Hypothetical Forms Research Articles

The effect of ionizing radiation on hydrated fungal cells: Implications for planetary protection and mars habitability

Liquid water is one of the essential conditions for life as we know it. Its presence has been currently reported beyond Earth. Geological and mineralogical evidence indicates that water once flowed on Mars. The recent discovery of present ice-water on the planet's surface is one of the driving factors for life-detection missions. The highly radiative Martian surface, combined with aqueous thin layers, is prohibitive for the presence of hypothetical forms of terrestrial-like life on the planet. In this context, we examined the survival of hydrated colonies of the Antarctic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, which thrives in the extreme environment of McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica, after the exposure to increasing doses of space relevant γ-rays. Results suggest that water significantly reduces the number of survivors at the lowest doses, while at the higher dose (117 kGy) the cumulative damage caused by radiation could no longer be counteracted by dehydration.

Optimization of an office building form using a lattice incubate boxes method

With the increasing demand for sustainable built environments, energy performance is becoming essential in the early design stage. Several previous studies using optimization of building form for energy performance considered simple hypothetical forms. In addition, previous multi-objective optimization (MOO) of building form and envelope did not consider views percentage to the outdoor (VPO) despiteof its importance for human mental health and its conflict with energy performance. This paper proposes a novel lattice incubates boxes (LIB) method that optimizes a cellular office building form. It considers the entire building with 27 thermal zones in an attempt to mimic a real case study. In addition, it considers VPO as an objective in the MOO of building form and envelope. First, the study performs single-objective optimization (SOO) of architectural form and orientation for annual thermal Energy Use Intensity (EUI) in Cairo, London, and Chicago. Second, it performs multidisciplinary MOO of Cairo’s form, window to wall ratio (WWR) and horizontal shading devices (HSD) for annual thermal EUI, annual Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI-100–2000), and VPO. Third, it develops the LIB method to make it more applicable in professional practice through considering 72 individual thermal zones while adding more constraints. Compared to the initial forms, first part EUI savings were between 16.86% and 12.9 %. EUI, UDI, and VPO savings for Cairo in the second part were 20.16%, 11.5%, and 19.5 %. Scatterplots are developed for the second part that show rows motion has the highest positive impact on UDI and VPO, WWR has a positive impact on all objectives and HSD has high positive impact on EUI only. Savings in the third part are 11 % EUI, 8.77 % UDI, 2.86% Daylight Autonomy (DLA) and 7.8 % VPO. Scatterplots in the third part show that almost all proposed form dynamic parameters have strong impact on all objectives.

Reproductive characteristics of pigs of Irish selection and manifestation of different forms of heterosis by different methods of breeding in modern conditions of industrial pork production

The manifestation of different forms of heterosis and its effect on the reproductive capacity of pigs of modern genotypes of Irish selection by different methods of breeding in domestic industrial production on breeding and commercial breeders LLC “SPE “Globinsky pig farm.” To compare the reproductive capacity of animals in purebred breeding, crossbreeding, and hybridization and their dependence on the manifestation of various forms of heterosis of potential and actual multiplicity, high fertility, and nest weight of piglets at birth and weaning, the number of weaned piglets per nest and their safety. A comprehensive assessment of the reproductive qualities of sows was determined using an evaluation index with a limited number of traits, and the selection index of reproductive qualities of sows was determined according to the proposed method. Heterosis indices were determined by V. T. Gorin and I. M. Nikitchenko and modified by O. M. Tserenyuk. Biometric processing of the obtained data was performed by using variation statistics using a personal computer software Microsoft Excel. It was found that the indicators of reproductive traits of sows of all experimental groups and combinations studied were characterized by high reproductive performance, except for purebred sows of the synthetic line Max Gro. Sows of large white and landrace breeds in their direct and reverse cross outperformed their purebred counterparts in birth by 2.8 % in terms of fertility, 2.2 % in terms of nest weight of piglets at birth, and 1.7 % in terms of high fertility. They weighed 4.1 % more piglets, weighed 1.3 % more weight, and 4.6 % the weight of the nest, while the preservation of piglets before weaning was not significantly different between animals of these groups. According to a comprehensive assessment of reproductive indicators, they were 2.8–3.3 % higher when crossing parent breeds than their purebred breeding. At the final stage of hybridization, the advantages of hybrid nests over purebreds (maternal form) during farrowing were established – by potential and actual fertility by 3.9 % and 2.2 %, respectively, by nest weight of piglets at birth and high fertility by 6.3%, and 6.8 %. When weaned, their preferences were – for the safety of piglets – 1.7–2.0 %, for the number of piglets, the weight of their nest, and the weight of one head when weaned by 5.7–6.5 % and 8.5 % and 4.2 %, respectively. According to a comprehensive assessment of sows using the SIVYAS index and the index of reproductive qualities of sows with a limited number of traits, an advantage of 3.9 % and 3.3 % of hybrid nests over purebreds was established. At the same time, sows in hybridization outperformed purebred analogs of the synthetic line Max Gro at the time of farrowing by potential and actual multiplicity by 34.2 % and 59.1 %, nest weight by nest weight of piglets at birth by 27.8 % but had a lower by 25.8, 8.0 % high fertility. At the time of weaning in hybrid nests, there were 54.1 % more piglets, 11.8 % higher live weight of 1 head, and 8.5 % live weight of nests of piglets, according to a comprehensive assessment of sows for SIVYAS and IVYa by 25.9 and 31.8 %, respectively, but they have a 4.6 % worse safety of piglets compared to analogs of the synthetic line Max Gro. There was a more pronounced effect of heterosis on such features as the number of piglets at weaning, live weight of the nest at weaning, SIVYAS and evaluation index, and moderate level of heterosis effect on the average weight of 1 head at weaning at 28 days and average daily gain of young for suckling period. Under the conditions of two-breed crossbreeding, an increase in reproductive indicators was found to a greater extent due to the manifestation of hypothetical and general forms of heterosis, while in hybridization, in most cases, specific and authentic heterosis was manifested.

Дешифровка этимологически неизвестных названий музыкальных инструментов Сибири и Дальнего Востока

This study presents etymological deciphering using ancient Japanese ways of reading ancient Chinese scripts of the names for the five types of stringed instruments, known as komuz, tatonpa, sugut, tambur, and tonkori. Based on the phonetic variants of the term komuz written in Roman and Russian alphabets and Chinese scripts, two hypothetical forms *qonbulrsukie and *qonbulrsir were reconstructed: qon ‘sheep’, bulr ‘tendon’, sukie ‘string’, sir ‘string’. As to the form tatonpa, the ancient form *siudonbule {siu ‘boar’ + don ‘gut’ + bule ‘tendon-fiber’} was revealed. The hypothetical form *siugudi {siu ‘boar’ + gudi ‘gut’} was reconstructed from the phonetic variants of the name sugut, written in Chinese scripts. The hypothetical form *donbule {don ‘gut’ + bule ‘tendon-fiber’} was reconstructed from the phonetic variants of the name tambur written in Chinese scripts. An Ainu word tonkori consists of Altaic root-forms don ‘gut’ and kur ‘string-instrument’, followed by an Ainu suffix {i} ‘that’. We have proved that, except for the Ainu suffix {i}, all the root forms linguistically belong to Altaic lan- guages. Not a few ethnographers dealt with the etymological analysis of instrument names encountered in Siberia and the Russian Far East, mainly taking into account the context of shamanism. It is known that shamans used the instruments as tools in healing rituals. However, contrary to our expectations, the reconstructed root forms of the names revealed practical aspects of daily life.

Awareness of and interest in oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention and interest in hypothetical forms of PrEP among people who inject drugs in rural West Virginia

ABSTRACT Injection drug use-associated HIV outbreaks have occurred in rural communities throughout the United States, which often have limited HIV prevention services for people who inject drugs (PWID). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one tool that may help fill gaps in HIV prevention programing in rural settings. Oral PrEP has been approved for use, and new PrEP formulations are under development. Research is needed to better understand interest in oral and possible forthcoming PrEP formulations among PWID. We used survey data from 407 PWID in rural West Virginia. We asked if participants had heard of, taken, and were interested in taking PrEP, and about interest in several hypothetical forms of PrEP (arm injections, abdomen injections, implants, intravenous infusions). We estimated the prevalence of interest in each formulation and assessed correlates using Chi-squared tests. A minority had heard of oral PrEP (32.6%), and few had used it (3.7%). Many were interested in using oral PrEP (58.3%). Half were interested in arm injections (55.7%). Common correlates of interest across PrEP formulations were sexual minority status, comfort talking to a doctor about sex, sex work, and sharing injection equipment. Oral and injectable PrEP have the potential to fill HIV prevention gaps for rural PWID.

A qualitative study of forensic patients' perceptions of quasi‐coercive offers of biological treatment

At various points in the trajectory through the criminal justice system, a person may be encouraged by the hope of legal benefit to consent to medical treatment. This benefit may consist of diversion from prosecution, a favorable sentence, or parole. This form of legal encouragement has been referred to as legal leverage, quasi-coercive, or quasi-compulsory treatment. In this article, we analyze interviews with 15 men convicted of sexual offenses to explore their reactions to two hypothetical scenarios involving men consenting to a range of treatments intended to reduce risk of recidivism. In particular, we explore their reactions to quasi-coercive treatment using both real and hypothetical forms of biological therapy (e.g., drugs, brain stimulation, surgery), as opposed to psychological counselling. Here, we consider the extent to which these individuals perceive the situation to be coercive, the factors affecting these perceptions, and the ways in which physicians may mitigate perceived coercion. We found there is usually some degree of coercion identified when treatment consent is given in exchange for potential legal benefit, although this fact alone did not necessarily render the practice unacceptable. The degree of concern expressed over this potential coercion was related to the invasiveness and/or permanence of the treatment, and all participants highlighted the necessity of obtaining fully informed consent in the context of legally motivated treatment offers.

Counterfactual biscuit conditionals: A temporal remoteness Approach

Hypothetical conditionals like If you are hungry, your stomach is growling and ‘biscuit’ conditionals like If you are hungry, there is pizza in the fridge have been analysed as sharing the same syntactic and semantic template, differing only in the presence of an additional pragmatic inference leading to the ‘biscuit’ effect in the latter case (Franke 2009: a.o.). However, when considering their counterfactual versions, the two forms differ in the verbal morphological make-up of the consequent clause, which posits a challenge to the unified approach. The present papers develops an analysis of tense and mood morphology within the unified approach where the key idea is that counterfactuals biscuits involve breaking Sequence of Tense and so-called Sequence of Mood. Unacceptable biscuit and hypothetical forms are ruled out via pragmatic competition between weaker and stronger forms and via the Gricean Principle of Manner.

Beninese therapeutic pluralism. Historical roots and bioethical issues

Retracing the history of the spread of modern medicine in the former Kingdom of Dahomey, now the Republic of Bénin (sub-Saharan Western Africa), aims to provide a peculiar perspective of colonial domination that, as well known, has dramatically passed through the form of controlling bodies that is not wrong to define as "biopolitical". The aim of the essay is attempting to show how the gesture aimed at trampling the cultural identity of the people of Benin. Passing through the denial of traditional therapeutic culture - which is disregarded, as to this day the primary medical reference remains that of traditional medicine - re-proposes itself in forms that are apparently opposites in the attempt, only theoretical, of contemporary politics to recover and defend the local therapeutic tradition, conjecturing hypothetical forms of peaceful and equal coexistence between traditional and modern medicine. The angle of intercultural bioethics, far from the long-standing multiculturalism, will allow us to have a glimpse into the emerging ethical-political dilemmas regarding this issue, as well as underline how the defense of therapeutic traditions, ascribable to the right of cultural identity, represents a form of guarantee of the human and of his rights. A true "white man's burden", to consider responsibly in the perspective of an inclusive citizenship, on which in today's times it’s urgent to reflect upon.

Investigating Behaviour and Face Encoding in a Hypothetical Real-World Social Contract: Handwashing in Hazardous Health Settings

Investigations into the evolutionary origins of human cognition has shown that individuals’ memory for others is influenced by the latter’s behaviour in social contracts. Such research is primarily based on hypothetical or more abstract forms of social contracts, whereas an application of this knowledge to everyday health behaviours can be of great value. To address this, the current study investigated whether participants who were asked to imagine themselves in a hypothetical hazardous health scenario showed differential response sensitivity (d’) and latency (RT) to faces of hospital staff tagged with contrasting hand hygiene before touching patients: clean hands, dirty hands, or unknown hand-washing behaviour (control). The test used a two alternative forced-choice (2AFC: “old/new”) face recognition paradigm. The findings showed that d’ to dirty and clean hands was similar, but higher than for controls. Moreover, d’ was not affected by the occupation of hospital staff (nurses vs porters). The absence of memory gains towards clean or dirty hands points to the need for new strategies to remind patients to observe (and remember) the hand hygiene of others when exposed to hazardous health environments.

Signs of Hypothetic Fauna and Flora on Venus and their Characterization

Transmission of TV images is a commonly used modern method in both space research of celestial bodies and the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. In 1982 experiments in television photography instrumented by the Soviet VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 landers, returned panoramas of the Venus surface at the landing site. Over the past 33 years, no similar missions have been sent to Venus by any space agency, mainly due to the reason that the experiments were of extreme technical complexity. Analysis of treated once again VENERA panoramic images revealed objects that might indicate the presence of hypothetical forms of Venusian flora and fauna. Among them is ‘amisada’ that stands out with an unusual shape against the stone plates surrounding it. The ‘amisada’ can be included into the list of the most interesting findings of the hypothetical Venusian fauna. Among hypothetical fauna entities of Venus, certain unusual findings that have similar structure were found in different areas of the planet. Their unusual shape was repeated on various panoramas that were taken by landers' cameras and have attracted attention. 'Stems' objects possess apparent terramorphic features of Earth-like floras. 'Stems' are thin vertical trunks that have a thickness of 0.3-3 cm and are 0.1 to 0.5 m in height. On close objects, one can see that the 'stem' at the top end is provided with a large bulge, a burgeon or “flower” that is 2-8 cm in diameter, with “petals” surrounding a bright center. At the base of the 'stems', there are features that resemble leaves in a quatrefoil. Probably, 'stems' are widespread on the planet, because found at the different sites. The terramorphic features of the hypothetical fauna and flora of Venus, if they are confirmed, may point out at outstandingly important general laws of the animated nature. Some data on physical settings on Venus are applied together with a hypothesis on photosynthesis used by Venusian flora.

Quantifying public preferences for different bowel preparation options prior to screening CT colonography: a discrete choice experiment

ObjectivesCT colonography (CTC) may be an acceptable test for colorectal cancer screening but bowel preparation can be a barrier to uptake. This study tested the hypothesis that prospective screening invitees...

Osteoderm distribution has low impact on the centre of mass of stegosaurs

Abstract. It has been hypothesized that the pronounced differences of stegosaur humeral shapes, with large forms having more slender and small forms having more robust humeri, may be explained by a difference in relative centre of mass (COM) placement caused by differing distributions of osteoderms. To test this hypothesis, digital 3-D models of the bones and osteoderms of the Tanzanian stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus and of the North American stegosaur Stegosaurus armatus were used to create a 3-D computer-aided design life reconstruction. On these models osteoderm placement was varied drastically, recreating both existing and hypothetical forms. These models show that COM position varies somewhat with realistic osteoderm distributions, but insufficiently to explain major differences in humeral shape. The uniform weight distribution between forelimbs and hindlimbs found between the two taxa also casts doubt on the hypothesis that differences in relative COM position caused by other factors than osteoderm distribution can explain differences in humeral robustness.

Colony Size Evolution and the Origin of Eusociality in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apinae)

Recently, it has been proposed that the one of the main determinants of complex societies in Hymenoptera is colony size, since the existence of large colonies reduces the direct reproductive success of an average individual, given a decreased chance of being part of the reproductive caste. In this study, we evaluate colony size evolution in corbiculate bees and their relationship with the sociality level shown by these bees. Specifically i) the correlation between colony size and level of sociality considering the phylogenetic relationship to evaluate a general evolutionary tendency, and ii) the hypothetical ancestral forms of several clades within a phylogeny of corbiculate bees, to address idiosyncratic process occurring at important nodes. We found that the level of social complexity in corbiculate bees is phylogenetically correlated with colony size. Additionally, another process is invoked to propose why colony size evolved concurrently with the level of social complexity. The study of this trait improves the understanding of the evolutionary transition from simple to complex societies, and highlights the importance of explicit probabilistic models to test the evolution of other important characters involved in the origin of eusociality.

Craniofacial biomechanics: in vivo to in silico

Craniofacial biomechanics: in vivo to in silico

Mathematical model for the ubiquitin activating enzyme E1

The ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (EC 6.3.2.19) represents the first step in the degradation of proteins by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. E1 transfers ubiquitin from the ubiquitinated E1 to the ubiquitin carrier proteins (E2), ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3) and proteins. This process is rather complex, and known from the work of Haas, Ciechanover, Hershko, Rose and others. The occurrence of 19 hypothetical intermediate enzyme forms (EFs) and 22 different reactions were considered in the presence of ubiquitin (Ub), ATP, adenosine 5’-tetraphosphate (p4A), pyrophosphate (P2), and tripolyphosphate (P3) as substrates, and iodoacetamide (IAA) and dithioth- reitol (DTT) as inhibitors. Inspired by the work of Cha (Cha (1968) J. Biol. Chem., 243, 820-825) we have treated these reactions in two complementary ways: in rapid equilibrium and in steady state. The kinetics of both types of reactions were simulated and solved with a system of ordinary differential equations using the Mathematica Program. The ubiquitination of E1 has been also theoretically coupled to the ubiquitination of E2, E3 and proteins. This makes the model useful to predict the theoretical influence of inhibitors (or of changes in some parameters of the reaction) on the ubiquitination of proteins. The Program responds to changes in the concentration of ATP or ubiquitin and has predictive properties as shown by the influence of AMP on the synthesis of p4A, calculated theoretically and confirmed experimentally.

Thermodynamic aspects of materials’ hardness: prediction of novel superhard high-pressure phases

In the present work, we have proposed a method that allows one to easily estimate the hardness and bulk modulus of known or hypothetical solid phases from the data on Gibbs energy of atomization of the elements and corresponding covalent radii. It has been shown that hardness and bulk moduli of compounds strongly correlate with their thermodynamic and structural properties. The proposed method may be used for a large number of compounds with various types of chemical bonding and structures; moreover, the temperature dependence of hardness may be calculated, which has been performed for diamond and cubic boron nitride. The correctness of this approach has been shown for the recently synthesized superhard diamond-like BC5. It has been predicted that the hypothetical forms of B2O3, diamond-like boron, BC x and CO x , which could be synthesized at high pressures and temperatures, should have extreme hardness.

Acquisition du tchèque par les francophones: Analyse automatique des erreurs de déclinaison

Acquisition du tchèque par les francophones: Analyse automatique des erreurs de déclinaison This paper is a summary of our PhD thesis (Šmilauer, 2008) that presents the concept and the implementation of a platform of computer-assisted language learning, featuring on-line fill-in-the-blank exercises with feedback on errors in Czech declension (www.cetlef.fr). Morphological annotation of required forms enables a didactic presentation of the morphological system on the learning platform, as well as the implementation of a procedure of automatic error diagnosis that is carried out by the comparison of an erroneous production with hypothetical forms generated from the stem of the required form. The device can be used as a source of data for a research into second langauge acquisition.

The role of the ear, nose and throat specialist in diagnosing headaches

The revised International Headache Society classification (2004) represents a very good reference also for ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists and can be largely shared. The authors follow the classification outline and comment on the chapters of ENT interest. The classification leaves unsolved problems and most of them are of ENT competence, such as mucosal contact point headache. It will be a task for ENT specialists to clarify the real role of very hypothetical primary forms frequently assigned to diagnosis without a correct rationale.

Correspondence

CORRESPONDENCE Response to the review by Peter J. Gentry of Malcolm J. A. Horsnell. A Review and Reference Grammar for Biblical Hebrew. Pp. xviii + 464. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University Press, 1999, in Hebrew Studies 42 (2001): 289-297. Notwithstanding a number of useful comments, Gentry's review of my grammar is overly negative. Gentry glosses over strengths, critiques my pedagogical method by confusing the purpose of an introductory grammar with that of an intermediate review and reference grammar, incorrectly concluding that review and reference cannot be handled together, makes some erroneous and misleading statements, and is not sensitive to the need for inclusive language. Gentry writes, "some sections were excellent" (p. 293), "the grammar has good points" (p. 293), and the "taxonomy of the weak verb is exhaustive" (p. 291). Gentry rather quickly moves on to perceived negatives, particularly where pedagogical issues concerning the proper and most efficient ways of presenting descriptions and instructional materials are involved. Gentry considers it imprudent to discuss weak verbs, doubly weak verbs, and pronominal suffixes "at the end," that is, in Review and Reference Grammar, Part 2 (pp. 290-291). He prefers discussion of weak and doubly weak verbs with the strong verb up front and discussion of pronominal suffixes much sooner (p. 291). The order in which these topics are discussed is not imprudent. Gentry ignores the following considerations: (1) intermediate students already have a working knowledge of these forms; (2) intermediate students can review these forms inductively while working through Part 1 and reading in the Hebrew Bible with a (parsing) lexicon; (3) this is an intermediate reference and review grammar, not an introductory grammar; (4) discussion of these topics in separate lessons provides a helpful systematic overview of each topic; spreading them throughout the grammar would remove this systematic overview, unless the Review and Reference Grammar became too large and repetitive; (5) the potential for overloading the student with too much detail and complexity simultaneously; (6) each lesson stands independently and the lessons of Part 2 can be used in any order as reference tools while working through Part I; (7) what Gentry suggests cannot "reduce the Mount Hermon of verbal [and pronominal] morphology to a more manageable Mount Mizar" (p. 291). Gentry says: "Irregular verbs like npl;! and 11;!i1 are best reviewed along with the Pe Nun and Pe Waw verbs respectively" (p. 291). That is exactly what the Review and Reference Grammar does (Lessons 50 and 51)! Hebrew Studies 44 (2003) 306 Correspondence On the one hand, Gentry fmds my examples "numerous, sometimes unnecessarily so" (p. 296, evidenced by pausal forms in Review and Reference Grammar, pp. 216-218). In a review and reference grammar, this can hardly be so. On the other hand, Gentry says, "Sometimes no examples are given, just references to other grammars" (p. 296), incorrectly implying intermittent absence of examples throughout the Review and Reference Grammar. His single example comes from p. 312 under "Types of Clauses." He ignores the stated purpose of this section- to refer students to works of more extensive coverage than the Review and Reference Grammar has room to deal with (RRG, pp. 309t). Gentry laments that I reconstruct forms not appearing in the Hebrew Bible (p. 297). However, as is commonly practiced in Hebrew grammars, reconstruction of forms shows the logic of an overall paradigm. Another reviewer has suggested that, "second-year students will appreciate the provision of hypothetical forms (e.g. Hophal imperative [116])" (SR 28 [1999], p. 523). Gentry states: "a corrected edition (not noted anywhere as such) came out in 1999" (p. 297, italics mine). Actually, the Preface of the 1999 "Revised Edition" states that "spelling and punctuation have been adjusted" and that "some errors have been corrected" (RRG, p. vi). This is not to deny residual errors. Gentry believes "Horsnell's language is politically correct, sometimes to the point of absurdity" (p. 297). This implies that the language of the entire grammar is "politically correct," presumably because I refer to the student sometimes as "he/him" and sometimes as "she/her." The only "absurdity" Gentry is able to produce is my infelicitous translation of Gen 4: 1, "Now the human knew Eve, his wife..." (italics...

Theoretical Study of Possible Iridium Ditelluride Phases Attainable under High Pressure

We examined the feasibility of preparing new high-pressure polymorphs of IrTe2 by determining the relative energies and unit cell volumes of known and hypothetical forms of IrTe2 on the basis of first-principles electronic band structure calculations using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). The IrTe2 polymorphs included in our analysis are three known phases, i.e., the polymeric CdI2-type, pyrite-type, and monoclinic IrTe2 phases, as well as four hypothetical phases, i.e., ramsdelite-type, pyrolusite-type, IrS2-type, and marcasite-type phases. The charge balances of these IrTe2 phases were analyzed by carrying out extended Hückel tight-binding electronic band structure calculations for the crystal structures optimized by VASP calculations.