Hypothetical Method Research Articles

Variant of Organizational and Functional Adaptation Structures of a Typical Situational Centre to the Emergence of Crisis Situations

Due to the growing number of crisis situations (CS) in the modern world, such as natural disasters, man-made accidents, pandemics, cyber-attacks, financial crises, wars, and other negative events, it is important for the state to develop and adapt the organizational and functional structures of information and analytical units, including situation centers (SC), to respond effectively to such cases, thereby ensuring the country’s resilience in the face of negative circumstances. The purpose of the study is to consider and analyze a possible option for adapting the organizational and functional structure of a typical SC for more efficient functioning in the context of a CS. The research methods used in the article include content analysis, analysis, induction and hypothetical method. The article highlights the organization of information interaction between state structures during full-scale conflicts, the ways of resolving the SC in such conditions and the measures taken to respond effectively in a timely manner. Particular attention is paid to approaches to information counteraction in crisis management. The authors analyze the experience of countries around the world in establishing and operating SC and developing appropriate organizational and functional structures. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that today there is a tendency to establish and operate crisis centers in countries around the world. However, it has been found that no publication pays sufficient attention to approaches to adaptation (improvement) of the structures of crisis centers to the emergence of the CS. The study is of great importance, since the proposed option of adapting the organizational and functional structure of a typical crisis center to the emergence of a CS opens up new opportunities for understanding effective methods of countering a CS and promotes the development of crisis management strategies, in particular in the context of hybrid confrontation and full-scale war.

SUBDIALECTAL DISCOURSE AND PECULIARITIES OF ITS MENTAL CONTINUUM IN THE LENS OF THE MODERN LINGUISTIC PARADIGM

The article is devoted to the study of specific features of subdialectal discourse and its mental continuum, viewed through the prism of modern linguistic theories. The purpose of the research is to study and describe the functioning and structure features, as well as the specifics of the linguarium of subdialectal discourse. The object of the study is the subdialectal discourse, which covers speech practices recorded in the village of Pishchanyi Brid, Novoukrainskyi district, Kirovohrad region. The subject of the study is the mental continuum of the subdialect speakers, which includes knowledge, perceptions and assessments related to various aspects of their lives. The source of the study was the speech recordings of the native speakers, i.e. the textual corpus of the subdialect. The methods used in the study were modelling, hypothetical method, deductive and inductive methods, descriptive method, observation method, taxonomic method, and continuous sampling method. The peculiarity of the study of subdialectal speech in discourse studies lies in the analysis of the composition of usages, the specifics of the composition of the linguarium and its influence on the structure of discourse, expression of thoughts, interaction of speakers and the formation of the ethnographic identity of peasants who speak the subdialect. The discourse approach allows us to better understand the speech process in a specific socio-cultural and geographical setting, as well as the interaction of speakers within the dialect environment. It involves analysing the discourse of the language group in question, identifying specific lexical, grammatical and phonetic features that are characteristic of certain socio-cultural groups. The metalinguistic interpretation of discourse types in the linguistic paradigm presents dialectal discourse as a reflection of real language use, a set of idiolects and an indicator of changes in the language. The household, ceremonial, religious and existential knowledge contained in the dialect discourse is critical to the well-being and cultural integrity of rural communities. In particular, household knowledge encompasses practical skills in housekeeping, agriculture and crafts. Ceremonial and religious knowledge includes traditions, rituals and beliefs that support the spiritual life and cultural identity of the community, and existential knowledge is related to the understanding of life, death and moral values, helping community members navigate difficult life situations. Prospects for the study include a meta-analysis of dialectal discourse, which can be expressed in different ways in individual subdialects, the development of new methods for studying dialectal language in the digital environment, and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches for a deeper understanding of speech practices and cultural characteristics of speakers.

Problem-Based Learning and Knowledge of Digital Electronics among Engineering Students

This paper aims to explore the relationship between problem-based learning (PBL) and the digital electronics course for engineering students at a private university with a population of 97 students. The study utilized a deductive and correlational hypothetical method with a non-experimental and quantitative design. As a result, the statistically significant relationship between PBL and the digital electronics course is verified. A relationship coefficient equal to Rho = 0.780 and p < 0.01, confirms the proposed alternative hypothesis. This result provides a robust quantitative perspective on how the integration of PBL positively influences engineering students’ acquisition of digital electronics knowledge. The contribution lies in empirical support for the effectiveness of the PBL approach, providing educators and engineering professionals with a solid foundation for enhancing pedagogical strategies and fostering more effective and practical learning in the discipline.

Analysis of Research and Development in the Textile and Footwear Industry

Introduction. Rethinking the operational models of textile and footwear industry companies, transforming their organisational structures and marketing strategies, necessitates research and development to create new samples and materials that are most demanded in the new conditions. Methods. The research concept is based on the axiomatic method and system-logical analysis, the method of formalising the model of modern directions of research and development in the textile and footwear industry, the method of summarising results, the method of comparative analysis in processing economic information, and the hypothetical method of the necessity of digital design of new products using the "House of Quality" approach. Results and Discussion. Current research and development in the textile and footwear industry are directed towards creating new goods (samples, products), new technologies and equipment, and new types of production raw materials. In the textile and footwear industry, automation and digitalisation stand out as key tools for research and development, enhancing the efficiency of design and production processes, particularly for custom orders and small-scale production. Conclusion. Despite the advent of numerous innovations in textile materials, fibers, garments, and footwear, the level of research and development activities in specific companies is inadequate, which poses a significant threat to the economic security and the ability to meet societal needs for industry products. The proposed resulting indicator for research and development is the innovation saturation coefficient, which measures the efficiency of research and development expenditures. To enhance the effectiveness of the project phase in research and development within the textile and footwear industry, it is suggested to use the "House of Quality" tool.

“Osint” and “consolidated information” in the terminological field of information and analytical activity

The purpose of the study is to reveal the content of the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information” in the terminological field of information and analytical activity, to identify similarities and differences between them. Research methodology. General scientific research methods of analysis and synthesis were used; the method of comparative analysis to compare the essence of the terms OSINT and consolidated information; the method of content analysis in the study of texts and documents; the hypothetical method to substantiate the synonymity of the terms OSINT and consolidated information. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of analogies between the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information”, which form a terminological series in the scientific discourse and practical field of information and analytical activities. Conclusions. The terminological field in the scientific discourse and in the field of practical information and analytical activities is characterised by the formation of a synonymous series, which includes the terms “OSINT” and “consolidated information”, which are actually designations of the concept of “information and analytical activities”. An analysis of the content of these terms shows that the difference is that the content of the concept of “consolidated information” does not indicate a specific field of activity, while OSINT retains the relevant connotations in the application of the term in other areas. OSINT in its meaning, regardless of the scope of use in intelligence activities, is a type of information and analytical activity which is gaining active development in the modern information and communication space to perform a wide range of tasks in social practice aimed at searching, collecting and analysing information from open (publicly available) sources which are not classified or restricted

Systematic Analysis of Rotated Dual-Split Elliptical SRR with Band-Stop Characteristics

In this research article, a novel double-split elliptical split ring resonator (DS-ESRR) is proposed to achieve frequency-notching behavior of ultrawideband filtenna, where the semimajor and minor axes of the ellipse are taken as a bivariate random variable and expressed in Ramanujan’s correction coefficient so that more degree of freedom is available for choosing degenerated impedance and thus for variable frequency-notching applications. To verify this hypothetical method, finite sets of variables for DS-ESRR are presented in this proposed work, and a mathematical expression is formulated to estimate the resonant frequency of the DS-ESRR, such that for practical applications, frequency-notching parameters can be easily estimated accurately rather than previously used SRR like circular or square-shaped geometry. DS-ESRR is deployed at the back of a CPW-fed ultrawideband antenna for notching filter application, and the computed data is compared with the eigen mode simulation results which reveal good agreement with each other.

РОЗВИТОК СТАЛОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

Today, Ukrainians are fighting fiercely for the right to be Ukrainians, to be a free, independent European, developed state. The time of reconstruction is not far off, so it is very important to be prepared in a timely manner for effective actions to restore and qualitatively transform the Ukrainian economy into the best examples of an innovative competitive economy that the world’s leading civilized countries are trying to follow. This type of economy is, of course, a green economy, circular or closed within the framework of the concept of sustainable development, as a general concept, which was declared at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2015. Since tourism is one of the most profitable sectors of the global economy and the most extensive, it can be an excellent tool for promoting the principles of sustainable development and effectively ensuring its economic, social and environmental dimensions. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attainability of sustainable tourism objectives in Ukraine in the context of war; to identify effective types of sustainable tourism in the current conditions. Design/methodology/approach. In the article, the authors used hypothetical method; comparative analysis in the course of studying scientific sources on this issue; empirical analysis of the achievability of sustainable tourism tasks in our country in the conditions of war, as well as the experience of the functioning of Euroregions in Ukraine and the current state of political and economic conditions in the process of identifying opportunities provided by the development of cross-border sustainable tourism; logical method of cognition in the course of comparing the tasks of sustainable tourism with the opportunities that cross-border sustainable tourism can provide under relevant circumstances. Finding. The hypothesis on the possibility of sustainable tourism development in Ukraine in the context of war is proven. We define cross-border sustainable tourism as a viable type of tourism in times of war for objective reasons, the main advantage of which is the acceleration of Ukraine’s integration into the EU by ensuring the convergence of standards in the field of sustainable tourism, among other things. Practical implications. The results of this research are in the field of interest of scientists, government authorities, territorial communities, and business representatives who are willing to put the idea of developing cross-border sustainable tourism into practice and improve the functioning of existing forms of cross-border cooperation in the field of sustainable tourism. The subject of further research on this issue is the forms and mechanisms for intensifying cross-border cooperation in the field of sustainable tourism through the use of the possibility of accelerating Ukraine’s integration into the European and North Atlantic Unions. Originality/value. This study highlights cross-border sustainable tourism as a promising sector of Ukraine’s economy that can develop in wartime, as it involves the use of border areas remote from the combat zone, is able to realize all the objectives of sustainable tourism, and helps accelerate Ukraine’s integration into the EU.

Hypothetical Inquiry in Plato's Timaeus

This paper re-constructs Plato's ‘philosophy of geometry’ by arguing that he uses a geometrical method of hypothesis in his account of the cosmos’ generation in the Timaeus. Commentators on Plato's philosophy of mathematics often start from Aristotle's report in the Metaphysics that Plato admitted the existence of mathematical objects in-between ( metaxu) Forms and sensible particulars ( Meta. 1.6, 987b14–18). I argue, however, that Plato's interest in mathematics was centred on its methodological usefulness for philosophical inquiry, rather than on questions of mathematical ontology. My key passage of interest is Timaeus’ account of the generation of the primary bodies in the cosmos, i.e. fire, air, water and earth ( Tim. 48b–c, 53b–56c). Timaeus explains the primary bodies’ origin by hypothesising two right-angled triangles as their starting-point ( arkhê) and describing their individual geometrical constitution. This hypothetical operation recalls the hypothetical method which Socrates introduces in the Meno (86e–87b), as well as the use of hypotheses by mathematicians which is described in the Republic (510b–c). Throughout the passage, Timaeus is focussed on explicating the bodies in terms of their formal structure, without however considering the ontological status of the triangles in relation to the physical world.

Bioinformatic method for determining single nucleotide polymorphisms on the example of gene <i>WIN</i> in <i>Glycine max</i>

In this paper, a hypothetical method for locating SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) on the example of the ribonuclease gene WIN was proposed. Ribonuclease comprises an enzyme that participates in defence reactions against fungal infections in soybeans, as well as other protective responses to biotic stress. Its belonging to the RNA-ases group determines the specific properties, namely the ability to degrade foreign nucleic acids. This ability provides for a general nonspecific immune response of the plant to the invasion of antigenic structures. Modern biotechnology calls for the development of molecular methods and approaches that will increase the resistance of a culture or accelerate the processes of its adaptation in the field. This problem can be solved by using technologies of SNP artificial induction in those parts of the genome that encode proteins capable of acting in protective reactions against biotic stress. In the study, 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were proposed using bioinformatic analysis. Since the localisation and detection of SNPs comprise a challenging task due to the presence of a single nucleotide change, in the biotechnological practice, predictive analysis is carried out in order to localise the potential sequence of occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism. Following the identification of the hypothetical SNP location, they can be further detected using complex molecular methods, such as real-time PCR or local sequencing. This technology can become a powerful tool for breeding soybean varieties having predetermined properties. Such theoretical and predictive models will allow for a quicker response to the dynamic environment under manmade load on plants.

Educational and Professional Programme “Online Journalism and Blogging”: Interdisciplinary Content of the Speciality “Information, Library and Archival Management”

The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate the list of competencies required by a specialist within the interdisciplinary major “Online Journalism and Blogging” in the field of study “Information, Library, and Archival Management”. The research methodology is based on the use of a set of general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis, the method of comparative analysis for comparing the standards of higher education, which form the subject field of activity of a future specialist majoring in “Online Journalism and Blogging” in the field of study “Information, Library, and Archival Management”; the method of content analysis in the study of texts and documents; a hypothetical method for justifying the need for online journalism in the activities of institutions and the infrastructure of the document and information sphere. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the list of competencies required by a specialist within the interdisciplinary major “Online Journalism and Blogging” in the field of study “Information, Library and Archival Management” and substantiating the main focus of the educational programme, which is outlined as the formation and development of professional competence in providing press strategies in various forms of their implementation in the digital social and information environment as an integrative activity that includes information (document)-communicative and journalistic components. Conclusions. Increasing the competitiveness of modern specialists is normalised today by the introduction of interdisciplinary educational programmes into the educational process. The offer of the educational and professional programme “Online Journalism and Blogging” in the field of study “Information, Library and Archival Management” provides for mastering the knowledge related to the programme subject areas 061 Journalism and 029 Information, library and archival management, which determine its subject area, and the integration of educational content in these fields. The projected activity of the future specialist in the educational and professional programme “Online Journalism and Blogging” is within the framework of such basic concepts as “information resource” – “social communications” – “information product” in their interconnection and mediation by the use of digital technologies. The main focus of the educational programme and major is the formation and development of professional competence in providing press strategies in various forms of their implementation in the digital social and information environment as an integrative activity that includes information (document)-communicative and journalistic components.

Media Library as a Resource Center for Quality Assurance of the Educational Process

The purpose of the article is to study the activities of media libraries in the context of the educational process, as well as to highlight modern innovative approaches to the organization of a qualitatively new educational space.
 Research methodology. In the process of the study, general scientific methods such as hypothetical method, method of analysis and synthesis were used, which allowed the author to analyze the activities of media libraries in the educational context in terms of resource provision of the quality of the educational process.
 The scientific novelty of the research is to highlight modern approaches to the organization of innovative educational space with the involvement of information technology to provide quality information services aimed at educational and scientific activities.
 Conclusions. The educational component is a priority in the activities of libraries, so it is important to provide access to quality scientific and educational information. In addition to providing a wide range of information services, the library should be a space for communication between different social groups to promote education and implement the concept of lifelong learning. Thanks to the activities of the Ukrainian Library Association, which signed a Memorandum of Cooperation with the Ministry of Digital Transformation to promote the development of digital literacy, a large number of libraries in Ukraine have become educational hubs for improving the digital skills of the population based on the platform Diia. Digital Education. Most Ukrainian libraries are implementing educational projects aimed at improving knowledge in various fields of science and culture. This article reviews and analyzes the domestic and foreign experience of media libraries as educational hubs aimed at creating and providing access to qualitatively new educational content.

Professional standardization: requirements for the competences of a library and information specialist

The purpose of the article is to outline the information-digital and socio-educational competencies of a library and information specialist taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of library and information activities in the use of digital technologies and in accordance with current regulatory documents, as well as the practice of library activities. The research methodology is based on such methods as information analysis of the current Digital Competence Framework and Professional Standards of Specialists, content analysis of the subject field of the research subject – semantic and logical analysis of the document collection (academic papers, information content of Internet resources); the hypothetical method enabled us to formulate the relevant competencies of a library and information specialist based on the analysis of information resources. The scientific novelty of the research is to substantiate the current competences of a library and information specialist as a basis for the development of the Professional Standard Project. Conclusions. The need to develop the Professional Standard of a library and information specialist requires an outline of the information-digital and socio-educational competencies of a library and information specialist taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of library and information activities in the application of digital technologies. The analysis of a wide array of library information resources (websites, Facebook pages, blogs, Telegram channels, and others), which present the current state of job functions and actions performed by librarians, the Framework of Digital Competences of scientific and academic and teaching personnel and the Professional Standard of teaching personnel, extrapolation of the presented data on the competence field of a library and information specialist made it possible to formulate the information-digital, social-educational and psychological-pedagogical competences of a specialist. The personal competences of a specialist are formulated within the scope of the tasks of their professional development in the digital environment, reflection, and assessment of the level of their own digital competence. The obtained results regarding the types of activities and the necessary competencies of a modern library specialist might be the basis for completing the structure of the Professional Standard of the Library and Information Specialist Project. Keywords: specialist in library and information activities, professional standard, competences, job functions.

VISITOR’S WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENTS OF HUTAN LIPUR ULU BENDUL, NEGERI SEMBILAN

Hutan Lipur Ulu Bendul is a recreational forest that serves as a place to escape from hustle and bustle of city life. However, the excessively large number of visitors has affected the forest, as the tourists lack conservation awareness. The main objectives of this study are (i) to analyse the visitors’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for conservation and environmental protection of Hutan Lipur Ulu Bendul and (ii) to observe the determinants of visitors’ WTP, such as education level, income, and age. This study involved about 150 randomly selected visitors at Hutan Lipur Ulu Bendul, Kuala Pilah. About five sets of questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents during data collection. From the three variables tested, only household income had a significant effect on the WTP for conservation, estimated with a hypothetical method, double-bounded Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The findings are crucial in understanding the value that visitors place on forest conservation and improvements by describing the level of environmental awareness among visitors.

Secure Chaos of 5G Wireless Communication System Based on IOT Applications

This research is aimed at planning the manner in which the secure 5G communication can be controlled based on traffic floods. To accomplish excellent administration execution of organization observing and 5G directing calculation is inescapable, dynamic steering in actual organization equipment isn't reasonable for practical plans of action. Accordingly, to bring down functional and capital consumption, we propose a strategy called versatile steering made do with the help of 5G (Quality of Service and MANET (Mobile specially appointed Network). A practical 5G steering model which will help with fulfilling the needs of the customers and simultaneously gives huge investment funds in item cost and convenience was presented in this paper. To perform versatile 5G steering, we planned geography in a virtualized climate. We customized CHAOS for network traffic flood the board which goes about as a consistent northward API in 5G directing. Network traffic is infused dynamically from 1MB up to 10MB (connect b/w) in a progressive way for similar organization traffic with 10 organization occurrences. In conclusion, we performed versatile 5G steering applying the control hypothetical method with the assistance of CHAOS and MANET calculations. By looking at two directing situations, we noticed a prominent distinction in throughput for controlling organization traffic application in MANETs. Network traffic flood data is refreshed after clockwork.

Innovative Approach to Business Development in the Field of Waste in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Object: To research business development opportunities based on the principles and models of the closed-cycleeconomy in the field of solid household waste (SHW).Methods: General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, hypothetical method) and special methods (formal-logical method, statistical analysis).Results: An analysis of the formation and processing of solid waste in the country revealed problems in this area. A comparative analysis of solid waste processing in Kazakhstan and non-CIS countries, as well as the profitability of waste recycling business in developed countries, showed that the waste sector is a prospective niche for the development of “green” business. The foreign studies contribute to the relevance of the use of business models of the circular economy, which implies the processing of waste into secondary raw materials and its use at different stages of the production process. The research identified the obstacles hindering the development of innovative businesses in the field of waste; suggested ways to solve the problems of the MSW sphere.Conclusions: The results depict that there is a significant potential for the development of an innovative business for the processing and recycling of waste in the field of solid waste management in Kazakhstan. To further develop this area, it is recommended to use the principles and business models of the circular economy, to create favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity.

Innovative Media Space of the Modern Library: Axiological Guidelines of Functioning

The aim of the research is to outline the axiological guidelines for the functioning of the innovative media space of a modern library. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of generalisation, systematisation and forecasting. The hypothetical method made it possible to define the «innovative media space of a modern library» based on a value-based approach in library science. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of the value approach to the creation and functioning of the innovative media space of a modern library. The author’s definition of the concept of «innovative media space of a modern library» is a set of technical, technology and software tools of library activities formed in the process of digital transformations of the library aimed at meeting the information and social and communicative needs of citizens, due to their professional, social activities, education, leisure, life, tasks of personal growth and communication. Conclusions. In the context of digital transformations of libraries, the issue of avoiding technology determinism and the need to adapt the humanistic function of the library to innovative shifts remains relevant. Technology and social-communicative components of innovative media space of modern libraries should be considered in the relationship and interaction following the axiological guidelines of the library, including the implementation of social, educational, value-oriented, moral and ethical, memorial, environmental recreational functions. The theory and methodology of research on the digital technology issues in libraries is a value approach, which consists of the joint study of humanitarian issues (library’s purpose) and technology issues (ways to implement the library’s purpose). From the point of view of the value approach, the innovative media space of a modern library is a set of technical, technology and software tools of library activity formed in the digital transformations of the library aimed at meeting the information and social and communicative needs of citizens, due to their professional, social activities, education, leisure, life, tasks of personal growth and communication.

Personality Disorder in Cognitive Distortions of Prison Inmates for Crimes of Aggression and Violence

The objective of the study was to determine the influence of personality disorders on the cognitive distortions of the aggressor. The research methodology was carried out under a quantitative approach, type of basic study, hypothetical deductive method, the technique was the survey and the questionnaire was the instrument for personality disorders (IPD E) and for cognitive distortions (IPDMUV-R). ). The results showed that the personality disorder influences 100% of the cognitive distortions. In that sense, the personality disorder is determined by the dimensions for a better relationship with distorted thoughts. It is concluded that cognitive distortions are characterized by frequently presenting psychological alterations due to personality disorders, lack of control over anger, difficulties in expressing emotions, deficits in communication skills, problem solving and low self-esteem.

An Evaluation of Wind Turbine-Induced Topographic Change in the Offshore Intertidal Sandbank Using Remote Sensing-Constructed Digital Elevation Model Data

With the rapid development of wind power generation, many marine wind farms have been developed on the offshore intertidal sandbank (OIS) along the coastal regions of Jiangsu Province, China during the last decade. In order to quantitatively assess the stability of offshore wind turbines and their induced topographic changes on the OIS, a digital elevation model (DEM)-based analysis supported by satellite remote sensing is adopted in the present study. Taking the Liangsha OIS at the middle of Jiangsu coast, China as the research area, we first used an enhanced waterline method (EWM) to construct the 30 m resolution DEMs for the years 2014 and 2018 with the embedment of tidal creeks to effectively express the detailed characteristics of the micro-terrain. Then, a hypothetical sandbank surface discrimination method (HSSDM) was proposed. By comparing the height difference between the hypothetical and the real terrain surface during the operation period, the wind turbine-induced topographic change rate (TCR) was estimated from the DEM of 2018. The results show that 73.47% of the 49 wind turbines in the Liangsha OIS have an erosional/depositional balanced influence on the intertidal sand body, 8.16% show a weak depositional influence, and 18.36% lead to weak erosion. The average erosional depth, 58.6 cm, reached nearly 6% to 10% of the maximum possible erosion estimated by the hydrodynamic model. Furtherly, using two DEMs for the years 2014 and 2018, the topographic change depths at the location of wind turbines were calculated. By comparing the wind turbine-induced terrain change with the naturally erosional/depositional depths of the OIS, the average contribution rate caused by the wind turbines achieved 42.17%, which meant that the impact of wind turbines on terrain changes could not be ignored. This work shows the potential of utilizing satellite-based remote sensing to monitor topographic changes in the OIS and to assess the influence of morphological variations caused by wind turbines, which will be helpful for offshore wind farm planning and intertidal environment protection.

Analysis Model of the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Profitability of SMEs

This study aims to and analyze the extent of the influence of the covid-19 pandemic on the Profitability of the Water Hyacinth Craft Cluster SMEs "Klinting" in Semarang Regency. The research method used is a hypothetical empirical method that is used to test the difference between the ability to earn profits (Profitability) of the Water hyacinth Handicraft Klater SMES "Klinting" before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Profitability of Water Hyacinth Craft Cluster "Klinting" Kab. Semarang in 2019 is 26% and in 2020 is 21%. The results of the different test using the paired sample t test resulted in a value of t = 2.763 with a 2-tailed significance of 0.018, less than 0.05, so Ho was rejected and Hi was accepted. So it was concluded that there were significant differences in the Klinting Cluster Encenggondok SMEs in earning profits before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.

RESEARCH OF METHODS OF VALUATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OBJECTS

The article examines and substantiates traditional and modern methodological approaches to the valuation of intellectual property objects of the enterprise based on the Monte Carlo method, the royalty rate method, the rules of the empirical approach, the hypothetical method of negotiations, the method of calculating the lost profit, the method of decision tree analysis. The economic essence and value of intellectual property objects for ensuring the efficiency of the economic activity of an industrial enterprise, taking into account many market and non-market factors influencing the evaluation result, were investigated. The composition and specifics of assessing the value of various types of intellectual property objects of an industrial enterprise in modern conditions have been worked out. Peculiarities of the use of the main methodical approaches to the assessment of the value of intangible assets, namely cost, profitable (revenue), market, are considered The field of use of the results of the conducted research is defined: the practical activity of domestic industrial enterprises, the professional activity of participants in the evaluation process, which is aimed at increasing the validity and reliability of the adoption and effectiveness of the practical implementation of strategic and the most important operational management decisions from the point of view of their impact on the value of existing intellectual assets and the market the cost of the enterprise in general.
 It has been proven that intellectual property objects are an integral part of the most effective assets of an enterprise that carries out market-independent business activities. The process of determining the value of an intellectual property object is known as intellectual property valuation, and may vary depending on various factors, such as the type of intellectual property, its commercial value, the level of risk, the market nature and purpose of the intellectual property valuation, etc. Various traditional and modern methods are available for valuing intellectual property, but choosing the appropriate method is important to obtain its adequate value. The answer to the question "how to value an object of intellectual property" depends on the answers to other questions, such as "what to value", "when to value" and "for what purpose to conduct a valuation of an object of intellectual property".