Hypothetical-deductive Method Research Articles

Современное состояние и условия устойчивого развития сферы молочного скотоводства в России

Annotation. The purpose was to study the key aspects of the functioning of domestic dairy cattle breeding and to determine the strategic directions of state support for this industry segment in order to increase efficiency, innovation and sustainability of development. The materials of publications of Russian scientists in the field of improving methods and approaches to the management of the livestock sector in Russia, in particular, dairy cattle breeding, were used in the work. Various regulatory documents (programs, strategies, reports, summaries) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, official statistics of Rosstat were also used. The following scientific approaches were used: system, situational, logical, dialectical, functional. Among the scientific methods it is worth noting: abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, generalization, scientific explanation, dialectic, idealization, mental experiment, hypothetical-deductive method, method of axiomatization and formalization, description and comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the development and justification of strategic directions of state regulation of sustainable development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding. The results are as follows: a study of the state and dynamics of the development of the sphere of domestic dairy cattle breeding (raw milk production, livestock, milk yield), as well as trends in the consumer market of milk and dairy products (capacity, structure, consumption volumes, price), was also considered the mechanism of state support for this the industry segment of the agro-industrial complex, which included the following tools: regulatory support; investments; customs and tariff regulation. In conclusion, the key risks and threats that hinder the sustainable and balanced development of this industry were highlighted, as well as a list of strategic directions of state support for the development of dairy cattle breeding in Russia in order to increase efficiency, investment activity, quality and safety of dairy products.

Sustainability of the Peruvian public debt and its effect on economic growth in the period 2000-2021

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of public debt sustainability on economic growth in the period 2000-2021 and establish a new optimal debt level that does not affect Peru's economic growth. The general method used to determine this effect was the hypothetical deductive method with a non-experimental and longitudinal trend design, because the data to be analyzed are variations that have occurred over time; the VAR (vector autoregressive) model was used as a specific method, because the evidence was insufficient to consider the simultaneity between the reactions of the variables to propose an SVAR model. Data were collected from economic portals such as the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), as well as the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP). The estimated sample size was 88 observations representing all quarters from 2000 to 2021. As a result of the econometric regression, the impact of the level of public debt on economic growth is positive, since a one-unit increase in the percentage of public debt will increase the variation of GDP by almost 1.1%. Regarding the debt level forecast and according to the projection made, it was determined that the new debt level that does not affect the sustainability of public finances or the long-term economic growth of the Peruvian economy should be 38% of GDP.

The Role of the far Eastern Macroregion of Russia in Keeping the Economic Potential with the Countries of the Asian Region

The Russian Federation in the current conditions is intensively developing foreign economic relations with many countries of the Asian continent, and the Far Eastern macroregion is entrusted with solving a number of tasks that contribute to ensuring the spatial development of the country. For the further development of relations, it is necessary to take into account the current trends in the development of countries, including their new integration formats of interaction on the Asian continent. The subject of the study is to determine the main trends in Russia's international interaction with the countries of the Asian region in the context of global political events. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of the socio-economic development of the Far East, which acts as a key component in the development of interaction with Asian countries, and to find ways to solve them. The methodological basis of the study is the following methods of scientific knowledge: comparative and contrastive analysis, the method of analogies and the hypothetical-deductive method. The scientific novelty of the article includes the author's conclusions about the main problems that significantly reduce the effectiveness and limit the potential of the mechanism of international cooperation under consideration. The results of the study can be used by the authorities for foreign economic activity in the context of the development of the Far Eastern macroregion.

СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦИЯ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПОДХОДОВ К СТРУКТУРНОМУ АНАЛИЗУ ЭКОНОМИКИ, ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ СТРУКТУРНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ И СДВИГОВ

The purpose of the article is to systematize methodological approaches to the structural analysis of the economy and to the identification of structural changes and shifts. General scientific em-pirical methods such as observation and description are used in the paper to collect scientific facts. Gen-eral scientific methods of theoretical knowledge such as formalization (abstraction of forms of processes different in content from their content to clarify concepts and terms), hypothetical-deductive method, and phenomenological method are used to comprehend and analyze scientific facts. The information base of the study is the scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, publications of specialized industry portals. As a result, the article proposes and describes the outcome of systematization of methodological approaches to structural analysis in the economy (with the allocation of concepts and private approaches) and the author's approaches to the identification of structural changes in the economy. Two additional dimensions to the topology of structural shifts are also proposed: to account for their intensity and con-tent. The research results can be used as a basis for further studies of structural shifts and structural changes in various regions of Russia and the world, as well as for improving structural policy measures and industrial policy.

THE ELEMENT OF META-COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY OF TACTFULNESS IN THE GERMAN PREPOSITIONAL GROUP AUS HÖFLICHKEIT

The article concerns the element of the meta-communicative strategy of tactfulness in the German prepositional group aus Höflichkeit (by courtesy) placed in various contexts to correspond the following situations: 1) In the combination with the verb schweigen to express image-sensitive “on face-work”; 2) In the combination with the verb verschweigen to express intentional insincerity and evasiveness. Politeness and tact are close in meaning, but not identical. Tact is an innate feeling, a constant and unconscious consideration of feelings and rights of other people. The research is innovative in the approach to traditional types of speech behaviour in the framework of “silent and evasive behaviour” as a manifestation of tactfulness within the meta-communicative category of politeness. The analysis of the material in the article is conducted following the assumption that tactfulness is a category evaluated in relation to the expectations of the partners in communication. The basis for the study is Erving Goffman’s theory of facial interaction rituals. The aim of the article is to describe the patterns of tactful behaviour in communicative interaction where the speaker seeks to preserve the image through concealment and non-dissemination of information, and demonstrates evasive behaviour. A corpus of 110 examples has been selected from the German electronic corpus Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS). Methods used in the investigation include lexical-semantic analysis, hypothetic-deductive method, methods of contextual and distributional analysis. Specific features of the use of the prepositional group aus Höflichkeit in combination with “act of silence” verbs are considered. The author concludes that in collocations of the aforementioned verbs with the prepositional group aus Höflichkeit express the relationship of tactfulness and inter-personal interaction as forms of alienation in silence and evasiveness speech patterns.

Izazovi četvrte industrijske revolucije, transformacija savremenih oružanih snaga i moralna dilema u vezi sa robotizacijom

Introduction/purpose: The first industrial revolution used the power of steam and water for the mechanization of manufacturing. The second one used electricity for mass production. The third one used electronics and information technologies for the automation of production, while the fourth industrial revolution aims to enable erasing of the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological spheres in order to reach smart automation and increase the interconnection of system elements. Thus, previous industrial revolutions changed the way we work, the next one is changing the way we think. Our generation is privileged of being a contemporary of tectonic technological changes, a witness to changes that fundamentally convert production processes and relations in production, but also a witness to the changes that those products bring to the functioning of the mankind, from individuals to state organizations, including the military as well. The main goal of this paper is to indicate to the wider military academic community the need for coordination and interdependent development of combat systems, doctrine and structure of defence organizations. Methods: This paper will use general scientific methods that are used, or can be used, to acquire scientific knowledge in all scientific fields and disciplines. We highlight the hypothetical-deductive method, the analyticaldeductive method and the comparative method. Results: (Increased) Equipping with weapons and military equipment generated from the current technological revolution requires radical changes in the defence area, both in the combat component, i.e. changes of basic combat units that should optimally use these weapons (their doctrines, tactics, organization, training, etc.) as well as the administrative-bureaucratic component of the national defence system that deals with the procedures of weapons development, production and procurement, which should follow the fastest pace of innovation ever in the commercial industry area. Conclusion: The authors would like to point out the interdependence between the emerging challenges of the 4IR and the directions of transformation of modern armed forces.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Brazilian Judiciary: Reflections on a Justice 4.0 and a 100% Digital Judgment in the Post-pandemic Context

This paper aims to examine the impact that the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic had on the organisation and routine of the Judiciary in Brazil, especially with regard to the expansion of the use of technology in judicial activities. It is not forgotten that the start of the Brazilian Judiciary virtualisation dates to the beginning of the 1990s and, even since 2006, there is a law that deals with the electronic judicial process. However, the pandemic period generated intense investment by the judicial Public Administration in the digital fulfilment of electronic procedural acts, such as videoconference hearings, an alternative found as a way to guarantee the continuity of judicial provision during the period of suspension of face-to-face activities (physical). Like that, the article will approach some of the important innovations that the Brazilian Judiciary suffered during the pandemic, with emphasis on the Justice 4.0 and 100% Digital Judgment. The research was developed under theoretical and hypothetical-deductive methods, based on a broad systematic review of the literature, including books and scientific articles, in addition to consultation of normative acts and legislation. In the end, it is concluded that the pandemic left an unquestionable positive legacy for the Judiciary virtualisation in Brazil in a future post-pandemic context. Keywords: Brazilian judiciary; COVID-19 pandemic; Electronic justice; Justice 4.0; 100% Digital Judgment.

Cities and water: A fluvial and environmental analysis of Espinharas River in Patos city, Paraíba State

The urbanization process over the last 70 years has provided cities with a distance from their relationship with the natural elements that comprise their surroundings and urban formation. Highlights include urban rivers that have mainly been deteriorated and forgotten by the population. Rivers have always been linked to the history and development of cities, but this relationship has led to conflicts over the years, starting a process of degradation that has culminated in deteriorating the relationship between rivers and cities. Based on this, the present work aims to analyze the fluvial and environmental conditions of a stretch of the Espinharas River in Patos city, Paraíba State, pointing out its weaknesses and potential. Based on the results obtained, a framework is proposed with guidelines capable of establishing this connection between the urban and natural environment, based on a tripod formed by the integration of the river with the city, recovery of its waters, and raising the population´s awareness of the importance from the river to the local quality of life. The research uses the hypothetical-deductive method, and its methodological steps are performed in three phases: the first is the literature review; the second, diagnosing the stretch of the river under analysis; and the last step addresses the construction of the framework of the guidelines. Finally, an understanding of the current situation of the stretch of the Espinharas River under analysis and the hypothetical effects of applying all selected guidelines is obtained, thus contributing to the qualification of relationship between the river and cities.

DEVELOPMENT REVEALED: THE REAL ECONOMIC FACE AND THE SUSTAINABLE MASK

The context: The discourse about sustainable development gradually loses its expressiveness, mainly because it is a normative concept that gives scope for the construction of several definitions and innumerable interpretations. Despite the conciliation of economy and environment, sustainable development can be seen as a mask of economic development.
 Objectives: The primary goal of the research is to verify sustainable development as a disagreement discourse in relation to social reality, which contributes to the minimization of the space destined to other strategies of environmental preservation and that hides a secret goal (the economic character that does not deviate from development).
 Methodology: The methodology was developed through reading by the hypothetical-deductive method. This is basic, exploratory and bibliographical research, structured in three fragments.
 Result: The initial part identifies economic development and differentiates economic development from economic growth. The following fragment broach sustainable development, giving emphasis to the difficulties of interpretation. Finally, the sustainable disguise of economic development is examined, and the suggestion of a progressive abandonment of the term sustainable development is presented, presenting alternatives to harmonize the economy and the environment.

PROVISIONAL COMPLIANCE WITH THE JUDGMENT HANDED DOWN IN ACTION OF REMOVAL OF FAMILY POWER

Objectives: The research aims to analyze the possibility of placing the child or adolescent welcomed in a surrogate family, in the case of an injunction that suspends the family power or a sentence not yet finalized that extinguishes that power. In order to reach this objective, the evolution through which the family institution has passed, the institution of provisional compliance with a decision or sentence, the suspension and extinction of family power, from the point of view of personality rights, especially familiar coexistence will be analyzed. Methodology: Through the hypothetical-deductive method, with research in the doctrine and jurisprudence, it will be verified that the placement of the child or adolescent in a new familiar nucleus, when its legal situation has not yet been defined, effectively meets the right to family life and above all the principle of human dignity. Results: It will be concluded that, in addition to not finding an obstacle in the technical procedural aspect, the measure is appropriate to combat the negative effects of institutional fostering, in addition to meeting the best interests of the child and adolescent, thus effecting the right to family life.

ТЕКСТОВАЯ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ СТАРЕНИЯ И ЭЙДЖИСТСКИЕ УСТАНОВКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЖЕНСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ

Statement of the problem. The results of interdisciplinary studies show that the aging process was causelessly associated with words of decline, vulnerability and has a gender marking. The relationship between these two identities is complex, and as linguistic research, it has not been studied to a sufficient extent yet, and does not have a satisfactory theoretical foundation. The purpose of the article is to analyze lexical units with ageist semantics excerpted from literary works and identify semantic groups that are based on certain stereotypical attitudes associated with the aging process. Materials and methods. The research material is the prose of American female writers K. Bushnell and S. Mayer, containing examples of age stereotypes. The main methods of analysis are the continuous sampling method, the hypothetical-deductive method, the descriptive method with its main components (observation, description, generalization), as well as the method of contextual-pragmatic interpretation. Conclusions. In the course of the work, it is revealed that under the influence of formed ageist attitudes, negative thoughts about senescence can become inward-looking and become a source of gerontophobia. In the works under study, the language of ageism is divided into five semantic groups, ncluding explicit expressions of personages, as well as implicit author’s bias.

Access to justice through business and human rights: the Chilean experience on transnational mining

ABSTRACT: The multilevel economic relationship between community-State-company gives rise to contexts of conflict and ruptures in the local social fabric. The access of local communities to justice requires new ways of dealing with the transnational phenomenon to resolve disputes beyond traditional judicial procedures within nation-States. Our main hypothesis highlights Business and Human Rights as a possible transnational legal instrument of access to justice. The objective is to understand access to justice in the methodological perspective of Economics and Law and Business and Human Rights, identifying their autonomy in relation to the voluntarism of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the practical application of this in the context of transnational mining activity in post-1970 Chile. The hypothetical-deductive method is used with bibliographic research. Conclusion: i) despite the existence of sustainable business ethics, it only becomes relevant to the Law when a certain normative framework is conjectured, establishing legal and semi-legal procedures and integrating a complex of specific obligations and rights; ii) the process of progressive conversion of CSR to legal responsibility is envisaged through a new gateway represented by the intersection of Business and Human Rights; iii) The pioneering Chilean experience is a result of internal and external political pressures and serves as an example for Latin America in its successes and mistakes, especially the attempt to consolidate the UN theoretical framework through National Action Plan on Business and Human rights with the active participation of representatives from academia, local communities, NGOs, and companies, which serves as a starting point for further research.

Yugoslav Communists between peace and dispute

The Yugoslav Communists, since their very appearance on the socio-political scene, have occupied a significant place in the historical perspective. During the Second World War in Yugoslavia, there was a significant change in political and social relations. The existence of ideological and civil war in the period 1941-1945 is crucial for understanding war and post-war events. The People's Liberation Army, ie the party's military instrument for the implementation of political and social changes, proved to be a key and decisive factor for the establishment of communist rule. The communist party did not observe the war in Yugoslavia through anti-fascism and anti-fascist struggle but through the so-called national liberation struggle and the socialist revolution. The key goal of the Communist Party was a fundamental change of social paradigm. In order to realize that idea, the party acted realpolitik. Initially, the party promoted common goals. Nevertheless, the party turned to its partial interests as soon as favorable military-political circumstances were created. The initial promotion of common goals was just a mimicry of the real intentions of the party. The Communist Party had a clearly defined political platform and goals for the national liberation struggle. These goals included taking over and establishing power, modeled on the Soviet Union. The conflict in Yugoslavia contained all the elements of an ideological-civil war because all the warring parties used the turmoil of war to carry out their political goals. In the context of the CPY, the basic form of the uprising was the partisan war, which escalated into a war against the enemy, those who were considered a threat to the party's future plans. In 1942, the People's Liberation Army was formed with the first divisions and corps (within it), while the decisive battles in 1943 definitely strengthened the People's Liberation Movement. A real understanding of the place and role of the Yugoslav communists, within the framework of historical reality, is the basic problem of this research. The aim is to review this phenomenon without any idealization, but also without the reduction of historical relevance, to review this phenomenon. There is no doubt that the Yugoslav communists achieved enormous success, in a political and social context. In the first years of first Yugoslavia, it was a marginal group, which was soon banned. However, during the great war, in which the collapse of the previous state took place, as well as the forms of civil war, the Yugoslav communists had the opportunity to reorganize the social, political, and economic order. The research within this paper is limited by the interest in the activities of the Yugoslav communists, from their appearance on the political scene to the moments when they become a powerful political force, without which the period behind us cannot be understood. The elaboration of the mentioned topic implied the application of all basic methods of scientific research. Of the general scientific methods, the hypothetical-deductive method and the comparative method were used. Obtaining empirical data was achieved by applying the method of analysis (content) of relevant documentation.

Hand hygiene in medical organizations: implementation of the concept as an effective measure for HAI prevention

The article presents the results of a study aimed at substantiating hand hygiene in medical organizations as the most effective measure for preventing HCAI in the framework of the implementation of the National Concept for the Prevention of Infections Associated with Medical Care (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on November 6, 2011). It was found that healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are an urgent problem of modern Russian healthcare. The main causes of HCAI are insufficiently effective infection control methods in medical organizations and the overuse of antimicrobials. In the course of the study, such methods as content analysis, literature review, ranking, hypothetical-deductive method, generalization, formalization were used. The materials used were articles published in international bibliographic and abstract databases (Scopus, PubMed); official documents of the Russian Federation, as well as international documents (legislative acts, programs, conventions, etc.) on infections related to the provision of medical care. The performed systematic literature analysis suggests that one of the main measures to prevent HCAI is hand hygiene. It was found that the maximum result in the prevention of HCAI can be achieved through the implementation of a multimodal approach. Based on available scientific research, 5 key points have been identified when hand hygiene is mandatory for healthcare professionals. It was concluded that HCAI prevention should be multimodal, with successful implementation of HCAI prevention requiring cultural shifts at the hospital level, and coordination at the national level is needed to address the serious threat posed by HCAI.

Restrictions on the Emission of a Digital Currency in a Central Reserve Bank for Minor Transactions

The objective of this study was to identify the challenges that the Central Reserve Bank of Peru has faced with the issuance of a digital currency that can be used as a substitute for cash in retail transactions. The study was carried out by using the hypothetical-deductive method with a basic descriptive approach rather than an experimental one. To estimate the probability of creating the Digital Currency of the Central Bank and the economic variables that explain its challenges and cross-sectional information obtained from the 2020 National Household Survey with the discrete choice model (Logit). According to the research results, i) the possibility of using a digital currency increases by 46.83% if you have a formal job compared to an informal job. ii) If the individual has an internet connection, the probability of using digital currency is 8.54%. iii) If he lives in a rural area, the probability of using digital currency is 1.79. iv) The educational level influences the probability of the use of digital currency by 1.47% if they have secondary education 16.34% have no higher education and 26.44% having university education. v) Individual’s age is important for the use of a digital currency. Older people are less likely to adapt to technology than people between the age of 18 and 24 with 8.74% use of digital currency. vi) People considered poor will have a probability of reduction of 2.26% by the use of digital currency. These findings allow the researcher to conclude that public policies should be undertaken to increase financial inclusion, close connectivity gaps and create alliances with private investment to enhance people's digital skills and the adoption of digital means of payment.

Work–life balance and work values as antecedents of job embeddedness: the case of Generation Y

PropósitoEl objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar el balance trabajo-vida y los valores laborales intrínsecos y extrínsecos como antecedentes del arraigo laboral. Asimismo, la teoría COR se utiliza como marco de estudio y así se contribuye a ampliar su campo de acción.Diseño/metodología/aproximaciónSe diseñó un estudio cuantitativo, siguiendo los lineamientos del método hipotético-deductivo. El modelo se valida en una muestra de 211 integrantes de la generación Y con experiencia laboral. Los datos se analizaron usando PLS-SEM.Hallazgosla investigación ha demostrado que el balance trabajo-vida es un antecedente del arraigo laboral para cada dimensión (vínculos, ajuste y sacrificio). En cuanto a los valores laborales, los resultados de la investigación indican que para la generación Y, son los valores intrínsecos los que son significativos.Originalidad/valorel arraigo laboral se ha estudiado en el marco de la teoría COR. De esta forma, se contribuye a ampliar el campo de acción de esta teoría en cuanto a la rotación voluntaria y los recursos tangibles o intangibles que influyen en ella. La literatura presenta opiniones diversas sobre lo que los miembros de la generación Y valoran en el lugar de trabajo y nuestros resultados muestran que aprecian el equilibrio entre la vida personal y laboral y los valores laborales intrínsecos. La muestra está compuesta por personas con experiencia laboral mientras que la investigación sobre la generación Y suele utilizar estudiantes. Las empresas podrán ofrecer beneficios más precisos para retener a la generación Y sobre la base de esta investigación.

Scale for the evaluation of visitor experiences in a shopping center in Cali, Colombia

This article presents the reliability and validity of a scale that evaluates the experiences of visitors to the shopping center in Cali - Colombia. The methodology is framed within a quantitative, descriptive, and causal approach, through the application of the hypothetical-deductive method. The variables considered in the measurement scale were determined from a theoretical review and content validation. To collect the information, a personal survey was administered to a sample of 343 customers. The validity and reliability of the scale was determined by Exploratory Factor Analysis, Cronbach's coefficient, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Among the main findings, it is highlighted that the scale shows high reliability and internal consistency since one factor explains 50% of the total accumulated variance and the total Cronbach's Alpha is 0.846. When the confirmatory model was applied, positive correlations were identified between the indicators and the variables and between the three variables. Therefore, the final scale consisted of three: subscales emotional experiences, sensory experiences, cognitive experiences, and 23 items.

Psychological mechanisms for the development of intelligence of the future officer

Introduction. Solving the problems of identifying and explaining the functioning of intelligence in the structure of personality involves at least two aspects: the first is aimed at its development and functioning, the second is aimed at establishing the mechanisms for the development of intelligence, manifested in the personality-subject mental reality. The author, consistently solving the problems of analyzing the mental mechanisms of the development of intelligence, identifies those, and also comes to the conclusion about which of them performs the syncretic function and the function of integration.Materials and Methods. To solve the problems defined in the article as the main methodology, the authors use systematic, activity-oriented, complex and axiological approaches focused on the analysis of intelligence and the features of its functioning. As the main research methods, theoretical (hypothetical-deductive method, conceptualization), general logical (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparison and analogy) and empirical (expert survey, observation, analysis of independent characteristics and results of activity) methods of scientific research are used.Results. Applying the methodology of systematic research for a consistent theoretical analysis of the real mental properties of a person and their manifestation in activity, the author comes to the conclusion that the main psychological mechanisms for the development of the intelligence of a future officer are adaptation, cultivation, internalization, exteriorization, intellectualization, existentialization. They are closely related to the social mechanisms of the formation of subjectivity, which include socialization, education, aestheticization, creativity and inclusion in joint activities. It has been established that a syncretic function in the development of the intelligence of a future officer in the structure of the psyche is performed by the mechanism of cultivation, ensuring the unity of the functioning of these processes in the mental reality of the subject.Discussion and Conclusions. The establishment of the mechanisms for the development of the intelligence of a future officer, their essence and structure, as well as the features of their functioning and interaction with other mental processes, allows us to comprehensively understand the process of development of the personality and subjectivity of a cadet in a military educational organization of higher education. The results of the study can be used in scientific research and in educational activities.

Inseminação artificial homóloga póstuma: análise bioética do planejamento familiar

Abstract This article discusses issues related to post mortem homologous artificial insemination. Taking as reference ethical norms that ensure the couple's free choice in family planning, the objective was to understand how such regulations would influence the accomplishment of this parental project. Using the hypothetical-deductive method, a literature review on bioethics and biolaw was carried out, in addition to a documentary research on the website of the Federal Council of Medicine. Then, reflections on the principle of autonomy of patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques were made, considering some of the repercussions of this technique on family and succession law. Finally, a description of the method of clinical casuistry is presented, being used by clinics as a parameter to make decisions and advise the surviving spouse about the problem of posthumous conception.

The current influence of social media on democratic debate, political parties and electioneering

This article provides an overview on how digital social media influences the debate and some of the major democratic organizations — namely political parties and electioneering campaigns. Its specific objectives are: i) to expose the debate about the democratic essence (or not) of the internet; ii) to analyze risk factors for democracy brought about by the digitization of social communications; iii) to study the transformations brought by the Internet to political parties and electoral campaigns. Results: i) what will define if there will still be the possibility of some democratic degree in the use of the internet will be the predominance of the forces (consumerist or communitarian) that build it; ii) immediacy, lack of moderation, lack of search for conformity and balance, anti-democratic technological strategies and technological colonialism expose the democratic debate to great risks of degradation; iii) participatoryism and disintermediation are ideological features of the new digitized parties that, at heart, hide a centralization around charismatic figures without a stable and fully definable electoral platform. It has a hypothetical-deductive method of procedure, qualitative approach, and bibliographic-documentary research technique.