Hypothetical Complex Research Articles

Penetration Strategy for High-Speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Memory-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

With the development and strengthening of interception measures, the traditional penetration methods of high-speed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are no longer able to meet the penetration requirements in diversified and complex combat scenarios. Due to the advancement of Artificial Intelligence technology in recent years, intelligent penetration methods have gradually become promising solutions. In this paper, a penetration strategy for high-speed UAVs based on improved Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is proposed, in which Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are incorporated into a classical Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) algorithm. A three-dimensional (3D) planar engagement scenario of a high-speed UAV facing two interceptors with strong maneuverability is constructed. According to the proposed LSTM-SAC approach, the reward function is designed based on the criteria for successful penetration, taking into account energy and flight range constraints. Then, an intelligent penetration strategy is obtained by extensive training, which utilizes the motion states of both sides to make decisions and generate the penetration overload commands for the high-speed UAV. The simulation results show that compared with the classical SAC algorithm, the proposed algorithm has a training efficiency improvement of 75.56% training episode reduction. Meanwhile, the LSTM-SAC approach achieves a successful penetration rate of more than 90% in hypothetical complex scenarios, with a 40% average increase compared with the conventional programmed penetration methods.

A BLADE-ON-PETIOLE orthologue regulates corolla differentiation in the proximal region in Torenia fournieri

The three-dimensional shape of a flower is integrated by morphogenesis along different axes. Differentiation along the petal proximodistal axis is tightly linked to the specification of pollinators; however, it is still unclear how a petal patterns this axis. The corolla of Torenia fournieri exhibits strong differentiation along the proximodistal axis, and we previously found a proximal regulator, TfALOG3, controlling corolla neck differentiation. Here, we report another gene, TfBOP2, which is predominantly expressed in the proximal region of the corolla. TfBOP2 mutants have shorter proximal corolla tubes and longer distal lobe, demonstrating its function as a proximal regulator. Arabidopsis BOPs mutant shows similar defects, favouring a shared role of BOPs homologues. Genetic analysis demonstrates the interaction between TfBOP2 and TfALOG3, and we further found that TfALOG3 physically interacts with TfBOP2 and can recruit TfBOP2 to the nuclear region. Our study favours a hypothetical shared BOP-ALOG complex that is recruited to regulate corolla differentiation in the proximal region axis of T. fournieri.

Supramolecular Substructure of C60-Embedded Schwarzite.

Herein we present a new concept of carbon allotrope, namely, fullerene-embedded schwarzite. We isolated crystals of fullerene embedded in 4 equiv of a negatively curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 1, which could be viewed as a substructure of the hypothetical fullerene-schwarzite complex. On the basis of crystal structure, the stability of the complex (C60⊂(1)4) was studied by theoretical methods (ALMO-EDA), showing that the noncovalent interactions driven by dispersion forces is key for stabilizing the complex, which was further supported by noncovalent interactions (NCI) plots and Hirshfeld-surface analyses. Our findings of C60⊂(1)4 provide a perspective toward the development of novel sp2-carbon allotropes comprising multiple components.

Applications of Norrish type I and II reactions in the total synthesis of natural products: a review.

Natural products and their analogue have played a key role in the drug discovery and development process. In the laboratory, the total synthesis of secondary metabolites is very useful in ascertaining the hypothetical complex structure of molecules of natural origin. Total synthesis of natural products using Norrish type I and II reactions as a crucial step has been explored in this overview. Norrish reactions are important photo-induced transformations of carbonyl compounds in organic synthetic chemistry and are connected in numerous industrially and biologically relevant procedures and the processing of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere. The present review tries to focus on the brilliant applications of Norrish type I and II photochemical reactions as a key step in the total synthesis of natural products and highlights on natural sources, structures, and biological activities of the promising natural products for the first time elegantly.

Inter-provincial sectoral embodied CO2 net-transfer analysis in China based on hypothetical extraction method and complex network analysis

To address the CO2 emissions issue, China promised to increase its nationally determined contributions, trying to reach a CO2 emissions peak by 2030. For optimizing emission reduction policies, it is important to clarify the CO2 linkage structure and transfer characteristics. Previous research mainly focused on the calculation and comparison of CO2 linkage at the national level or the regional level and lacked inter-provincial sector-sector transfer analysis. This study uses hypothetical extraction method (HEM) to calculate the inter-provincial sectoral linkages of embodied CO2 in 2012 and 2015, providing a new perspective for sectoral CO2 linkage studies in China. We use net transfer to reveal the impact of provincial trade on the embodied CO2 emissions, and identify key CO2 emitter sectors. Combined with complex networks, we describe the clustering feature visualized and identify the transfer media sectors. The results are as follows: (1) the key sectors with large linkage are mainly the heavy industries located in North China. The electricity industry has the largest net CO2 outflow as the energy supplier, whereas the construction industry has the largest net inflow as the driving sector. (2) The CO2 transfer networks present closely connected and spatial clustering features, reflecting the embodied CO2 linkage between geographically adjacent sectors closer. (3) The important media sectors are mostly located in northwest China with small industrial scale and linkage degrees, such as the transport equipment industry in Shanxi. Emission reduction policies should be overall planned and tailored to local conditions. Consequently, possible policy implications of the results are discussed, which could provide additional insights for CO2 mitigation.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, crystal structure and theoretical investigation of two azo-palladium (II) complexes derived from substituted (1-phenylazo)-2-naphtol

The ortho-substituted (E)-1-((2-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol and the meta-substituted (E)-1-((3-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol were, respectively, used in the synthesis of two new complexes, bis[1-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthoxy]palladium(II) and bis[1-(3-methoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthoxy]palladium(II), noted (I) and (II), respectively. (I) and (II) were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods, and their molecular structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Both complexes display a square-planar geometry, which is reproduced by full geometry optimizations at the DFT/B3LYP level. Calculations were also performed on the free ligands (in their precursor form), as well as their para-substituted isomer (E)-1-((4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol and its hypothetical complex bis[1-(4-methoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthoxy]palladium(II) (compound (III). Calculations were also performed on the free p-phenylazo-2-naphthol ligand (p-MoxyPhNap), in order to understand their bonding and to analyze their electronic structure. TD-DFT calculations were also performed on the three complexes to simulate their absorption spectra from and compare to the experimental UV–Vis data of (I) and (II). The main peaks in the spectrum of (I) are assigned to mixed LMCT/LLCT and π–π * (ILCT) transition, while the unique major peak afforded by (II) is assigned to MLCT and LLCT transitions.

Leakage reduction in WDNs through optimal setting of PATs with a derivative-free optimizer

Abstract Excessive pressure in water distribution networks (WDNs) may lead to undesirable effects, such as increased pipe failure rate and leakages. Pressure management (PM) techniques are indeed attractive to address these issues, reducing energy and water losses. Among the most recent PM techniques, pumps working as turbines (PATs) can be employed to both control pressure and recover energy. However, finding the best location, setting, and number of PATs to maximize both leakage reduction and energy production within a WDN is particularly challenging due to the severe nonlinearity of the problem and the large number of decision variables. To address the setting problem, a promising derivative-free nonlinear programming method is herein presented. The proposed method, modified to account for bound-type constraints, is capable of finding the optimal setting of a chosen number of PATs, given their position, direction, and machine type (characteristic curve), accounting for both energy and saved water volumes costs. In addition, this method is also able to establish whether the installed PATs must be bypassed or not. The proposed method capabilities are tested on a hypothetical complex WDN taken from the literature.

Житийные сюжеты и мотивы в новой литературе: к вопросу об изучении и классификации

Studying the hagiographic traditions in the literature the modern period, one faces several issues. Firstly, it is assumed that a scholar who compares the hagiographic motifs and plots to the motifs and plots of the modern period, deals with the a hypothetical complex of the already identified and described the hagiographic motifs and plots and all he has to do is to compare them to the motifs and plots of the literature works written in the later times. However, there is no yet such a thing as a complete research on all hagiographic motifs and plots. There are studies of the certain hagiographic texts and the certain types of hagiographic texts, but there is no comprehensive list or index of the hagiographic motifs and plots. Secondly, there is no uniformly accepted scholarly terminology defining what a hagiographic motif is. Can any element of a hagiographic text be considered as such? Should the motif be defined as a unit of a theme or of a plot depending on the theory a scholar chooses to base on: Veselovsky’s vs Tomashevsky’s? How is the term “topos”, which becomes more and more popular among the researchers of the hagiography, related to the hagiographic motifs and plots? Thirdly, the number of the hagiographic and literary texts as well as researches and studies on the subject is so huge that it is only possible to specify some trends of development of the hagiographic elements and traditions in the succeeding literature. The article summarizes and analyzes the existing scientific approaches to the issues of analysis, classification, typology of the hagiographic plots and some hagiographic motifs in the Russian literature of the modern period. The conclusion of the survey is that the modern literature does not need the hagiography as a sapless model; such components of the hagiographic framework as its structure, plot, character, details are transformed from typical, similar to each other, copying the model ones to the unique ones interpreted in new original ways. Usage of the hagiographic sources can not be associated with a certain single genre; the hagiographic elements can be assimilated in any narrative or even in poetry. The literature of the modern period borrows plots, motifs and other elements of the hagiography but it lacks the utilitarian role that the hagiographic texts used to play as calendar reading. Names and dates become just literary symbols, references to some significant analogues but they do not demand to treat a literary character as a hagiographic character. The main purpose of this work is to actualize the discussion on how an index of the hagiographic plots and motifs should be compiled, what a hagiographic motif and plot are, what should be considered hagiographic plots and motifs in later narratives, taking into account that not all the topoi and elements as well as rhetoric and periods, which are recognizable as the indicators of the “hagiographic tradition” in the narrative, can be defined as the motifs in the strict sense of the term.

A Deeper Insight in Solutions Containing the Hypothetical Labile Complex Species “Fe(CO)4THF”

In the literature it was proposed that the treatment of [Fe2(CO)9] in THF resulted, during dissolution, in deep red solutions which should presumably contain labile complexes “Fe(CO)4THF”. This was supported by the fact that such solutions afforded, in the presence of N‐donor ligands like pyridine (py) or pyrazine (pz), metal carbonyl complexes of the formula [Fe(CO)4(py)] and [Fe(CO)4(pz)], respectively. Herein we describe how the true nature of these solutions can be better explained by a valence‐disproportionation reaction of the diiron nonacarbonyl, induced by the donor solvent THF, resulting in the compound [Fe(THF)6][Fe3(CO)11]. The formation of the undecacarbonyl‐triferrate(2–) in such solutions was unambiguously confirmed by IR spectroscopy and by the isolation and crystallization of the corresponding salt (PPN)2[Fe3(CO)11]; its molecular structure was determined, however, already described in the literature.

Possibility of reducing the coordinated dinitrogen into ammonia and hydrazine using [Ru-L] (L = triamidoamine) and FLP-H $$_{2}$$ 2 : A DFT study

DFT studies have been executed on a hypothetical Ru-triamidoamine complex to understand the possibility of synthesizing ammonia and hydrazine from the dinitrogen at normal temperature and pressure in heptane. In this present study, we utilized the $$\hbox {H}_{2}$$ in the form of FLP- $$\hbox {H}_{2}$$ complex and reacted with Ru-triamidoamine complex. We have added three $$\hbox {H}^{+}$$ and $$\hbox {H}^{-}$$ parts of FLP- $$\hbox {H}_{2}$$ to the Ru complex in a stepwise manner as an alternate way to yield $$\hbox {NH}_{3}$$ / $$\hbox {N}_{2}\hbox {H}_{4}$$ . The catalytic cycle for the formation of $$\hbox {NH}_{3}$$ and $$\hbox {N}_{2}\hbox {H}_{4}$$ were found to be energetically feasible. We have also observed some thermodynamically feasible six coordinate [M]-H intermediates. DFT studies were carried out on the possibility of synthesis of ammmonia and hydrazine from the dinitrogen using Ru-triamidoamine complex via FLP- $$\hbox {H}_{2}$$ under normal experimental conditions. The calculated free energies revealed that the formation of all the intermediates and the transition states are thermodynamically viable. Furthermore, our calculations predicted that the formation of ammmonia is more feasible than hydrazine.

Generating para-water from para-hydrogen: A Gedankenexperiment

A novel conceptual approach is described that is based on the transfer of hyperpolarization from para-hydrogen in view of generating a population imbalance between the two spin isomers of H2O. The approach is analogous to SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) and makes use of the transfer of spin order from para-hydrogen to H2O in a hypothetical organometallic complex. The spin order transfer is expected to be most efficient at avoided level crossings. The highest achievable enrichment levels of para- and ortho-water are discussed.

AKIN10 activity as a cellular link between metabolism and circadian-clock entrainment in Arabidopsis thaliana

ABSTRACTAKIN10, the catalytic subunit of the Snf1 (sucrose non-fermenting 1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) complex, acts as an energy sensor in plants. We showed that AKIN10-induced expression affects the pace of the circadian clock and particularly the phase of expression of GIGANTEA (GI). The AKIN10 effect on period length required TIME FOR COFFEE (TIC), a circadian-clock component with developmental and metabolic roles. Here we expand on the possible interactions between AKIN10, whose activity is involved in transcriptional reprogramming, and clock elements GI and TIC. We hypothesize how they could participate in clock entrainment through a metabolic signal derived from carbon pools and starch metabolism. Additionally, we consider further the role of cellular energy status to the clock through the formation of a hypothetical protein complex. We also demonstrate the role of AKIN10, but not its sequence-related kinase AKIN11, on clock periodicity. Altogether we present a model of action of these elements in metabolic-related clock entrainment.

The complex geometry of a hypothetical complex structure on S6

This article is a survey about or introduction to certain aspects of the complex geometry of a hypothetical complex structure on the six-sphere. We discuss a result of Peternell–Campana–Demailly on the algebraic dimension of a hypothetical complex six-sphere and give some examples. We also give an overview over an application of Huckleberry–Kebekus–Peternell on the group of biholomorphisms of such a complex six-sphere.

Hodge numbers of a hypothetical complex structure on S6

These are the notes for the talk “Hodge numbers of a hypothetical complex structure on S6” given by the author at the MAM1 “(Non)-existence of complex structures on S6” held in Marburg in March 2017. They are based on [12] and [27], where Hodge numbers and the dimensions of the successive pages of the Frölicher spectral sequence for S6 endowed with a hypothetical complex structure are investigated. We also add results from [20], where the Bott–Chern cohomology of hypothetical complex structures on S6 is studied. The material is not intended to be original.

Revisiting the theoretical basis of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids in the original context of Lynn Margulis on the origin of mitosing, eukaryotic cells

Fifty years ago, Lynn Margulis proposed a comprehensive hypothesis on the origin of eukaryotic cells with an emphasis on the origin of mitosis. This hypothesis postulated that the eukaryotic cell is a composite of different parts as a result of the symbiosis of various different bacteria. In this hypothesis, she integrated previously proposed ideas that mitochondria and chloroplasts were descendants of endosymbionts that originated from aerobic bacteria and blue-green algae (now cyanobacteria), respectively. However, the major part of her hypothesis, which she believed to be original, was the origin of mitosis. The core of her postulate involved a chromosome partition mechanism dependent on DNA-microtubule binding, which originated from a hypothetical centriole-DNA complex, with an ability to replicate. Surprisingly, her complete lack of real experimental works in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, or paleontology did not prevent this 29-year-old junior scientist from assembling archival knowledge and constructing a narrative on the evolution of all organisms. Whether the centriole-DNA complex originated from a spirochete or not was a minor anecdote in this initial postulate. Unfortunately, this hypothesis on the origin of mitosis, which she believed to be a holistic unity, testable by experiments, was entirely refuted. Despite falsification of her original narrative as a whole, her success as a founder of endosymbiotic theory on the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is undoubted. We will discuss the reasons for her success in terms of the historical situation in the latter half of the 20th century.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DFT Modeling and Biological Activity of a Trinuclear Copper(II) Azide Polymer Containing Imidazole and Bridging Imidazolate Ligands, [Cu3(Imz-H)4(Imz)2(N3)4

The title compound, [Cu3(Imz-H)4(Imz)2(N3)4]n (1) (Imz-H = imidazole) was prepared by the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with imidazole and sodium azide, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure shows that the complex exists in the form of a two dimensional polymer consisting of dimeric [Cu(Imz-H)(Imz)0.5(N3)1.5]2 and monomeric [Cu(Imz-H)2(Imz)(N3)] units. In the dimeric part each Cu(II) ion is bound to two nitrogen atoms of Imz-H or Imz− and three nitrogen atoms of azide adopting a distorted square pyramidal geometry. In the monomeric part, the copper atom is disordered over two positions and is coordinated to two imidazole molecules (Imz-H), two bridging imidazolate (Imz-) groups, and two weakly bound azide ions. In order to validate the obtained structure, the structures of two complexes; [Cu3(Imz-H)5(Imz)(HN3)4(N3)2]3+ containing one monomer and one dimeric unit as a model of 1 and a hypothetical complex, [Cu4(Imz-H)6(Imz)(HN3)4(N3)4]3+ containing only dimeric units were fully optimized at the B3LYP-D3 level of theory. The interaction energy between the dimeric and monomeric units in the former complex was found to be almost twice larger that calculated between the dimeric units in the later complex. Therefore, the theoretical results support that the experimentally determined structure (1) is energetically more preferred than that containing only the dimeric units. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of the model complexes of (1) was performed and the distribution of spin density at the atoms of [Cu3(Imz-H)5(Imz)(HN3)4(N3)2]3+ and [Cu5(Imz-H)8(Imz)2(HN3)6(N3)4]4+ was discussed. The NBO charge on copper cation in the dimeric unit is 0.90 e and is smaller than that on the Cu(II) ion in the monomeric unit by 0.09 e. Antimicrobial properties of the complex were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration and the results showed that the complex exhibited no significant activities against the selected microorganisms.

Unusual site selection of NCS− in trinuclear complexes of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with a reduced N2O2 donor Schiff base: Structural, theoretical and magnetic studies

Four new trinuclear linear homo-metallic complexes [(CuLR)2Cu(NCS)2]·(CH3)2CO (1), [(CuLR)2Cu(NO3)2] (2), [(NiLR)2Ni(NCS)2·(CH3CN)2] (3), [(NiLR)2Ni(NO3)2·((CH3)2CO)2] (4) have been synthesized using [CuLR] and [NiLR] as metalloligands (where H2LR=N,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine) along with polyatomic anions, thiocyanato or nitrato. All four complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods, single crystal XRD, DFT and magnetic study. In all complexes, two units of metalloligands, [CuLR] or [NiLR] coordinate to the central copper or nickel atom through double phenoxido bridges forming a linear trinuclear structure. In the structures of 1 and 3, the N-bonded thiocyanato ion coordinates to the terminal metal centers of the trinuclear unit to complete the distorted square pyramidal and octahedral geometry, respectively; the central metal ions remain square planar in both structures. The coordination of thiocyanato to terminal Cu(II) and Ni(II) instead of central metal ion is unusual compared to the complexes of analogous unreduced species. On the other hand, complexes 2 and 4 possess usual structures in which the anionic coligand, nitrato bridges the central and terminal metal centers. The geometries of central metal ions are octahedral in both structures and those of terminal metal ions are square pyramidal in 2 and octahedral in 4. DFT calculations show that experimentally obtained structure 1 is the most stable compared with the possible other hypothetical isomers but complex 3 is energetically slightly disfavored and possibly packing forces stabilize it in the solid state. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements show the presence of strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions mediated through the phenoxido bridges with J values of −328.9, −474.8, and −11.13cm−1 for 1, 2, and 4, respectively. In complex 3, the central Ni(II) ion is diamagnetic, in agreement with its square planar geometry; however small antiferromagnetic interaction is found between the terminal Ni(II) ions with a J value equal to −5.36cm−1.

P-34 - Paraoxonase activity in children with suspected mitochondrial disease

Fifty years ago, Lynn Margulis proposed a comprehensive hypothesis on the origin of eukaryotic cells with an emphasis on the origin of mitosis. This hypothesis postulated that the eukaryotic cell is a composite of different parts as a result of the symbiosis of various different bacteria. In this hypothesis, she integrated previously proposed ideas that mitochondria and chloroplasts were descendants of endosymbionts that originated from aerobic bacteria and blue-green algae (now cyanobacteria), respectively. However, the major part of her hypothesis, which she believed to be original, was the origin of mitosis. The core of her postulate involved a chromosome partition mechanism dependent on DNA-microtubule binding, which originated from a hypothetical centriole-DNA complex, with an ability to replicate. Surprisingly, her complete lack of real experimental works in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, or paleontology did not prevent this 29-year-old junior scientist from assembling archival knowledge and constructing a narrative on the evolution of all organisms. Whether the centriole-DNA complex originated from a spirochete or not was a minor anecdote in this initial postulate. Unfortunately, this hypothesis on the origin of mitosis, which she believed to be a holistic unity, testable by experiments, was entirely refuted. Despite falsification of her original narrative as a whole, her success as a founder of endosymbiotic theory on the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is undoubted. We will discuss the reasons for her success in terms of the historical situation in the latter half of the 20th century.

LINCing the eukaryotic tree of life – towards a broad evolutionary comparison of nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes

The nuclear envelope is much more than a simple barrier between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Nuclear envelope bridging complexes are protein complexes spanning both the inner and outer nuclear envelope membranes, thus directly connecting the cytoplasm with the nucleoplasm. In metazoans, they are involved in connecting the cytoskeleton with the nucleoskeleton, and act as anchoring platforms at the nuclear envelope for the positioning and moving of both nuclei and chromosomes. Recently, nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes have also been identified in more evolutionarily diverse organisms, including land plants. Here, I discuss similarities and differences among and between eukaryotic supergroups, specifically of the proteins forming the cytoplasmic surface of these complexes. I am proposing a structure and function for a hypothetical ancestral nucleocytoplasmic bridging complex in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, with the goal to stimulate research in more diverse emerging model organisms.

Complex structure on the six dimensional sphere from a spontaneous symmetry breaking

Existence of a complex structure on the 6 dimensional sphere is proved in this paper. The proof is based on re-interpreting a hypothetical complex structure as a classical ground state of a Yang–Mills–Higgs-like theory on S6. This classical vacuum solution is then constructed by Fourier expansion (dimensional reduction) from the obvious one of a similar theory on the 14 dimensional exceptional compact Lie group G2.