Hypothetical Idea Research Articles

Цивилизация и культура в XXI веке. Диалог, конвергенция или конфронтация? (Коммуникативный аспект)

. It seems to us that although each of the concrete historical forms of culture functions within "its" civilization, genetically, structurally and functionally, art always retains its spiritual and creative "redundancy" in relation to its civilization, and its signs precisely characterize culture in relation to civilization from the side of its relative autonomy and creativity freedom.
 The orientation of civilization towards the means of life, the immediate practical interests and values due to its focus on the development, use of natural conditions of life, external life are complemented in any particular society, "enlightened" by the appeal of culture, and especially art to internal life, expressing the boundlessness of the "claims of the human spirit".
 Layers of psychic reality are available for artistic reflection. And it is no coincidence, apparently, that in scientific research on this issue we sometimes see more references to the works of artists than to the actual scientific works. The same thing happens with objective reality, and on the borders of the unknown, the infinite. The requirement of reliability, verifiability, and the necessary axiomatization of knowledge complicates the formation and institutionalization of a hypothetical idea in science, requires overcoming the existing paradigm and corresponding empirical confirmations. Otherwise, the unknown is explicated in art. It enters into it in the full scope of uncertainty and improbability.
 If technical civilization builds its relations with the natural universe, realizing the principles of consumption and subjugation of nature, subordination to man, as if for the benefit of man, then culture, and above all art, cultivate our attitude to nature, which is based on disinterested contemplation, reverence, reverent admiration as the highest and most perfect form of creation, which is for a person, an eternal source of creative inspiration. Unlike the anthropocentrism of civilization, art is characterized by environmentalism and the desire for universal unity with nature, its pantheistic perception.

HR Analytics: History, Present & The Future

-HR analytics is an information driven way to deal with further develop HR-related choices. Human resource analytics, otherwise called individuals analytics, labor force analytics, or ability analytics, involves gathering, breaking down, and revealing HR information. It permits your organization to survey the impact of different HR KPIs on by and large business execution and go with information driven choices. HR analytics, in different terms, is an information driven way to deal with Human Resources The board. Human Resource domain has advanced impressively during the last 100 years. It has developed from a functional to a more essential discipline. This is exemplified by the prominence of the phrase Vital Human Resource The board (SHRM). HR analytics, which is described by an information driven approach, is in accordance with this pattern. The goals of this examination are to figure out what HR Analytics is? And furthermore the importance, development and pattern in the field of HR analytics. Most famous HR analytics apparatuses utilized as of now are examined exhaustively. The most recent practices in the field of HR Analytics (In light of a conspicuous association) is likewise exhibited in this exploration study. The gap in human asset capital administration and system acknowledgment has been made sense of. How business intelligence can actually support and improve the fate of HR Analytics is examined exhaustively. One more justification behind this study is to look at the checks and entryways that business firms have while planning HR analytics as a gadget in their associations. This examination likewise gives a hypothetical idea of HR analytics in light of optional information gathered from earlier exploration papers, journals distributed somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2022, web journals, and sites that give HR analytics ongoing information. The advancement of research in HR analytics is examined utilizing bibliometrics. Key Words: HR analytics, evolution, history, bibliometrics, human resource, HR management, business intelligence, Human resource capital management, strategy realization, Human capital analytics, people analytics, workforce,human resource analytics.

Fathoming the Mandela Effect: Deploying Reinforcement Learning to Untangle the Multiverse

Multiverse is a hypothetical idea that other universes can exist beyond our own. Various scientific theories have suggested scenarios such as the existence of bubble universes that constantly expand or string theory that attempts to merge gravity with other forces. Thus, a multiverse is a complex theoretical phenomenon that can best be conceived through computer simulation. Albeit within the multiverse, the causality of the Mandela effect is entirely possible. To examine the behavior of the multiverse as a representative ensemble, each universe as a specific ensemble element needs to be generated. Our universe generation is based on unique universes for two binary attributes of a population of n=303. The maximum possible universes this could produce within the multiverse is in the exponent of 182. To computationally confine the simulation to the scope of this study, the sample count of the multiverse is nmultiverse=606. Parameters representing the existence of each multiverse are implemented through the μ and σ values of each universe’s attributes. By using a developed reinforcement learning algorithm, we generate a multiverse yielding various universes. The computer gains consciousness of the parameters that can represent the expanse of possibility to exist for multiple universes. Furthermore, for each universe, a heart attack prediction model is performed to understand the universe’s environment and behavior. We test the Mandela effect or déjà vu of each universe by comparing error test losses with the training size of order M. Our model can measure the behavior of environments in different regions referred to as specific ensemble elements. By explicitly exploiting the attributes of each universe, we can get a better idea of the possible outcomes for the creation of other specific ensemble elements, as seen in the multiverse space planes.

El diseño de los resultados de aprendizaje utilizando las tecnologías de juego: un ejemplo de los elementos y procesos del diseño arqu

Introduction: This article describes the possibilities of forecasting learning outcomes after using gamification methods. The analysis of data collected within the framework of one academic discipline is given. The development of a regulating program using game technologies for the course is proposed. Materials and Methods: The methodological part is concentrated on identifying the problem areas of the course and selecting gamification elements for specific tasks. Results and Discussion: The expected result after the implementation of the program is described. A hypothetical idea about the prospective use of individual game mechanics for educational purposes is described but requires further practical trial. The relevance of the development of complex motivational programs integrated into the educational process and solving the problem of improving the effectiveness of learning is identified. Conclusions: The use of various ways of involving students, and maintaining the balance between educational and game tasks is described.

Post-quantum cryptography Algorithm's standardization and performance analysis

-Quantum computer is no longer a hypothetical idea. It is the world's most important technology and there is a race among countries to get supremacy in quantum technology. It is the technology that will reduce the computing time from years to hours or even minutes. The power of quantum computing will be a great support for the scientific community. However, it raises serious threats to cybersecurity. Theoretically, all the cryptography algorithms are vulnerable to attack. The practical quantum computers, when available with millions of qubits capacity, will be able to break nearly all modern public-key cryptographic systems. Before the quantum computers arrive with sufficient ‘qubit’ capacity, we must be ready with quantum-safe cryptographic algorithms, tools, techniques, and deployment strategies to protect the ICT infrastructure. This paper discusses in detail the global effort for the design, development, and standardization of various quantum-safe cryptography algorithms along with the performance analysis of some of the potential quantum-safe algorithms. Most quantum-safe algorithms need more CPU cycles, higher runtime memory, and a large key size. The objective of the paper is to analyze the feasibility of the various quantum-safe cryptography algorithms.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEREMAJAAN SAWIT RAKYAT PADA PETANI SWADAYA DI DESA SARI GALUH KECAMATAN TAPUNG KABUPATEN KAMPAR TAHUN 2019-2021

To diminish issues in regards to the usefulness of smallholder oil palm manors through smallholder palm oil restoration, it is accepted to be the critical connection in expanding the efficiency of smallholder oil palm ranches and expanding the government assistance of ranchers. This study has a reason, specifically to decide the outcome of the smallholder oil palm restoration program for free smallholders in the Sari Galuh town, Tapung area, Kampar region and the variables that become hindrances in the execution of smallholder oil palm revival arrangements. The hypothetical idea that the analyst utilizes is the hypothesis of strategy execution by Edward III 2019. By utilizing subjective examination strategies and information assortment procedures in view of meetings, perceptions and documentation. The consequences of the examination that the creators get are the execution of smallholder oil palm restoration on autonomous smallholders. In Sari Galuh Town, there are as yet a few factors that become obstructions experienced by the Kampar Rule Estate Administration, so the execution of smallholder oil palm restoration on free smallholders has not been compelling and has not been carried out appropriately and ideal.

The Spirit of Tolerance from the Village: A Phenomenological Study of Multicultural Community in Balun, Gilimanuk, and Lingsar

This study aims to describe the management of tolerance in the culture of a multicultural society. The culture the society studied is the culture of the multicultural society in Indonesia. This research is based on by a hypothetical idea that the village community wisely manages the diversity of local wisdom. The research objects selected were the society of the villages that are Balun-Lamongan, Gilimanuk-Jembrana), and Lingsar-West Lombok. This study uses a phenomenological perspective, with data collection techniques: interviews and observations. From this research, there are three findings. First, the attitude and spirit of tolerance in the multicultural society in the three villages studied have been cultivated in the form of local wisdom values ​​and become the cultural pattern of the society. Second, the communities in the three villages studied showed that their societies had more advanced experience in cultural harmonization in understanding the diversity of socio-cultural realities. Third, the people in the three villages studied used local wisdom in managing diversity which they did not understand as an obstacle, but as a potential to maintain the socio-cultural cohesion of the society.

Post-Translational Modification of GPX4 is a Promising Target for Treating Ferroptosis-Related Diseases.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes. As the key regulator of ferroptosis, GPX4 has attracted considerable attention in the fields of cancer, cardiovascular, and neuroscience research in the past 10 years. How to regulate GPX4 activity has become a hot topic nowadays. GPX4 protein level is regulated transcriptionally by transcription factor SP2 or Nrf2. GPX4 activity can be upregulated by supplementing intracellular selenium or glutathione, and also be inhibited by ferroptosis inducers such as ML162 and RSL3. These regulatory mechanisms of GPX4 level/activity have already shown a great potential for treating ferroptosis-related diseases in preclinical studies, especially in cancer cells. Until recently, research show that GPX4 can undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, succination, phosphorylation, and glycosylation. PTMs of GPX4 affect the protein level/activity of GPX4, indicating that modifying these processes can be a potential therapy for treating ferroptosis-related diseases. This article summarizes the protein characteristics, enzyme properties, and PTMs of GPX4. It also provides a hypothetical idea for treating ferroptosis-related diseases by targeting the PTMs of GPX4.

Ultrasonic Blind Stick with GPS and GSM Tracking

Abstract: In this project we are proposing to create a model which will act as a boon for the visually impaired people in our society. This study is trying to work over a hypothetical idea of a walking stick that would alert the visually challenged people on encountering an obstacle, holes and water in their vicinity which would help in preventing any kind of accidental injury to them while walking. The project visualizes the idea of a revolutionary navigation tool for the visually impaired people. This ordinary looking blind stick is actually extra ordinary it has been provided with different kind of sensors to give the person an idea about the vicinity in which he or she is present and make the individual much more aware. The GPS sensor has been designed and programmed in such a manner that is it is able to give an idea about the best possible route depending upon the location it is able to access. The user has been provided with the phenomenal feature of choosing locations from the set of destinations that have been stored in the database of the system. In this stick ultrasonic sensor GPS and GSM tracker, ESP 8266, water sensor, infrared sensor and RF sensor, battery have been used. the comprehensive goal of the device is to provide a much more comfortable and Secure method for the visually impaired people to overcome hindrances in daily life. Keywords: GPS and GSM tracker, ESP8266, Relay, Sensor, Obstacle Detection, Wi-Fi module

The path of uncovering a prothrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome after viral vector‐based COVID‐19 vaccination: Where there is much light, the shadow is deep

The path of uncovering a prothrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome after viral vector‐based COVID‐19 vaccination: Where there is much light, the shadow is deep

Hypothetical Fiqh in Imam Malik's Thought of Law

İslâm Hukuku kazuist/meseleci yöntemle gelişmiş ilahî kaynaklı bir hukuk sistemidir. Bu özelliğinden dolayı İslam hukuku, müctehidlerin ilmî ve kazaî ictihâdlarıyla gelişim göstermiştir. Sahâbe döneminde İslam hukuku/fıkıh usulü teorik olarak henüz gelişmediğinden müctehid sahâbîler, ictihâd faaliyetlerini vuku bulmuş meseleler üzerine inşa etmiştir. Tâbiîn dönemine gelindiğinde belirli âlimler etrafında fıkıh halkaları oluşmuş ve İslâm hukuk düşüncesinde teorik tartışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Ancak bu dönemde varsayıma dayalı bir hukuk anlayışı henüz oluşmuş değildir. Tebe-i tabiîn döneminde Irak merkezli ehl-i re’y çevrelerinde farazî meseleler üzerinde fıkıh yapma eğilimi başlamıştır. Merkezi Medine olan ehl-i hadis fakîhleri bu yöndeki faaliyetlere olumsuz yaklaşmışlardır. Bu çalışmada hicri ikinci asırda Medine merkezli ehl-i hadisin en önemli temsilcilerinden olan İmâm Mâlik’in farazî fıkıh düşüncesi ele alınacaktır. Bunun için öncelikle İmâm Mâlik’in yetiştiği çevre olması itibarıyla Medîne ilim geleneğindeki sahâbe ve tâbiîn fakîhlerin farazî fıkha bakışları incelenecektir. Böylece İmâm Mâlik’in farazî fıkhın meşruiyetine bakışı ortaya konulacak ve onun ictihâdlarında tespit edilen farazî meseleler değerlendirilecektir.

Human Language as a Natural Artifact of Planetary-Noospheric Mind: Coevolutionary-Macromutational Reinterpretation

The article discusses a new hypothesis of coevolutionary-macromutational origin of human language, through the prism of which this planetary-noospheric phenomenon is proposed to be considered as a natural artifact of holisticsynergetic coevolution of nature, society and culture. The following assumption has been suggested: the proposed hypothetical idea is a resonance of the former two philosophical theories: the fusion theory and the thesis theory, which were regarded by scientists either as natural or artificial (conventional / conditional) nature of human language. At the same time, they did not completely deny the origin of the human language as a result of various types of activities. The represented arguments helped to confirm the views of anthropologists, culturologists and other scholars. The creation of various artifacts (tangible and intangible) took place in all stages of evolution: geogenesis – biogenesis – psychogenesis – anthropogenesis and at a subsequent stage of Homo sapiens. However, language as the most important product of global evolutionism was formed at the stage of anthropogenesis, in particular as a corollary to the molecular mutations of human brain. The term “coevolution” has been transferred to the sphere of linguoanthropogenesis. In conjunction with the hypothesis of macromutation the natural artifact origin of human language is consistently explained under the scenario of biogenesis – sociogenesis – culturogenesis. The essence of the hypothetical result is that a qualitatively new driving force for the continuation of this scenario can be noospherogenesis, which is determined by historical and cultural development of mankind, its activities in all spheres of life and, most importantly, by the planetary high-tech mind.

Nanorobots or Antitumor Nanotanks: The New Cancer Termination Strategies from Reality to Meth

Nanorobotics Nanorobotics is a technology for making machines, robots in nanometer scale. More specifically, nanorobotics largely refer to the still-hypothetical technique of nanotechnology in the design and construction of nanoparticles and devices that range in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and are constructed from own molecular components or the molecules like DNA. However, it is still a hypothetical idea. Terminology such as nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines, or nanomites are also being circulated to describe these devices under research and development. A new technique in medicine will open up new avenues of hope for cancer patients. This technique relies on cell differentiation and the destruction of cancer cells without destroying body cells in less than 24 hours Unlike destructive chemotherapy, this technique is based on a new science called "Nanotherapy", specifically Nano robots. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on the main Applications of Nanorobotics as Antitumornew strategies.

The hybrid law within the framework of transitional justice in Colombia

This article of reflection arises in the framework of the research project «The challenges of public law in the implementation of peace processes in Colombia » of the CIFRAVI Research Center. The same one, intends to make a theoretical and methodological reflection, and that arises as an alternative proposal to those already inventoried in the state of the situation on Transitional Justice. For this purpose, the hypothetical idea is based on the consideration of the Colombian state as a hybrid state, consequently, transitional justice would be affected because the field in which it is located is also hybrid. The reflection is based on legal sociology specifically from the theory of the Fields, elaborated by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the first part of the article, the theoretical assumptions on which the conceptof Legal Field is based, and the possible Colombian Hybrid State, are illustrated here with determining passages of the history of the country from whichhybridity can be inferred. In the second part, the theme of transitional justice and the Colombian hybrid legal field are explored with the paradoxically positive possibilities that this condition would bring with a view to possible outcomes in the peace agreements.

HYPERLOOP – The Sustainable Transportation

Due to rapid urbanization and emergence of mega-cities, urban transportation infrastructures are stressed leading to traffic congestion, high fuel consumption as well as increasing number of accidents and fatalities. Present transport sector globally is largely two-dimensional and may not be able to cope up with the growth of cities which is three-dimensional in nature, the environmental pollution, the traffic congestion, the sustainability, etc. This has led to efforts towards three dimensional transportation systems such as passenger drones, flying cars, cars moving through multi-layer underground tunnels etc. The overall concept of three-dimensional transportation demonstrates that the transportation sector has made a significant progress towards comprehending the necessity of a proper and sustainable transit system, which otherwise has implications on environment, health, infrastructure and sustainability as well. However, some of these futuristic options may be associated with safety and security concerns – both for them, as well as caused by them. Some of these options envisage utilization of artificial intelligence and even augmented reality. Technological challenges, the potential for cost-effectiveness, and their socio-economic impacts are also important considerations. Through deep and critical study, in this journal, the author will try to analyze the concept of hyper loop and its practicality; about its various components, its working, global acceptance of hyper loop and its possible advantages and unaddressed issues. Some critics are of the opinion that hyper loop is more of a hypothetical idea which is totally impractical and impossible, but optimistic experts say that it just needs some hard work, a decade’s time and huge amount of money which would then result in revolution of the whole transportation system in a unique, unpredictable and sustainable way. A cross-impact analysis to evaluate possible future scenario for this will also be taken up.

Socioeconomic, agricultural, and individual factors influencing farmers' perceptions and willingness of compost production and use: an evidence from Wadi al-Far'a Watershed-Palestine.

In Palestine, open dumping and/or burning the waste, including agricultural waste, are prevalent practices resulting in emitting leachate and acidifying greenhouse gases. Composting the agricultural waste can reduce emissions and provide 'compost' as an organic fertilizer and soil amendment; yet, it has not been implemented at the national level. To develop a local marketing strategy for compost, this study views a need to identify farmers' perceptions and willingness of compost production and use in agriculture and examine various socioeconomic, agricultural, and individual factors shaping them. The case of Wadi al-Far'a watershed (WFW) is investigated, where farmers practice inappropriate waste disposal and overuse of agrochemicals. A semi-structured questionnaire is administered to 409 farmers through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression are used for data analysis. High acceptance level (84%) is disclosed among farmers in WFW for the hypothetical idea of producing and using compost. Farmers also have high, yet lower, willingness level (63.6%) of the more salient option of producing compost themselves and using it in agriculture. Tenure systems, large cultivated areas, rainfed irrigation, and lack of access to training sessions inhibit farmers' acceptance of the idea of compost production (overall p value = 0.000). Large cultivated areas and rainfed irrigation is also associated with farmers' unwillingness to produce compost, besides high household monthly income, animal or mixed animal-plant farming, experience in compost production, and use of pesticides (overall p value = 0.000).

АРХЕТИП ТА ЕТИМОН ЯК КОГНІТИВНО-ПРАМОВНІ ПРОТОСТРУКТУРИ

The article clarifies the definition of the notion of «archetype», interpreted by K. G. Jung as a psychological reflection of the collective unconscious of a person in the projection of its three components: psychoide (an archetype as a reflection of psychic reality), a mental complex (an archetype as a stimulus of development of a personality), proto-phenomenon (the first phenomenon, on the basis of which the human mind is capable to comprehend the unknown empirically). The works of K. G Jung «Archetype and Symbol», «Soul and Myth» have been critically analysed and archetype has been comprehended as a universal cultural universal proto-construction, around which a number of images and meanings that vary in different cultures but do not lose connection with a single semantic primitive line (collective unconscious) lay down in the course of history. The hypothetical idea that one of the language lockers of the archetype is etymon that is the reconstructed proto-form (phonomorphological and semantic complex), represented in etymological sources at different levels: at the level of the linguistic family and at the level of a group of related languages.

The production of a physiological puzzle: how Cytisus adami confused and inspired a century\u2019s botanists, gardeners, and evolutionists

‘Adam’s laburnum’ (or Cytisus adami), produced by accident in 1825 by Jean-Louis Adam, a nurseryman in Vitry, became a commercial success within the plant trade for its striking mix of yellow and purple flowers. After it came to the attention of members of La Société d’Horticulture de Paris, the tree gained enormous fame as a potential instance of the much sought-after ‘graft hybrid’, a hypothetical idea that by grafting one plant onto another, a mixture of the two could be produced. As I show in this paper, many eminent botanists and gardeners, including Charles Darwin, both experimented with Adam’s laburnum and argued over how it might have been produced and what light, if any, it shed on the laws of heredity. Despite Jean-Louis Adam’s position and status as a nurseryman active within the Parisian plant trade, a surprising degree of doubt and scepticism was attached to his testimony on how the tree had been produced in his nursery. This doubt, I argue, helps us to trace the complex negotiations of authority that constituted debates over plant heredity in the early 19th century and that were introduced with a new generation of gardening and horticultural periodicals.

Geometric models of twisted differential K-theory I

This is the first in a series of papers constructing geometric models of twisted differential K-theory. In this paper we construct a model of even twisted differential K-theory when the underlying topological twist represents a torsion class. By differential twists we will mean smooth U(1)-gerbes with connection, and we use twisted vector bundles with connection as cocycles. The model we construct satisfies the axioms of Kahle and Valentino, including functoriality, naturality of twists, and the hexagon diagram. This paper confirms a long-standing hypothetical idea that twisted vector bundles with connection define twisted differential K-theory.

Satan’s Pardon: The Forms of Judicial Mercy in Paradise Lost

Satan’s Pardon: The Forms of Judicial Mercy in Paradise Lost Alison A. Chapman God’s willingness to pardon is a mainspring of Paradise Lost, one that transforms the epic from bleak to hopeful. The opening lines express John Milton’s trust that the Son — the “greater Man” — will one day “Restore” fallen men and women, and the merciful restoration planned in God the Father and the Son’s conversation in book 3 is initiated in book 10 when Adam and Eve, their hearts softened, fall prostrate and beg pardon in “sorrow unfeign’d and humiliation meek.”1 Milton also gives a surprising amount of attention to the possibility of Satan’s pardon. Chronologically speaking, the earliest reference appears in book 5 when Abdiel urges Satan to “hast’n to appease / Th’incensed Father, and th’incensed Son, / While Pardon may be found in time besought” (5.846–48). In book 1, Satan entertains the hypothetical idea of mercy even as he refuses “To bow and sue for grace / With suppliant knee” (1.111–12), and Mammon revisits this subject during the epic debate when he allows that even if God were to “relent / And publish Grace to all, on promise made / Of new Subjection” (2.237–39), the fallen angels would refuse to rejoin heaven’s polity. In book 3, we see this issue from heaven’s point of view, for God [End Page 177] proclaims that the fallen angels are not eligible for mercy because they are “Self-tempted, self-deprav’d” (3.130). Finally, the idea of pardon centrally occupies Satan during his soliloquy at the beginning of book 4. Reflecting on his own rebellion and punishment, he asks, “is there no place / Left for Repentance, none for Pardon left?” (4.79–80), and he wonders whether he “could repent and could obtaine / By Act of Grace my former state” (4.93–94). Milton scholars have thoroughly examined the theological dimensions of Adam and Eve’s pardon, showing how Milton’s treatment of mercy reflects his broadly Protestant and specifically Arminian view of salvation.2 Satan’s pardon has received similarly theological treatment. Harry F. Robins and C. A. Patrides both discuss it in relationship to the doctrine of apocatastasis, or universal salvation, widely credited to Origen of Alexandria, and Patrides concludes that while apocatastasis interested Milton for its dramatic possibilities, it was not a position he ultimately endorsed.3 While illuminating on their own terms, such theological examinations capture only part of how Milton depicts pardons in Paradise Lost. Specifically, the use of juridical pardons was soaring in the seventeenth century. As England’s Bloody Code got bloodier, as measured by the rising number of capital statutes, more and more pardons were issued by the crown to avoid overusing the scaffold.4 Given the early modern period’s religious and political tumults, an increasing number of men and women had had a brush with the law, and, as social historians such as Krista Kesselring and Natalie Zemon Davis show, they were remarkably well versed in pardoning procedures and protocols.5 Pardons acquired a further visibility during the second half of the seventeenth century. Although in theory mercy was the sole prerogative of the monarch, Parliament increasingly claimed the right to determine who should and should not receive mercy, and by the late 1670s pardons had become a politically supercharged symbol of the struggle over executive privilege.6 Milton indisputably knew the contested nature of the monarch’s right to pardon, for he writes about it in both Eikonoklastes and Observations upon the Articles of Peace. And he had a personal familiarity with the [End Page 178] workings of judicial mercy, having received two separate pardons in the months following the Restoration. In this essay, I argue that when he describes pardons, Milton is not only thinking theologically; he is also thinking judicially, socially, and politically, and the scenes of pardon in Paradise Lost are as much influenced by the forms of mercy he saw around him as by the writings of Saint Paul, Saint Augustine, and John Calvin.7 As an essentially extralegal phenomenon that occurred after the law had done its work, pardons have very...