Hypothetical Design Research Articles

Misperceptions of Sexual Intent in Women: Exploring Possible Correlates and Their Relationships with Sexual Coercion Compared to Men

ABSTRACT Little research has examined women’s misperception of sexual intent (MSI) from men, despite research showing this does occur. We used a hypothetical scenario design to explore potential sexual coercion correlates (e.g. rape myth acceptance, self-control) that may also relate to MSI among both male and female college students (N = 1013), and whether these factors differ among samples of college men and women. Results indicate MSI occurred among both male and female students, but different sets of significant correlates of misperception were found. We discuss implications for future research on the role of misperception as a correlate of sexual coercion.

Public value positions and design preferences toward AI-based chatbots in e-government. Evidence from a conjoint experiment with citizens and municipal front desk officers

Developing a chatbot to handle citizen requests in a municipal office requires multiple design choices. We use public value theory to test how value positions shape these design choices. In a conjoint experiment, we asked German citizens (n = 1690) and front desk officers in municipalities (n = 267) to evaluate hypothetical chatbot designs that differ in their fulfillment of goals derived from different value positions: (1) maintaining security, privacy, and accountability, (2) improving administrative performance, and (3) improving user-friendliness and empathy. Experimental results show that citizens prefer chatbots programmed by domestic firms, value chatbots taking routine decisions excluding discretion, and strongly prefer human intervention when conversations fail. While altering the salience of public sector values through priming does not affect citizens' design choices consistently, we find systematic differences between citizens and front desk officers. However, these differences are qualitative rather than fundamental. We conclude that citizens and front desk officers share public values that provide a sufficient basis for chatbot designs that overcome a potential legitimacy gap of AI in citizens-state service encounters.

Practical methodology for quantifying the structural robustness of RC building structures

Several structural robustness requirements have been included in building codes over the past two decades. These mainly include measures to prevent collapse after an initial component failure by ensuring a minimum level of continuity within the structural system so that loads supported by the failed component can be redistributed to the rest of the structural system. However, there is still a general lack of consensus on how to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. The present study proposes a practical methodology to evaluate the structural robustness of RC building structures by combining an efficient modelling strategy and suitable robustness indexes. The proposed computational modelling strategy for RC buildings accounts for relevant dynamic and nonlinear phenomena, including compressive arching, catenary action, and membrane effects. This strategy can be implemented at a reasonable computational expense in widely used commercial structural analysis software and has been validated by comparisons to selected experimental tests from the literature. The modelling strategy is then employed to compute four different robustness indexes proposed in the literature for three hypothetical building designs, allowing the indexes to be systematically compared. It was found that evaluating a system using multiple robustness indexes can provide a more holistic view of system performance compared to relying solely on a single index. Ultimately, the potential usefulness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through two practical applications involving the estimation of component damage levels and the evaluation of different design and retrofitting solutions. Such a methodology can be useful for practising engineers to optimise the design of new buildings or to support decisions on the assessment and retrofitting of existing ones.

Modified tractive force approach for sediment transport under bank seepage

ABSTRACT The current research focuses on integrating the impact of seepage into the tractive force method for sediment particles situated on porous riverbanks. A formula is developed using the tractive force approach to calculate the critical shear stress acting on sediment particles under steady seepage conditions. The study reveals that the hydraulic gradient influences the critical shear stress, which rises with higher hydraulic gradients. Additionally, application of the derived equation is demonstrated through a hypothetical channel design problem.

On the enhancement of acceptable blockage of open jet wind tunnel by employing modifications based on concepts of boundary layer and jet flow for testing of aero-rotors

The conventional closed and open jet tunnels suffer from various adverse blockage effects that alter the flow conditions generating erroneous results when larger than allowable blockage models are tested. The maximum acceptable blockage is limited to 25 % for an open jet tunnel. The physics behind the inferior blockage capacity and their redressal is investigated. Hitherto, numerical models are developed to rectify the blockage troubles that introduce an additional complex case-based mathematical modeling to reckoning the results. In the current paper novel approach to redesigning the tunnel to solve blockage troubles is investigated that facilitates evading of mathematical techniques and securing accurate results straightforwardly. A hypothetical design incorporating the remedies is proposed, capable of conditioning the flow in a manner that debilitates the adverse effects of solid blockage, wake blockage, jet expansion, etc. The hypothesis is theoretically expounded by the boundary layer and jet flow phenomenon. The modified blower-type open jet wind tunnel constitutes a centrifugal blower, long inlet duct, plenum chamber around the test section, and collector. The modified wind tunnel is tested through experiments executed on four different-sized Savonius rotors creating 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, and 60 % blockage. The static pressure along the contours of the blades of rotors is obtained. The experimental results are juxtaposed with CFD results carried out at free-wind boundary conditions and standard classic experimental results performed in conventional wind tunnel at 11 % blockage. A blockage enhancement of 25 % is achieved by the approach of modification in the design of a conventional open jet wind tunnel.

Piping network optimization for district heating system using an enhanced Genetic Algorithm searching method

Given the substantial construction and operational expenses associated with a district heating system (DHS), achieving an optimal layout for the piping network is paramount for its successful deployment. In this study, the optimization of DHS piping configuration has been explored. Traditional exhaustive search methods for network design are often impractical due to computational constraints, making Genetic Algorithm (GA) a preferred alternative for navigating the vast search space of optimization problems efficiently. However, GA, which relies on probabilistic heuristics, may not always pinpoints the most effective solutions, particularly those in close proximity to the current near-optimal configuration. To address this issue, an enhanced GA-based neighboring search method for identifying optimal or near-optimal piping layout for DHS more effectively has been developed in this study. When a local minimum is detected in the GA optimization process, the method initiates a neighboring search by selecting an elite candidate. The link with the highest piping cost from the elite candidate's configuration is identified. Subsequently, one of the other nodes in the configuration is connected to the nodes of the identified link to explore solutions beyond the local optimum. This new approach was firstly validated against an Optimal Communication Spanning Tree (OCST) benchmark problem, where it demonstrated superior efficacy by achieving higher success rate and quicker first-hit generation compared to conventional GA method. Specifically, this method showed a 60 % success rate with a minimum first-hit generation number of 140, outperforming the traditional GA's 40 % success rate and 263 generations. Further modification to the OCST benchmark to better simulate a real-world DHS application underscored the ability of this neighboring search method to exceed the previously established optimal configuration, uncovering a “better' solution with superior fitness value. This promising methodology was subsequently applied to the hypothetical design of a DHS piping network, illustrating its potential to enhance the planning and implementation of efficient, cost-effective district heating systems.

HYPOTHETICAL LEARNING TRAJECTORY DESIGN IN REFLECTION LEARNING USING THE CONTEXT OF THE CIREBON RED MOSQUE

This research aims to design a reflective learning trajectory using the context of the Cirebon Red Mosque as the starting point or learning context. The method used in this research is design research with stages of preliminary design, design experiment and retrospective analysis. The subjects in this research were several samples of class VIII junior high school students. The results of this research are a hypothetical learning trajectory design in reflective learning using the context of the Cirebon Red Mosque with a learning trajectory, namely students observing pictures from the front gate of the Red Mosque, having discussions and finding the meaning and properties of reflection, students drawing objects with agreed conditions, students record the starting point and ending point of the reflection results and find the relationship between the two and finally, students find the reflection formula. The research results show that a series of activities in the context of the Cirebon Red Mosque have a potential impact on understanding the concept of reflection. Students work on mathematics collaboratively and the learning process becomes meaningful and easy.

A Parametric Analysis of Wind-Loaded High-Rise Constructions in Various Terrain Types with Bracing

Abstract: This study tries to provide a hypothetical structural design for a tall building in a city. It is very important for civil engineering students to think about how structural systems can enhance the architectural expression of a building. Wind is the governing load when building high-rise structures in the city. A building can be structurally improved to resist wind pressure by making changes to the basic design, which gives it a unique architectural expression. In this study, G+10 and G+20 storey structures is designed and compared in two terrain categories and subjected to wind load. The ruggedness of the environment where the fabric structure is located is measured by the Terrain category. Wind speed, wind direction, and exposure to the elements are examples of such variables. Earthquake and wind loads are applied to the ETABS model according to the given National Standards. Finally, it is determined how strong and flexible the structure is under these stresses. The output of the calculation program and additional calculated products are compared to the Indian limit for structural serviceability.

Exploring a hypothetical design of a nanoparticle-base cancer vaccine for the skin cancer melanoma

Melanoma is a skin cancer, in which cancer cells form in the melanocytes. It can occur anywhere on the skin but is hard to spot due to its only signs being a change in the way a specific mole or pigmented area looks. It is usually curable. Still, once it has bypassed stage IV, it can become fatal and deadly. The stages of melanoma depend on how thick the tumor is and whether it has broken through the skin. The most deadly is stage IV, in which the cancer has spread to numerous parts of the body, including but not limited to the lungs, liver, and brain. Studies have shown that the average 5-year survival rate for melanoma skin cancer is 94%; however, only 32% of people survive once the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body (The American Cancer Society et al., n.d.). Treatments for stage IV melanoma include surgery or radiation therapy. However, newer forms of immunotherapy and targeted drugs have shown to be more effective than chemotherapy. This paper will explore both the benefits and drawbacks of the immune checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab and the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib, both of which are FDA-approved. Furthermore, the paper will also explore the use of the PLGA nanoparticle in drug delivery as well as the possible future direction of this cancer treatment.

Hypothetical learning trajectory of linear equation systems with three variables: The context of typical snacks riau islands

This study aims to design a learning trajectory for the Three-Variable Linear Equation System (SPLTV) by applying Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) with the context of typical Riau Islands snacks. The research methodology involved three stages, namely preparing for the experiment, design experiment, and retrospective analysis. Data were collected through documentation and interviews, then analyzed by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research subjects were 15 3rd semester students of the Mathematics Education Study Program at Riau Islands University. The results of the research are in the form of a hypothetical learning trajectory design in learning SPLTV with the context of typical snacks of the Riau Islands. The learning trajectory begins by linking students' learning experiences with the concepts to be presented. During learning, students apply the SPLTV concept to contextual problems. In the end, they are able to apply the SPLTV concept in different contexts, demonstrating an understanding of the material. This contextualized learning experience plays an important role in improving students' understanding of SPLTV.

Breathing space in a compact city: Impacts of urban re-densification on Mumbai's low-income housing environment

Redevelopment of low-income settlements by re-densifying cities is a common approach in the Global South to improve living conditions and tackle the housing shortage. However, the effectiveness of the housing design in redevelopment schemes remains to be questioned. This study evaluates a proposed design of a slum redevelopment project in Mumbai, India, by comparing the environmental performance of three design schemes: the existing low-income housing, the redevelopment scheme proposed by the local government and a hypothetical design (modified scheme) that aligns with positive environmental outcomes identified in the current literature. The environmental factors such as the natural airflow, incident solar radiation and daylighting parameters were assessed by computational simulations and validated by a wind tunnel experiment. These factors were associated with direct and indirect density metrics of the three design schemes to inform better policymaking for slum redevelopment projects that seek to re-densify housing for the urban poor. The results indicated that the design performance of the redeveloped scheme is less preferable due to the unclean indoor air and inadequate daylighting conditions requiring large-scale demolition of the existing buildings. The modified plan requires minimal demolishment and demonstrates relatively better environmental performance. The study revealed that indirect density measures - building geometry factors and urban form parameters - are essential in affecting the ecological performance of housing. Considering these factors in design standards and policymaking for high-density redevelopment schemes can enable the “Goldilocks density” that significantly improves the quality of living while densifying the cities.

Assistive Technology: Sensor Bike Programmed (Propesor) as an Accommodative Aid for Children with Hearing Impairment

This research discusses the design of assistive technology, especially the Sensor Bike Program (Propesor) as an accommodative aid for children with hearing impairments, this tool is a follow-up to the child's inability to listen to sounds or sounds around him. This puts them in a dangerous situation when driving, therefore an innovative tool is needed that can help them to recognise sounds or sounds around them. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, assessments, and documentation studies to collect comprehensive data as a basis for developing tools that suit the needs of children. The result of this research is a hypothetical design of the Sensor Bike Program (Propesor) and is ready to be realised into a valid tool.

By design

This paper takes a design research approach to the challenge of transforming learning and teaching in higher education (HE) as it is experienced at the level of an interdisciplinary team composed of content matter experts and specialists in education. It is based on the reflections of members of the team working collaboratively to transform an undergraduate biology unit, delivered in intensive mode in parallel with a standard teaching semester to improve both student engagement and teaching staff satisfaction. The unit learning design tests 21st century active learning pedagogies in the context preparing students for their professional lives. Using semi-structured interviews and reflective inquiry the authors attempt to uncover the salient features of the process of implementing technology enhanced learning, and generate constructive design solutions. The work is situated in the scholarship of learning and teaching as it encourages "reflection-in-action" and a commitment to sharing what works in STEM teaching and learning in contemporary environments. The teaching team focus on the complex problems of preparation, attendance, and engagement in a series of intensive labs, whilst the professional staff focus on the complex problems of innovation and student engagement in higher education. A number of known and hypothetical learning design principles are integrated with the affordances of the chosen learning environment (OneNote) and used to propose plausible solutions. These solutions are used to iteratively refine the learning environment and reveal new design principles. The data shows improved staff engagement with the unit and the students through an enhanced role in the application and development of modern pedagogies. The paper emphasises the benefits of providing for and supporting the emergence of microcultures, and suggest strategies for those that wish to emulate the approach taken.

Morality and Conformity: A Hypothetical Experimental Design Exploring the Relationship Between Moral Standing and Social Pressure

Morality is one of the crucial founding bricks of human society. Research has shown that even newborn babies demonstrate an innate sense of morality. However, recent studies have shown that situational factors significantly impact people’s moral decisions. One study, in particular, measures the effect of social pressure on moral judgments but makes a potentially inaccurate assumption about participants’ moral standing. To reexamine the results of this study, a hypothetical experiment is designed to investigate the relationship between morality and conformity. This experiment combines the methods of Asch’s conformity experiments and variations of the Trolley problem and addresses the deficiencies in the previous study. The participants in the study will take part in a survey section, a seminar section, and an interview section. In the survey section, the participants answer questions regarding demographics and moral dilemmas. During the seminar section, the participants are asked to announce their answers to the moral dilemmas in front of a group of confederates. The confederates will provide their answers individually, and the participant will be the last to share his answer. Since the confederates know the participant’s answer from the survey session, they will all share an answer different from the participant’s. During the interview section, the participants will be debriefed. The purpose of this experiment is to see whether the participant will conform or not under the pressure of confederates. Hopefully, future scholars can improve and conduct this experiment to investigate the relationship between morality and conformity.

Tax Avoidance and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT We analyze 117 estimates from 23 studies that examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate tax aggressiveness. The meta-regression results indicate that both CSR and tax avoidance proxies play a role in explaining the differences in estimates of primary studies. Data samples and econometric specifications also explain some of the heterogeneity. We use meta-regression results to predict the association between CSR and tax avoidance for several hypothetical and plausible study designs and find either no or a small to moderate association between the constructs, indicating that firms decouple CSR from tax avoidance. Interestingly, evidence suggests that such a relationship exists in settings of extreme CSR and tax avoidance behaviors. Academic research has not yet explored the determinants of the heterogeneity of the empirical evidence on the relationship between CSR and tax avoidance. This meta-analysis fills this gap and provides useful insights for future research, practice, and regulation. JEL Classifications: C19; H26; M14.

Desain Didaktis Penerapan Materi Statistika Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

This research was motivated by learning obstacles experienced by students. These learning obstacles were obtained from the results of preliminary studies on statistics material. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop a didactical design for statistical material so that it can overcome the learning obstacles experienced by students. This research is qualitative research using the Didactical Design Research (DDR) method through three stages, namely a) Prospective Analysis, b) Metapedadidactic Analysis, and c) Retrospective Analysis. Data collection in this research is interviews, tests, documentation, photos. The results of this research show that there are several LOs experienced by students in statistics material, namely that there are still some students who cannot read data and there are still some who cannot make bar charts. HLT is structured based on the LO experienced by students, namely: 1) understanding the meaning of data, 2) understanding how to read data and interpreting data in the form of bar charts, 3) understanding how to present or make bar charts. The didactic design was implemented and obtained from the results of the final identification test, there was a decrease in LO compared to the initial diagnostic test. Based on these findings, a revision of the hypothetical didactic design was carried out and a revised didactic design was obtained.

Self-healing in dielectric capacitors: a universal method to computationally rate newly introduced energy storage designs.

Metalized-film dielectric capacitors provide lump portions of energy on demand. While the capacities of various capacitor designs are comparable in magnitude, their stabilities make a difference. Dielectric breakdowns - micro-discharges - routinely occur in capacitors due to the inevitable presence of localized structure defects. The application of polymeric dielectric materials featuring flexible structures helps obtain more uniform insulating layers. At the modern technological level, it is impossible to completely avoid micro-discharges upon device exploitation. Every micro-discharge results in the formation of a soot channel, which is empirically known to exhibit a semiconductor behavior. Because of its capability to conduct electricity, the emerged soot channels harm the subsequent capacitor performance and decrease the amount of stored energy. The accumulation of the soot throughout a dielectric capacitor ultimately results in irreversible overall failure. We have developed a universal method for predicting the composition and evaluating the properties of the decomposition products obtained after the dielectric breakdown of a metalized film capacitor. This method applies to both existing and newly developed designs of capacitors. In our work, we compared samples based on polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), and Kapton. We found that the decomposition of the PP-based composition yields the greatest number of gaseous products. The corresponding soot has the lowest electrical conductivity compared to other samples. The smallest fraction of gaseous products and the highest conductivity corresponded to the Kapton-based system. According to the electrical conductivity, the obtained soot samples have been ranked in the following order: PP < PET < PC < Kapton. The resulting gas phase content is as follows: PP (12.3 wt%) > PC (6.4 wt%) > PET (6.2 wt%) > Kapton (5.1 wt%). The obtained results are in agreement with the experimental data on the self-healing efficiency of metalized-film capacitors. The novel method qualitatively correctly rates the performances of the known capacitors. The method relies on various electronic-structure simulations and potential landscape explorations. The reported advances open an impressive avenue to computationally probe thousands of hypothetical capacitor designs and boost engineering practices.

Assessment of marsh terrace designs for wave attenuation utilizing a wave model

The northern Gulf of Mexico is facing high rates of wetland loss due to subsidence and sea level–rise, which has encouraged the application of various wetland restoration techniques. Marsh terracing is a restoration technique that has been implemented since the early 1990 s in Texas and Louisiana, yet few studies have been conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. Marsh terraces are segmented berms of soil built in coastal ponds that were once vegetated marshes. Marsh terracing is hypothesized to dissipate wind waves, encourage marsh expansion, and reduce shoreline erosion. This study (1) assessed the effectiveness of the most common terrace shapes (linear, chevron, and square) and spacing (100, 110, and 120 m) at reducing significant wave height (Hs), (2) assessed the effectiveness of alternative terrace designs for reducing Hs during different wind conditions, and 3) estimated the construction costs of alternative terrace designs. The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used to simulate wind–driven waves in ponds with real and hypothetical terrace designs. Results revealed that: (1) The chevron shape provided the greatest reduction in Hs during all wind conditions, reducing Hs by up to 54%. (2) Hs reduction was not affected by terrace spacings. (3) Based on wave attenuation, the chevron design with a 120 m terrace spacing provided the optimal outcome with an estimated construction cost/ha of $6332 in a 250,000 m2 site compared to the terrace shapes and spacings evaluated in this study. This study will help coastal managers design marsh terraces to address wetland erosion in the Gulf of Mexico and other coastal areas facing similar environmental problems.

Thornthwaite moisture index and depth of suction change under current and future climate ‒ An Australian study

Climate change is one of the major global challenges and it can have a significant influence on the behaviour and resilience of geotechnical structures. The changes in moisture content in soil lead to effective stress changes and can be accompanied by significant volume changes in reactive/expansive soils. The volume change leads to ground movement and can exert additional stresses on structures founded on or within a shallow depth of such soils. Climate change is likely to amplify the ground movement potential and the associated problems are likely to worsen. The effect of atmospheric boundary interaction on soil behaviour has often been correlated to Thornthwaite moisture index (TMI). In this study, the long-term weather data and anticipated future projections for various emission scenarios were used to generate a series of TMI maps for Australia. The changes in TMI were then correlated to the depth of suction change (Hs), an important input in ground movement calculation. Under all climate scenarios considered, reductions in TMI and increases in Hs values were observed. A hypothetical design scenario of a footing on expansive soil under current and future climate is discussed. It is observed that a design that might be considered adequate under the current climate scenario, may fail under future scenarios and accommodations should be made in the design for such events.

The Development of Role-Playing Learning Model Based on Ubrug Banten Local Wisdom to Enhance Students Religious Character and Collaborative Competence

Technological advances and the ease of carrying out various digital activities in society era 5.0 pose a risk to deviations in students’ character and social behavior. This study aims to develop a role-playing learning model based on Ubrug Banten local wisdom to enhance students’ religious character and collaborative competence. The research method for developing learning models uses the ADDIE stages which are studied through literature studies. The research result show that development of role-playing learning model based on local wisdom in Ubrug Banten to enhance students’ religious character and collaborative competence can be carried out using five stages, namely analyzing students’ needs, designing learning models, developing learning models through testing model feasibility and reliability validity of instruments, hypothetical learning model designs implementation, and learning models’ evaluation. The development of role-playing learning model based on Ubrug Banten local wisdom to enhance students’ religious character and collaborative competence can be carried out using the ADDIE design with five stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation.