1 year, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were repeated in the congenital adrenal hyperplasia group and they were questioned about the incidence and severity of coronavirus infection. Median Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children scores were similar between the congenital adrenal hyperplasia and congenital hypothyroidism groups. In the congenital adrenal hyperplasia group, median purpose-built daily routine was higher in those who had a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State score above the threshold (P = .048), also Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form-Depression, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form-Anxiety, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form-Stress, Parent COVID Information Score were higher among parents who followed news/data because of chronic diseases/medications of the child (P = .010, P = .034, P = .044, P = .045, respectively), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State was higher among parents who believed "having chronic diseases" and "using medications" increase the risk of COVID-19 infection (P = .011, P = .016, respectively). In the second survey, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-State, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form-Anxiety, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short form-Stress decreased significantly (P < .01, P = .009, P = .008, respectively). Three patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who reported positive nasopharyngeal swab tests revealed mild symptoms. The pandemic has negative consequences on the mental well-being of individuals with chronic diseases, albeit from different causes.

The molecular evaluation of thioredoxin (TXN1 & TXN2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRd1), and oxidative stress markers in a binary rat model of hypo- and hyperthyroidism after treatment with gallic acid

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathology of thyroid disorders. This study examined the effect of gallic acid (GA) on the oxidative status and expression of liver antioxidant genes including thioredoxin (TXN1 & TXN2) and thioredoxin reductase1 (TXNRd1) in hypo- and hyperthyroid rat models. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups as follows: control group, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups respectively induced by propylthiouracil and levothyroxine, hypo- and hyper thyroid-treated groups (where the groups were separately treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of GA daily, orally). The levels of thyroid hormones and serum oxidative stress markers were evaluated after 5 weeks. The relative expression of TXN1,2 and TXNRd1 genes was measured via real-time qRT-PCR. The mean level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde, and uric acid index diminished in the hypothyroid group. Increased TAC reached almost the level of control in hypothyroid groups treated with GA. Elevation of thiol index in the hypothyroid group was observed (p < 0.01), which diminished to the control level after GA treatment. The relative expression of TXN1, TXNRd1, and TXN2 genes in the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups significantly increased compared to the control group (p ≥ 0.05), but in the groups treated with GA, the expression of these genes declined significantly (p ≥ 0.05). Our results indicated GA can affect the expression of TXN system genes in the rat liver. Also, the results suggest GA has a more positive effect on modulating serum oxidative parameters in hypothyroid rat models than in hyperthyroid.

Interpretation of TSH and T4 for diagnosing minor alterations in thyroid function: a comparative analysis of two separate longitudinal cohorts

BackgroundMinor alterations in thyroid function are frequent, and interpretation of thyroid function tests in the individual patient can be challenging. Furthermore, the choice of thyroid function test is debatable. To inform the debate, we performed a comparative evaluation of the variation in thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) in two different cohorts to illustrate the precision of TSH and T4 in the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid dysfunction.MethodsA comparative analysis of two separate longitudinal studies previously surveyed with monthly blood sampling for one year among 35 subjects. Participants were included based on T4 within the reference range and TSH either within (euthyroid; n = 15) or above (subclinical hypothyroidism; n = 20) the laboratory reference range on two independent blood samplings before inclusion. Exclusion criteria were known thyroid disease or use of thyroid interfering medication. TSH and T4 in individual samples were measured in a single batch to prevent between-batch variation. The distributions TSH and T4 were compared among euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid individuals, and bootstrap estimates were used to calculate area under the curve (AUC).ResultsCollection of twelve, monthly blood samples in the 35 participants provided 420 samples, and data completeness was 100%. The mean TSH was 1.27/7.19 mIU/L and the mean total T4 was 106/85 nmol/L in euthyroid/subclinical hypothyroid participants. The subclinical hypothyroidism state deviated from the euthyroid by 20% for total T4 and by 466% for TSH. The overlap between the euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid groups was 92.6% (389/420) for total T4 and 9.0% (38/420) of test results for TSH. The estimated AUC was 0.999 (95%-CI: 0.995; 1.00) for TSH and 0.853 (0.736; 0.935) for total T4. There was no confidence interval overlap between participant groups for TSH while there was a considerable overlap for total T4 (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe distributions of thyroid function tests illustrated how TSH outperforms T4 for detecting delicate differences in thyroid function in an individual. Thus, TSH was markedly better than T4 to discriminate between the subtle differences in thyroid function corroborating that TSH is the more sensitive and accurate index of thyroid function status in the individual patient.

Efficacy evaluation of probiotics combined with prebiotics in patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during the second trimester of pregnancy.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of probiotics combined with prebiotics on clinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy combined with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.Methods(1) In total, 441 pregnant women were included in this study. A total of 231 patients with clinical hypothyroidism during the second trimester of pregnancy and 210 normal pregnant women were enrolled in the lactulose methane-hydrogen breath test. The positive rate of intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), gastrointestinal symptoms, thyroid function and inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups by chi-square test and two independent sample t-test. (2) SIBO-positive patients in the clinical hypothyroidism group during pregnancy (n=112) were treated with probiotics combined with prebiotics based on conventional levothyroxine sodium tablets treatment. The changes in the methane-hydrogen breath test, gastrointestinal symptoms, thyroid function and inflammatory factors were compared before treatment (G0) and 21 days after treatment (G21) by chi-square test and paired sample t test.Results(1) The positive rates of SIBO in pregnant women in the clinical hypothyroidism group and control group were 48.5% and 24.8%, respectively. (2) The incidence of abdominal distention and constipation in the clinical hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the risk of abdominal distention and constipation in SIBO-positive pregnant women was higher than that in SIBO-negative pregnant women. (3) The serum levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acids (FFAs) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in the hypothyroidism group during pregnancy were higher than those in the control group. (4) After 21 days of probiotics combined with prebiotics, the incidence of pure methane positivity in the methane-hydrogen breath test in the G21 group was significantly reduced, and the average abundance of hydrogen and methane at each time point in the G21 group was lower than that in the G0 group. (5) The incidence of constipation in the G21 group was significantly lower than before treatment. (6) The levels of serum TSH, hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, TC and LDL in pregnant women after probiotics combined with prebiotics were lower than those before treatment.ConclusionProbiotics combined with prebiotics are effective in the treatment of pregnant patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with SIBO, providing a new idea to treat pregnant patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with SIBO.

EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND REVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND REVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Effect of obesity and hypothyroidism on hepcidin concentration in pregnancy - a pilot study using maternal and umbilical cord blood at delivery day.

Hepcidin is a primary regulator of iron metabolism in the human body. By promoting ferroportin degradation, hepcidin reduces intestinal iron absorption and its release from intracellular stores. In the course of pregnancy, gradually declining hepcidin concentrations encourage placental iron transfer, thereby providing the appropriate amount of iron for fetal development. Hence, we aimed to investigate changes in maternal and cord blood hepcidin and iron metabolism parameters in normal-weight (n=17) and obese (n=17) gestating women, as well as gravid women with a history of hypothyroidism following the restoration of euthyroidism (n=17). All blood samples were taken on the day of delivery, and ELISA kits were used for measurements. A significant increase in maternal hepcidin concentration was observed in obese pregnant women, compared to normal-weight controls (29.53±4.20 ng/mL vs. 25.69±5.70 ng/mL; P<0.05). However, only a slight, insignificant tendency for lower hepcidin was noted in the hypothyroid group, compared to the healthy controls (23.10±6.00 ng/mL vs. 25.69±5.70 ng/mL; P=NS). Moreover, decreased maternal free triiodothyronine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and ferritin levels were revealed in the hypothyroid group, compared to the normal-weight individuals (P<0.05). Furthermore, positive correlations between maternal hepcidin and the majority of maternal thyroid hormones were found, with a most potent relation to FT3 (r=0.40; P<0.01). Interestingly, no alterations of thyroid hormones and iron metabolism parameters were noticed in cord blood in any of the subgroups. In summary, pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with elevated maternal hepcidin, albeit no signs of lowered cord blood iron status were shown. Medical history of hypothyroidism following the restoration of euthyroidism does not substantially influence maternal nor cord blood hepcidin concentration, as well as fetal iron homeostasis, even though free thyroid hormone levels correlate with maternal hepcidin.

Comparison on the consistency of Mindray and Siemens chemiluminescence analyzers for detecting FT3, FT4 and TSH in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism.

To examine the consistency of the Mindray and Siemens full-automatic chemiluminescence analyzers in detecting serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism. Included in this study were 164 new patients with abnormal thyroid function assessed at Nan Fang Hospital of Southern Medical University in 2021: 107 patients with hyperthyroidism and 57 with hypothyroidism. Additional 100 healthy individuals comprised the control group. Consistency of the FT3, FT4 and TSH results from the two systems in the different groups was analyzed by Kappa, linear correlation, regression, Bland-Altman and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Compared with the control group, FT3 and FT4 levels were increased and TSH level was decreased in the hyperthyroid group (both P<0.05), whereas FT3 and FT4 levels were decreased and TSH level was increased in the hypothyroidism group (both P<0.05), suggesting that both test systems could provide references for relevant clinical evaluation. Kappa analysis showed high consistency of the two systems in detecting FT3, FT4 and TSH in both hyper- and hypothyroidism patients (mean Kappa value >0.7). In addition, there was a good linear correlation between the test results of the two systems (R2>0.90). Bland-Altman consistency analysis showed that most mean difference values were within the consistency limit (x±1.96s), indicating that the difference between the two systems was acceptable. AUC of FT3, FT4 and TSH detected by the two systems was higher than 0.80 in each group, showing no significant difference between them (both P>0.05), and the difference in sensitivity and specificity was within the acceptable range. Mindray and Siemens chemiluminescence analyzers are highly consistent in detecting FT3, FT4 and TSH in both hyper- and hypothyroidism patients.

Investigation of Parvovirus B19 in Hashimoto thyroiditis

Thyroiditis is a broad term that refers to a variety of clinical conditions marked by inflammation and damage to thyroid cells. These disorders could be caused by due to factors, including radiation, a microbial infection, or be linked to autoimmune thyroid disease, such as in Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). This cross-sectional study aimed to the detection of anti-TPO antibodies and to investigate (Parvovirus B19) IgM and IgG antibodies in serum of patients to investigate their role in the pathogenesis of thyroiditis. The study included 91 patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction and diagnosed by performing of the thyroid hormone tests (FT3, FT4 and TSH) by Snibe Maglumi-800 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay, where they were divided into three groups namely (subclinical thyroiditis, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism). Then Moreover, the study investigates the determination which of them has HT by the detection of thyroid autoantibodies anti-TPO Ab and the detection of antibodies to specific (Parvovirus B19) IgM and IgG in the sera of patients by ELISA. The results of serology showed that the percentage of anti-TPO antibodies in the three investigated groups was (54.94%), and the highest percentage was in the hypothyroidism group, which amounted to (71.40%). The serological diagnosis also showed that the presence of antibodies to (Parvovirus B19) IgM was (90.10%) while, IgG levels were (100%) respectively. Conclusions: Parvovirus B19 infection is commonly seen in patients with thyroiditis.

Effects of Thymoquinone on Hypothalamic NPY and AgRP Gene Expression in Intact and Hypothyroidism- Model Rats

Background &amp; Objective: Thymoquinone is the most important compound of Nigella sativa, which stimulates the activity of thyroid axis in healthy individuals and people with hypothyroidism. The present study investigated the effects of thymoquinone on Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-dependent peptide (AgRP) gene expression in the hypothalamus of healthy individuals and hypothyroidism- model rats.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 190- 220g were used. Hypothyroidism was induced by a daily consumption of Methimazole (20mg/kg) for 42 days via drinking water. Control rats received the intraperitoneal injections of saline. Intact or hypothyroid rats received the intraperitoneal injections of thymoquinone (10mg/kg) for 15 days. One day after last injection, the thyroid gland and hypothalamic samples were dissected. Thyroid gland samples were used for histological study. Relative gene expression of hypothalamic NPY and AgRP was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.&#x0D; Results: Thymoquinone significantly declined the NPY and AgRP gene expressions in the hypothalamus of intact rats in comparison with control group. Induction of hypothyroidism results in a remarkable increase in the NPY and AgRP gene expressions compared to control rats. In hypothyroid rats receiving thymoquinone, the mean relative NPY and AgRP gene expressions showed an insignificant decrease compared to hypothyroid group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Because AgRP/NPY signaling pathway exerts inhibitory effects on thyroid gland function, thymoquinone may stimulate thyroid axis activity partly via inhibiting the hypothalamic AgRP/NPY gene expression in intact rats. In hypothyroidism, used dose of thymoquinone may not able to cause a significant decrease in AgRP/NPY gene expression due to its increased levels.

Metimazol ile Oluşturulan Sıçan Hipotiroidi Modelinde Kognitif Fonksiyonlar, Anksiyete ve Depresyon Benzeri Davranışların Değerlendirilmesi: Pilot Çalışma

Hipertiroidizm tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan metimazol, deneysel çalışmalarda geçici hipotiroidizm modeli oluşturmak için kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda metimazol ile oluşturulan sıçan hipotiroidi modelinde kognitif fonksiyonların değerlendirilmesi ve hipotiroidinin anksiyete ve depresyon benzeri davranışlar üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Oniki adet erişkin dişi/erkek Wistar sıçan (250-300 g) iki gruba ayrılarak bir gruba 4 hafta süre ile içme suyu içinde %0,02 metimazol verilerek hipotiroidizm oluşturulmuş, diğer gruba normal içme suyu verilmiştir. Dört hafta sonunda, Morris su labirenti, yükseltilmiş artı labirent, kuyruk suspansiyon testi, pasif sakınma testi uygulanmıştır. Metimazol kesildikten 8 hafta sonra serum serbest T4 ve TSH düzeyleri ölçülmüş ve tiroid dokusu histopatolojik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Morris su labirenti testinde sadece 1. günde gruplar arasında anlamlı fark izlenmiştir (p &lt; 0,001). Pasif sakınma testinde ise gruplar arasında anlamlı fark görülmemiştir (p = 0,477). Yükseltilmiş artı labirentte hipotiroid sıçanlar açık alanda daha fazla süre geçirmiş (123,5 ± 35,5 sn vs. 12,5 ± 7,9 sn; p = 0,012); açık ve orta alana daha fazla sayıda giriş yapmıştır (sırasıyla, 3,0 ± 0,4 vs. 0,7 ± 0,5; p = 0,006, 6,2 ± 1,2 vs. 2,8 ± 0,7; p = 0,042). Kuyruk suspansiyon testinde hipotiroid grubun hareketsiz kaldığı süre, ötiroid gruba göre anlamlı olarak daha uzun bulunmuştur (186,2 ± 19,5 sn vs. 110,3 ± 26,2 sn; p = 0,043). Histopatolojik incelemede, hipotiroid grubunda kolloid vakuolizasyonu izlenmiş, ancak serum serbest T4 ve TSH düzeylerinde gruplar arasında fark görülmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, sıçanda metimazol hipotiroidi modeli öğrenme ve bellekte bozulma oluşturmaksızın, anksiyeteyi azaltıp depresyona eğilimi artırmaktadır. Bu zeminde, hipotiroidi ve kognitif fonksiyon ilişkisini aydınlatmaya yönelik ileri çalışmalar planlanmalıdır.

The effects of curcumin in learning and memory impairment associated with hypothyroidism in juvenile rats: the role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

The effect of curcumin (Cur) on cognitive impairment and the possible role of brain tissue oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated in juvenile hypothyroid rats. The juvenile rats (21 days old) were allocated into the following groups: (1) control; (2) hypothyroid (0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water); (3-5) hypothyroid-Cur 50, 100, and 150, which in these groups 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg, Cur was orally administered by gavage during 6 weeks. In the hypothyroid rats, the time elapsed and the traveled distance to locate the hidden platform in the learning trials of Morris water maze (MWM) increased, and on the probe day, the amount of time spent in the target quadrant and the distance traveled in there was decreased. Hypothyroidism also decreased the latency and increased the time spent in the darkroom of the passive avoidance (PA) test. Compared with the hypothyroid group, Cur enhanced the performance of the rats in both MWM and PA tests. In addition, Cur reduced malondialdehyde concentration and NO metabolites; however, it increased thiol content as well as the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase enzymes in both the cortex and hippocampus. Cur also increased hippocampal synthesis of BDNF in hypothyroid rats. The beneficial effects of Cur cognitive function in juvenile hypothyroid rats might be attributed to its protective effect against oxidative stress and potentiation of BDNF production.

Nanoselenium improved learning, memory, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and attenuated nitric oxide, and oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile hypothyroid rats.

Nanoselenium (Nan S) is a form of selenium element that acts with high absorption and low toxicity. However, few studies have examined the effects of Nan S on cognitive impairment. On the other hand, hypothyroidism is a common disease that causes cognitive disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Nan S on memory impairment in rats due to propylthiouracil (PTU) - induced hypothyroidism. The roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nitric oxide (NO), and oxidative stress were also challenged. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) Control group (normal saline), (2) hypothyroid (Hypo) group: where 0.05% PTU was added to drinking water, (3) and (4) Hypo-Nan S 50, Hypo-Nan S 100 in which 50 or 100µg/ kg of Nan S were injected respectively. After 6 weeks, spatial and avoidance memory was measured by Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. The animals then underwent deep anesthesia and the serum samples and the hippocampus and cortex were collected to be used for thyroxin and biochemical measurements including malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and BDNF. The rats showed an increase in the escape latency and traveled path in MWM in the Hypo group compare with the Control group and these parameters were decreased in both Hypo-Nan S 50 and Hypo-Nan S 100 groups compared to the Hypo group. The rats of both Hypo-Nan S 50 and Hypo-Nan S 100 groups spent longer time and traveled longer distances in the target area during the probe trial of MWM than the Hypo group. In addition, the latency to enter the dark box in the PA test was lower in the Hypo group than in the Control group, which was significantly improved after Nan S treatment. Furthermore, the hippocampal and cortical lipid peroxide marker (MDA) levels and NO metabolites of the Hypo group were significantly increased and the antioxidant markers (total thiol, SOD, and CAT) were significantly inhibited compared to the Control group. Compared with the Hypo group, Nan S administration could significantly decrease the oxidant factors and increase the activities antioxidant system and concentration of BDNF. It is concluded that Nan S might be able to enhance endogenous antioxidant proteins due to its antioxidant activity, thereby improving BDNF and spatial and avoidance memory in the hypothyroidism-induced memory impairment model however, more studies are still necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism(s).

Comparison of Hand Grip Strength Between Vitamin- D Supplemented and Non- Supplemented Hypothyroid Patients.

Vitamin- D deficiency is one of the causes for muscle disorders. The present study was aimed to evaluate the performance of hand grip muscle strength (HGS) to determine muscle dysfunctions in patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism. Our study objectives are to compare the hand grip strength (HGS) results with vit-D supplement and without vit-D after 8 months’ of thyroid therapy. A prospective study of Eight months’ period was carried out among 120 subjects attending the Shadan hospital in India. About 40 controls were healthy individuals, 80 subjects were newly diagnosed hypothyroid cases, hypothyroid were divided into two equal groups, Age and gender-matched subjects diagnosed as hypothyroid were included. The three study groups were divided: Group1-. Vitamin-D supplemented cases, Group-2 without Vitamin-D supplementation cases, Group-3 healthy controls. TSH, T3 and T4 levels were estimated by using the immunoassay method. Hand grip strength (HGS) assessed by hand grip dynamometer and Vitamin-D levels were assessed by Minividaas. Statistical analysis was done with sigma plot 14.5 version. Between Hypothyroid groups, supplemented and non-supplemented, statistical significance was obtained for reduced BMI, improved levels of Vitamin-D, reduction of TSH, not much change in T3&amp;T4, and improved HGS. Statistically significant HGS was seen with high levels TSH, low T3&amp;T4. HGS in left &amp;right hand Standard mean is 19.6 &amp; 27.6 and 15.6 &amp; 24.56 respectively. HGS was found to be improved with Vitamin-D supplementation in hypothyroid cases along with hypothyroid treatment. We found that Vitamin-D deficiency is one of the reasons to decrease HGS in hypothyroid patients, Vitamin-D supplementation improves handgrip muscle strength, which is the major concern in hypothyroidism. Our study concludes Vitamin-D supplementation is beneficial in hypothyroid patients who have decreased HGS.

Gender effect on anti TPO antibodies and hypothyroidism in patients presenting to a teaching hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Objective: To know the gender difference in the autoimmune profile that is anti TPO antibodies and thyroid profile in patients with hypothyroidism and in euthyroid controls. Study Design: Case Control study. Settings: Medical Out Door Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: 01/09/2018 to 31/08/2019. Material &amp; Methods: Case control study that was conducted after taking ethical approval from hospital ethical committee. After taking informed consent data was entered on a predesigned questionnaire and 5 ml of venous blood was taken for thyroid profile and anti TPO antibodies. Study population was selected by nonprobability sampling. A total 128 patients in which 69 in the hypothyroid group A and 69 in euthyroid control group were added. Results: Most of the anti TPO positive hypothyroid participants were females but TSH value was more in males. All euthyroid anti TPO participants were females. Female hypothyroid patients were young compared to males. Conclusion: Autoimmune thyroid disorders are more common in females, autoimmunity appears before biochemical failure of thyroid.

Thyroid Dysfunction Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Saudi Arabia

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that may be associated with other autoimmune disorders. To date, limited data are available on thyroid dysfunction and SLE in Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the cases of 151 patients with SLE. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 17.2%: 4% in the hyperthyroid group and 11.9% in the hypothyroid group. Euthyroid sick syndrome was found in 1.3% of patients. Moreover, 57% of patients with hypothyroidism were positive for antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. No correlation was found between the presence of thyroid dysfunction and higher SLE disease activity, according to the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment–Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score.