Equivalence Hypothesis Research Articles

Consentimento com a conduta perigosa: uma análise sobre os critérios de interpretação dos casos de heterocolocação em perigo consentida

The present paper aims to assess the best way to define criteria for the interpretation of cases of consented endangerment of others. To this end, we first analyze the hypothesis of total equivalence between consented endangerment of others and participation in responsible self-endangerment. Then, we verify the possibility of interpreting consented endangerment of others from an attempt to equate it normatively with self-endangerment. It also analyzes the position of those who maintain that consented endangerment of others is nothing more than a form of consent. Finally, a starting point is outlined for the proper interpretation of the figure as consent to a dangerous conduct.

Ricardian equivalence or twin deficits hypothesis? Evidence from Serbia

This study investigates empirically whether higher budget deficits worsen the current account balance in Serbia, which is in line with the twin deficit hypothesis.This prediction is very different from Ricardian equivalence theory, which implies that a decrease in public savings is always anticipated via increased private savings. Hence, budget deficits have no impact on the current account balance. Based on quarterly data for the period between 2005 and 2020 and using a multivariate vector autoregression (VAR) model and a short-run structural VAR model, this paper confirms the twin deficit hypothesis in Serbia. More precisely, a 1 percentage point increase in the budget deficit (as a percentage of GDP) generates a 0.31 percentage point increase in the current account deficit (as a percentage of GDP). Moreover, the result is also confirmed using alternative estimation techniques (GMM and OLS method). According to these results, macroeconomic policymakers in Serbia should resort to policies that encourage fiscal consolidation to rectify or at least mitigate deterioration of the current account balance.

Is bad breath associated with dyspepsia? An association and an equivalence study

Halitosis affects all populations worldwide. The presence of chronic halitosis may be related to a health problem. Patients with bad breath usually seek a gastroenterologist and, in some cases, invasive and expensive exams, such as digestive endoscopy, are performed to investigate the etiology of halitosis. This study aimed to investigate whether the prevalence of bad breath in patients diagnosed with dyspepsia (any pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen) is higher than or equivalent to that in non-dyspeptic patients. This is a cross-sectional study that included 312 patients from university hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro (141 dyspeptic patients and 171 non-dyspeptic ones). The presence of halitosis was defined based on different cutoff points. Association analyses were performed using a log-binomial model and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the coefficients, adjusting for sex and age. The equivalence test (Westlake) was used to test the hypothesis of equivalence between the proportions of patients with bad breath in the two groups (dyspeptic vs. non-dyspeptic), considering an equivalence band of ± 15%. The prevalence of bad breath ranged from 30% to 64% according to the definition of bad breath. Dyspepsia was not associated with bad breath in any of the three definitions of bad breath (two specific ones and a sensitive one). The proportion of patients with marked bad breath was equivalent in patients with and without dyspepsia.

Impact of Deficit Financing and Trade Openness on Private Consumption in India

The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis claims that private consumption is neutral to the fiscal deficit and its mode of financing (debt vs tax). The study reinvestigates the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis in India by taking private consumption as the dependent variable, whereas government expenditure, government debt, tax, domestic income, and trade are considered as independent variables. In the Indian context, the Ricardian view raises an interesting point. If the Ricardian equivalence holds in the Indian economy, households alter their spending patterns and consequently increase their savings, making the policy changes ineffective. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach was applied to the annual time series data from 1988 to 2021. The estimates confirm a significant long-run and short-run relationship between the variables; the results reject the Ricardian Equivalence and propound the Keynesian approach that the mode of financing the fiscal deficit (debt vs tax) does matter to the private consumption expenditure. The estimates also assert the long-run relation between trade openness and private consumption spending. The positive and significant coefficient shows that an open economy leads to an increase in consumption, which indirectly supports the Compensation Hypothesis. Given that deficit financing and trade openness have a substantial influence on India’s consumer spending, it can be concluded that expansionary fiscal and liberal trade policies should be carefully devised and supported. This study contributes to the existing literature on the Ricardian equivalence and trade openness by presenting new evidence on designing sustainable fiscal policy by spending wisely without imperilling the country’s consumption expenditure and global presence.

Public / Private Investment Linkages: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis

The issue of whether public investment crowds out or crowds in private investment has received considerable attention in the economic literature. Most of the empirical studies that examined the long run stable association between public and private investment have focused on examining this relationship for the developed countries with very little attention on the developing countries. The empirical results of these studies, however, are highly controversial. The existing empirical studies in this area can be divided into three categories. The studies in the first category including Barro (1974), Kormendi (1983), and Feldstein (1982) have examined the empirical implications of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis (REH). The empirical results of most of the studies in this category were supportive of the REH. Seater (1993) argues that good empirical studies generally provide evidence in support of the REH; however, some studies refute it owing to the lake of econometric accuracy.

Novel Mathematical Design of Triple-Tuned Filters for Harmonics Distortion Mitigation

The design of AC filters must meet the criteria of harmonic distortion mitigation and reactive power support in various operating modes. The stringent reactive power-sharing requirements currently lead to sophisticated filter schemes with high component ratings. In this regard, triple-tuned filters (TTFs) have good potential in harmonic mitigation of a broad range of harmonics. In the literature, the TTF design has been presented using a parametric method, assuming that the TTF is equivalent to a three-arm single-tuned filter (TASTF). However, no direct methods of designing it or finding its optimal parameters have been provided. This paper presents novel mathematical designs of TTFs. Three different design methods are considered—the direct triple-tuned filter (DTTF) design method, as a TASTF, and a method based on the equivalence between the two design methods called the equivalence hypothesis method to design the triple-tuned filter (EHF). The parameters of the three proposed design methods are optimized based on the minimization of a proposed multi-objective function using a recent metaheuristic algorithm called artificial rabbits optimization (ARO) to mitigate harmonics, improve power quality, and minimize power losses in an exemplary system presented in IEEE STD-519. Further, the system’s performance has been compared to the system optimized by the ant lion optimizer (ALO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Simulation results emphasized harmonics mitigation in the system, the system losses reduction, and power quality improvement with lower reactive power filter ratings than conventional single and double-tuned filters.

Equivalence tests before end of follow-up under the class of log transformation model

ABSTRACT One important topic in clinical trials is to show that the effects of new and standard treatments are equivalent in terms of clinical relevance. In literature, many equivalence tests based on the maximal difference between two survival functions for the two treatments over the whole time axis have been proposed. However, since survival times can only be observed until the end of follow-up, an equivalence test should be based on a comparison only in the observed time-window dictated by the end of follow-up. In this article, under the class of log transformation model, we propose an asymptotical -level equivalence test for the difference between two survival functions that only addresses equivalence until the end of follow-up. We demonstrate that the hypothesis of equivalence of two survival functions before the end of follow-up can be formulated as interval-based hypothesis testing which involves the treatment effect parameter. Simulation results indicate that when sample size is sufficiently large the proposed test controls the type I error effectively and performs well at detecting the equivalence. The proposed test is applied to a dataset from veteran’s administration lung cancer trial.

Simulation of ductile fracture propagation using the elastoplastic phase-field damage method calibrated by ultrasonic wave velocity measurement

The phase-field damage theory has become a powerful approach to estimate crack propagation via the finite element method (FEM). The sharp crack is smeared into a diffusive fracture propagation zone within a length scale parameter (ℓ). However, the calibration of the phase-field damage model is still difficult, especially for the length scale parameter, which is difficult to directly observe and accurately measure in laboratory testing. In most numerical studies, the length scale parameter is arbitrarily determined as the minimum element size in FEM. However, the selection of the length scale parameter may largely affect the accuracy of the phase-field model. Also, most current phase-field models only consider elasticity and few studies further consider the ductile (plastic) fracture propagation, since the plastic recoverable energy does not have a convincing form. In this study, we aim to calibrate the elastoplastic phase-field damage model based on the traditional continuum damage mechanics, with the assistance of ultrasonic wave velocity measurement. The traditional damage variable can be back-calculated from the drop of P wave velocity, following the energy equivalence hypothesis. This traditional damage variable is shown to be consistent with the phase-field damage variable as calculated in our proposed elastoplastic phase-field damage model. Therefore, the length scale parameter can be determined from fitting the rock damage evolution. The plastic flow and its corresponding plastic-free energy are considered, using a phenomenological function obeying preliminary thermodynamic assumptions. The proposed model shows good consistency with laboratory observations. Numerical implementation of the proposed model was achieved by inserting it into COMSOL Multiphysics using a weak form formulation. This paper introduces a pragmatic approach to calibrate the phase-field damage model based on laboratory testing results.

A Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Model Based on Constant Life Diagrams for Polymer Fiber-Reinforced Laminates.

In the last decade, fatigue damage models for fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been developed assuming the fracture energy equivalence hypothesis. These models are able to predict a fatigue life of composite laminates, but their identification requires a significant number of off-axial tests for various stress ratios. The present study proposes the stress ratio dependent model, which phenomenologically adopts a decrease in stiffness and residual strength of a unique ply according to experimental constant life diagrams. Hashin, Tsai-Hill, and the maximum stress failure criteria are utilized for damage initiation considering the residual strength of the ply. The obtained results indicate a sufficiency of using S-N curves for UD 0°, UD 45°, and UD 90° for identification of the model. The model was verified by S-N curves for UD 10°, UD 15°, and UD 30° and its applicability was demonstrated for prediction of a fatigue life of composite laminates with an arbitrary lay-up. The model is implemented into ABAQUS finite element software as a user subroutine.

Damage constitutive model of brittle rock under uniaxial compression based on linear energy dissipation law

Considering the linear energy dissipation law under uniaxial compression, a damage characterization of rocks including the compression energy dissipation coefficient is proposed, which can make the existing damage calculation formula more quantitative. Damage variables of brittle rocks can be directly calculated by using the compression energy dissipation coefficient and the input strain energy of rock under uniaxial compression. Furthermore, because the classical strain equivalence hypothesis has a large error in describing the constitutive relation of rock, a correction coefficient considering the compaction effect is introduced to modify the classical model. The modified model is extended to single-cyclic loading–unloading conditions, and the corresponding constitutive equation is established to further verify the applicability of the damage model and correction coefficient. The conventional uniaxial compression and single-cyclic loading–unloading uniaxial compression models are validated with experimental results of four typical brittle rocks. The results show that the theoretical curves are highly coincident with the actual stress–strain curves, indicating that the established damage constitutive model can accurately reflect the conventional uniaxial compression and single-cyclic loading–unloading processes of rocks. The new model in this paper considers the linear energy dissipation and compaction effect, which provides an insight for the study of brittle rock constitutive model from the perspective of energy.

Structural Cohesion, Role Equivalence, or Homophily: Which Process Best Explains Social Homogeneity?

Social homogeneity, understood as the similarity of perceptions and attitudes that individuals display toward the environment around them, is explained by the relational context in which they are immersed. However, there is no consensus about which relational mechanism best explains social homogeneity. The purpose of this research is to find out which of the three classical relational processes most studied in network analysis (structural cohesion, role equivalence, or homophily) is more determinant in explaining social homogeneity. To achieve the research objective, 110 professionals (psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators) implementing a psychosocial care program in three regions of Northwest Colombia were interviewed. Different types of relationships among professionals were analyzed using network analysis techniques. To examine the structural cohesion hypothesis, interveners were categorized according to the level of structural cohesion by performing core-periphery analysis in the networks evaluated; to test the role equivalence hypothesis, participants were categorized according to their level of degree centrality in the networks examined; to test the homophily hypothesis, participants were grouped according to the level of homophily in terms of professional profile. The non-parametric tests showed that role equivalence was the most powerful mechanism for explaining social homogeneity in the sample of psychosocial interveners evaluated.

Derivation of 9-parameter affine 3D geodetic datum transformations

This paper proposes a new method of deriving 9-parameter affine 3D datum transformations by ordinary least-squares. Unlike previous methods, it covers all versions of the transformation. Initially, an ‘average’ scale factor is computed by distance analysis. Removing the scaling effect, the ‘RIGOPT’ subroutine is applied to optimise the rigid transformation that consists of 3 translations and 3 rotations. Using an equivalent enlargement hypothesis, the number of scale factors is increased to 3 by a short series of single-search-direction optimisations. The minimisation of residuals is verified by enclosing-interval analysis. The case studies cover datasets in Western Australia, Great Britain and Sweden.

GOVERNMENT DEBT VS. CONSUMPTION: TESTING RICARDIAN EQUIVALENCE IN SIX ASEAN COUNTRIES

<p>Fiscal policy in the form of government debt becomes an exciting debate using the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis. Because the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis is opposite to Keynes's theory, the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis assumes that the community behaves rationally; government debt at this time will lead to a public burden in the future, and government debt will not affect society's consumption. This study examines the validity of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis in six ASEAN countries using secondary data on household consumption, government debt, gross domestic product (GDP), government expenditure, and tax revenue. The study uses a data panel model in the period following the Asian crisis in 1998 and the period following the global crisis in 2008. The aftermath of the Asian crisis showed a variable of government debt, gross domestic product, and government expenditure with a significant overpost on household consumption. In contrast, the tax revenue variable negatively affected household consumption. The results estimation of the global post-crisis estimate es indicate gross domestic product variable with significant overage on household consumption while the government debt variable, government expenditure, and tax revenue have a negative relationship to household consumption.</p>

Fracture behavior and damage evolution model of sandstone containing a single pre-existing flaw under discontinuous fatigue loading

The process of disaster incubating in deep rock mass engineering is mainly related to the fracture behavior and damage mechanism of the rock mass. This paper proposes a new damage model based on Lemaitre's equivalent strain hypothesis with improved Harris distribution and laboratory discontinuous fatigue loading test (DFLT). Firstly, discontinuous fatigue loading tests were carried out on the jointed sandstone specimens and acoustic emission (AE) was used as a research tool. Based on the b-value and AF-RA theory, the failure mode of specimens was further explored in terms of the crack evolution process and crack classification. Meanwhile, digital image correlation (DIC) techniques were used to analyze the evolution of the deformation field on the surface of the specimen. Subsequently, the fracture morphological characteristics of the rock masses were analyzed from a microscopic perspective by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The investigations found that in a short time, the low-level constant load will lead to the interlocking of particles inside the rock mass, reduced incremental coupled damage, and enhanced plasticity “with” reducing the coupled damage increment and enhancing the plasticity, thereby inhibiting the damage growth rate. In addition, as the stress level increases, the friction between the grains intensifies, the cuttings and roughness of the fracture surface increase, the fatigue softening effect is enhanced, and the specimen gradually transforms from brittle failure to ductile failure. At the same time, the proportion of stress-induced tensile cracks and shear cracks gradually increased, resulting in the specimen finally presenting tensile-shear composite failure.

Experimental and numerical study on fracture characteristics and constitutive model of sandstone under freeze-thaw-fatigue

The present paper proposes a whole-process constitutive model of rock mass under freeze-thaw-fatigue based on the Drucker-Prager criterion and the Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis and by using a Weibull distribution. The fracture characteristics of rock mass under freeze-thaw-fatigue are studied from a macro and mesoscopic perspective, by using the discrete element method and acoustic emission technology. The results show that as the number of freeze-thaw treatments increases, the b value fluctuation amplitude of the rock mass at fatigue failure decreases, the shear crack increases, the anisotropy of the mesoscopic force field enhances, and the required energy decreases, and the rock burst tendency weakens.

Mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of concrete under low-temperature action

• Mechanical properties of concrete subjected to cyclic loading and unloading after low-temperature action are studied. • A damage constitutive model of concrete after low-temperature action considering temperature and load effects is proposed. • Variations of the damage amount of concrete with strain are investigated. To study the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties and damage characteristics of concrete, a static uniaxial compression test, splitting tensile test, and cyclic loading and unloading tests were conducted on concrete specimens cured for three different periods (3 d, 7 d, and 28 d) under three different temperatures (20 ℃, −10 ℃, and −15 ℃). Subsequently, a damage constitutive model and a damage evolution equation for the concrete at different temperatures were established based on the equivalent effect variation hypothesis, Weibull and Lognormal distribution statistical theory. The stress–strain curves of the concrete specimens at different temperatures were found to be similar at the same age, all of them exhibiting five stages. With decreasing temperature, the mass loss rate of concrete increased, whereas the longitudinal wave velocity, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength decreased. Under cyclic loading and unloading, the loading modulus of concrete at different temperatures and curing ages was slightly lower than the unloading modulus in the last loading and unloading cycle. The input energy density required for concrete cured for 3 d and 7 d at different temperatures was less than that required for concrete cured for 28 d. The findings of this study provide a reference for the analysis and design of concrete structures following low-temperature action.

Percolation Threshold of Red-Bed Soft Rock during Damage and Destruction

The critical damage point of the red-bed soft rock percolation phenomenon can be described as the percolation threshold. At present, there are insufficient theoretical and experimental studies on the percolation phenomenon and threshold of red-bed soft rock. In combination with theoretical analysis, compression experiment and numerical simulation, the percolation threshold and destruction of red-bed soft rock are studied in this paper. The theoretical percolation threshold of red-bed soft rock was obtained by constructing a renormalization group model of soft rock. Based on damage mechanics theory, rock damage characterization and strain equivalent hypothesis, a constitutive model of red-bed soft rock percolation damage was obtained. The percolation threshold of red-bed soft rock was determined by compression test and a damage constitutive model, which verified the rationality of the theoretical percolation threshold, and we numerically simulated the percolation of red-bed soft rock under triaxial compression. The results showed that the percolation threshold increases as the confining pressure rises, but decreases significantly with the action of water. In this study, the critical failure conditions and percolation characteristics of red-bed soft rock under different conditions were obtained. The relationship between percolation and soft rock failure was revealed, providing a new direction for studying the unstable failure of red-bed soft rock.

Quantification of hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes in intracerebral hemorrhage study: Design considerations in an artificial intelligence validation (QUANTUM) study.

Hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes are important radiographic markers in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Accurate, reliable, and efficient quantification of these volumes will be paramount to their utility as measures of treatment effect in future clinical studies. Both manual and semi-automated quantification methods of hematoma and perihematomal edema volumetry are time-consuming and susceptible to inter-rater variability. Efforts are now underway to develop a fully automated algorithm that can replace them. A (QUANTUM) study to establish inter-quantification method measurement equivalency, which deviates from the traditional use of measures of agreement and a comparison hypothesis testing paradigm to indirectly infer quantification method measurement equivalence, is described in this article. The Quantification of Hematoma and Perihematomal Edema Volumes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage study aims to determine whether a fully automated quantification method and a semi-automated quantification method for quantification of hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes are equivalent to the hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes of the manual quantification method. Hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage on 252 computed tomography scans will be prospectively quantified in random order by six raters using the fully automated, semi-automated, and manual quantification methods. Primary outcome measures for hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes will be quantified via computed tomography scan on admission (<24 h from symptom onset) and on day 3 (72 ± 12 h from symptom onset), respectively. Equivalence hypothesis testing will be conducted to determine if the hematoma and perihematomal edema volume measurements of the fully automated and semi-automated quantification methods are within 7.5% of the hematoma and perihematomal edema volume measurements of the manual quantification reference method. By allowing direct equivalence hypothesis testing, the Quantification of Hematoma and Perihematomal Edema Volumes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage study offers advantages over radiology validation studies which utilize measures of agreement to indirectly infer measurement equivalence and studies which mistakenly try to infer measurement equivalence based on the failure of a comparison two-sided null hypothesis test to reach the significance level for rejection. The equivalence hypothesis testing paradigm applied to artificial intelligence application validation is relatively uncharted and warrants further investigation. The challenges encountered in the design of this study may influence future studies seeking to translate artificial intelligence medical technology into clinical practice.

Checking the Validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis: Analysis from Developed and Developing Countries

Checking the Validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis: Analysis from Developed and Developing Countries

Hypothesis testing methods for multi-reader multi-case studies

ABSTRACT Rationale and Objectives: Multi-reader multi-case (MRMC) studies are widely used to compare the diagnostic accuracies of different imaging modalities. Although Dorfman–Berbaum–Metz (DBM) method is the most popular one among the MRMC methods, the adaptions of ANOVA statistic for linear mixed model (LMM) are not based on solid theory and the assumption of ANOVA that all groups have the same number of samples might not be met in some situations. The purpose of the article is to investigate whether the statistics for testing fixed effect in linear mixed model can yield a closer type I error rate to nominal level. Materials and Methods: We proposed to use the statistics such as likelihood ratio test (LRT) and Wald statistic to test the hypothesis of equivalence in several imaging modalities. Extensive simulations were conducted and the application to a clinical example dataset was illustrated. Results: The simulation results showed the type I error rates of Wald statistic were closer to the nominal level under many simulated situations, especially when the simulated data was ordinal and the number of diseased and non-diseased were 100. Conclusion: The Wald statistic whose degrees of freedom ware approximated by Satterthwaite's method showed competitive performance, indicating the potential of the statistic applied in DBM model for MRMC analysis.