Compensation Hypothesis Research Articles

How does OTT social viewing relieve pandemic-related depressive symptoms? Investigating the moderated mediation model of social connectedness and network types

ABSTRACT After the outbreak of COVID-19, people have lacked offline social opportunities and had to focus their energy on online social activities. While some researchers have proposed that both anxiety and depression have increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, previous studies have provided evidence that people have mitigated negative emotions during the health crisis by using online services. In this manner, the pandemic-induced increase in online activity has significantly boosted global demand for online video services (Over-the-Top, OTT). OTT social viewing refers to the act of interacting with other users while simultaneously watching content through the social viewing service provided by OTT service providers. Drawing on the social compensation hypothesis and social capital theory, we surveyed people who experienced COVID-19-related depression and used Watch party, a key OTT social viewing service in Korea. The study reveals that while social media alone did not directly alleviate COVID-19-related depression, emotional stability was regained through building social connectedness via online activities. Furthermore, the study highlights that in OTT social viewing, the quality of interactions, rather than the quantity, was more crucial for forming social connectedness.

Enhancing or Compensating? Role of On- and Offline Social Capital and Technological Self-Efficacy on Subjective Well-Being among Immigrants and Natives.

The ability and self-efficacy to utilize the internet and technological devices has become critical during the COVID-19 pandemic. By examining the role of on- and offline social capital as a moderator in the relationship between technological self-efficacy (TSE) and subjective well-being, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of whether the social compensation or social enhancement hypotheses explain the well-being of immigrants in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data from the 2020 Digital Divide Survey of immigrants (n = 700) and native-born Koreans (n = 6,910) aged ≥18 years. In the ordinary least squares regression model, subjective well-being (SWB) was the dependent variable and TSE was the independent variable. Online social capital, including bonding and bridging, was the moderating variable. Moreover, we tested the moderated moderation of nativity and on- and offline social capital. The results showed that bonding and bridging on- and offline social capital played a positive role in the SWB of both immigrants and native-born Koreans; bridging played a greater role among immigrants than among native-born Koreans. Furthermore, the interaction between TSE and online bonding social capital has a stronger association with the SWB of immigrants, as supported by the moderated moderation model. In line with the social enhancement hypothesis, immigrants with more online bonding social capital showed a stronger positive association between TSE and subjective well-being. Our results suggest that culturally adapted technological education for immigrants can be tailored to meet their unique needs and experiences.

Is compensation a myth? Modelling the use of public and private urban green spaces in relation to the geographical context

The compensation hypothesis postulates that the absence of green spaces in residential areas leads to a greater use of public green spaces and nature in general. This paper tests this hypothesis by focusing on the use of public and private urban green spaces. A holistic approach is adopted that considers the complexity of residential context and the use of urban, peripheral and private green spaces. A survey was conducted in two medium-sized French cities (Dijon and Besançon) to identify how their green spaces were used and perceived. The residential context was described through multiple spatial and environmental metrics (physical and visual access to nature, noise level, private green space area) that were GIS-referenced to postal addresses. On the basis of that data, the compensation hypothesis was explored using a PLS path model. The results show the absence of compensatory behaviour when considering just the overall relationships between the use of different types of green spaces. However, conditional compensatory behaviours can be detected when allowance is made for other variables (physical and visual accessibility to nature, type of housing, dwelling floor area, noise level). These results remain dependent on the geographical context of the city, with a higher compensation effect where natural areas are less accessible.

Social Anxiety, Perceptions of Social Support, and Behavior in Anticipation of Online Peer Interaction

Abstract: Most Americans aged 18–49 use social media ( Atske, 2021 ). The social compensation ( McKenna & Bargh, 2000 ) and social enhancement ( Kraut et al., 2002 ) hypotheses offer two frameworks for understanding online social behavior, yet the evidence for these hypotheses is mixed. Two factors that may be important to consider in the context of online social behavior are social anxiety symptoms ( Weidman et al., 2012 ) and perceived social support ( O’Day & Heimberg, 2021 ). This study aimed to understand how online social behavior may be associated with social anxiety and perceived social support. Participants ( N = 303) completed self-report measures of social anxiety symptoms and perceived social support, as well as a task designed to simulate online social interactions. Participants who mentioned social activities in a mock social media profile had significantly lower social anxiety and significantly higher perceived social support than those who did not. There were no significant associations between social anxiety or perceived social support and the number of people with whom participants expressed interest in interacting. Participants with higher perceived social support indicated that they wanted to maximize their chances of interacting with another person. Overall, these findings provide some support for the social enhancement hypotheses. Further research is needed to disentangle how social anxiety and perceived social support may be relevant to online social behavior.

Reproductive consequences of the interaction Trypanosoma cruzi − Triatoma infestans and its trade-off with survival

Relative little is known about fitness effects and life history trade-off of Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatoma infestans, the main vector of Chagas disease in Argentina. Previous studies revealed some costs related to development, excretion, and toxicology or their possible trade-offs, but none address effects on reproduction. To study the effect of T. cruzi infection on reproductive efficiency and survival of T. infestans we set up four treatments: both genders uninfected, both genders infected, female infected – males uninfected and female uninfected − males infected. The infection was induced during the third, fourth, and fifth nymphal instars. Reproductive efficiency and longevity variables were recorded. Our results showed that the infection by T. cruzi increased reproductive efficiency and reduced survival of T. infestans. Pairs where one or both individuals were infected presented a greater percentage copulation, of egg-laying females, the onset of copulation and oviposition occurred earlier, and age-specific fecundity was notably higher. Regarding fertility, infected females displayed higher rates irrespective of the infective status of the male counterpart. A reduction in longevity was observed in infected males and females. These findings highlighted that the infection significantly alters the trade-off reproductive efficiency-survival of T. infestans, with the impact differing according to the infection status of each gender, suggesting a complex interplay rather than a simple additive effect. This response corresponds to the reproductive compensation hypothesis.

Females increase reproductive investment when mated to less sexually attractive males in a serially monogamous fish

Reproductive investment decision is an integral part of life-history theory. Differential allocation hypothesis predicts that females should increase investment when mated to high-quality males, conversely, reproductive compensation hypothesis predicts that females should increase investment when mated to low-quality males. Empirical research dominantly focuses on polygamous species and rarely on serially monogamous species. So, the question remains: which hypothesis does serially monogamous species fit? And if it fits reproductive compensation hypothesis, do females only compensate once or continuously for multiple times when mating to low-quality males? Here, we used a serially monogamous fish, the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus), to investigate the reproductive investment pattern of females in relation to male quality (measured by sexual attractiveness). We found that females allocated more resources into eggs when they mated to less-sexually-attractive males, indicating the investment pattern of lined seahorse falls in with the prediction of reproductive compensation hypothesis. This finding may imply that the sex role of seahorses is reversed, and female is the side imposed on a greater sexual selection pressure. On this basis, we compared the investment difference of females in two consecutive breeding events when mated to less-sexually-attractive males. We found that females allocated less resources into eggs in the second breeding than in the first one. Females reduced their reproductive compensation in the second breeding, which may be attributed to the improvement in the quality (e.g., paternal care ability) of their mates after the first breeding, thus eliminating the need for them to invest more in the second breeding.

Rise From the Ashes: The Modeling–Compensation Hypothesis Applied to Parent Financial Socialization

According to family financial socialization theory and previous research, parent financial modeling (i.e., children learning financial matters by observing parental behavior) is positively associated with emerging adults’ financial behaviors and financial outcomes. However, qualitative evidence and the modeling–compensation hypothesis suggest that emerging adults can intentionally compensate for negative modeling (i.e., those whose parents performed bad financial behaviors can intentionally enact good behaviors themselves). Using a diverse sample of 4,182 US emerging adults, this study is the first to quantitatively explore the modeling–compensation hypothesis in the context of parent financial modeling. We identified four groups: Intergenerational Financial Flourishers (received positive modeling and were good money managers; 56.6%), Financial Phoenixes (received negative modeling and were good money managers; 21.6%), Socialization Squanderers (received positive modeling and were bad money managers; 15.9%), and Intergenerational Financial Flounderers (received negative modeling and were bad money managers; 5.9%). In terms of financial outcomes (financial independence, financial satisfaction, and financial distress), the Intergenerational Financial Flourishers were the best off, followed by the Financial Phoenixes. Thus, while high-quality parent financial modeling is ideal, there is hope for those who received negative modeling, and financial educators and practitioners can help.

Ethnic, Linguistic, and Religious Heterogeneity and Preferences for Public Goods and Redistribution in Latin America

One of the most prominent political-economic arguments is that heterogeneity undermines support for public goods and redistribution. Past research, however, has been mostly cross-sectional, used weak measures of heterogeneity, under-studied Latin America, and did not examine the multiple bases of heterogeneity. We assess negative (fractionalization and between-group inequality [BGI]) and positive (compensation) hypotheses with time-varying measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious heterogeneity. We analyze four different preferences using up to six survey waves with over 200,000 Americas Barometer respondents across 24 Latin American and Caribbean countries. We estimate both fixed-effects models focusing on within-country variation and multilevel models focusing on between-country variation. Regardless of estimation technique, the prevailing pattern is statistical insignificance for both heterogeneity and BGI coefficients. The results largely contradict the fractionalization hypothesis, as only four of the 108 relevant heterogeneity coefficients are significantly negative. There is slightly more support for the BGI hypothesis, and especially ethnic BGI. Still, most BGI coefficients are insignificant and linguistic BGI is significantly positive in most models. The compensation hypothesis receives more support, as almost half of the heterogeneity coefficients are significantly positive. We conclude by cautioning against universal claims that heterogeneity undermines support for public goods and redistribution.

Does Facebook Use Provide Social Benefits to Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury?

Drawing on the social compensation hypothesis, this study investigates whether Facebook use facilitates social connectedness for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common and debilitating medical condition that often results in social isolation. In a survey (N = 104 participants; n = 53 with TBI, n = 51 without TBI), individuals with TBI reported greater preference for self-disclosure on Facebook (vs. face-to-face) compared to noninjured individuals. For noninjured participants, a preference for Facebook self-disclosure was associated with the enactment of relational maintenance behaviors on Facebook, which was then associated with greater closeness with Facebook friends. However, no such benefits emerged for individuals with TBI, whose preference for Facebook self-disclosure was not associated with relationship maintenance behaviors on Facebook, and did not lead to greater closeness with Facebook friends. These findings show that the social compensation hypothesis has partial utility in the novel context of TBI, and suggest the need for developing technological supports to assist this vulnerable population on social media platforms.

Structural Tectonic Scheme Creation Based on Seismic-Gravity Models and Isostasy Usage: Ural Case

Process of Earth’s density models creation leads to the solution of direct and inverse gravimetry problems. The inverse problem of gravimetry is a classic example of an ill-posed problem: in the common statement, its solution is not unique and unstably depends on input data. Therefore, it is necessary to determine solutions belonging substantial sets of correctness, choosing reasonable models of an initial approximation. In this paper the application of complex interpretation methods of seismic and gravitational data for the creation of three-dimensional models of crust and the upper mantle are presented. Original algorithms and programs were developed for implementation of these methods. They contain solution of non-linear (structural) inverse problem and the solution of the linear three-dimensional inverse problem taking note of the side sources. Coefficients of the “density-velocity” correlation formulas for a number of geo-traverses were defined. Also, we suggest a technique of tectonic maps construction, which is based on the lithostatic pressure calculation. Its idea can be applied to both two- and three-dimensional cases. In the 2D case we show the way to split the mantle to blocks with vertical boundaries. If lithostatic compensation hypothesis is adopted, the method also allows one to calculate density value for each block. Such separation of the mantle helps to diminish discrepancy between model and observed fields. In 3D case we suggest a method, which can be used to construct tectonic structure maps with information about approximate depth and height of each tectonic block.

Globalization and Liberalization in Social Policy Expansion: Testing the Compensation and Efficiency Hypotheses in Brazil

This article examines four potential strategies of the Brazilian welfare system in the face of increasing liberalization and globalization since the 1970s. We test whether liberalization and economic globalization hurt the expansion of social expenditure (the efficiency hypothesis or race to the bottom hypothesis) or whether the welfare system expands as a response to the volatility caused by liberalization and globalization (compensation hypothesis). We employ time-series regression analysis to panel data from 1970 to 2015. We controlled for economic (wealth and GDP growth) and political factors (strength of the left and effective competition of parties in the lower house). We identify different strategies followed by the welfare system through the period analyzed. However, two strategies are dominant in the long run: A neoliberal strategy when the impact of globalization is considered (efficiency hypothesis) and an embedded neoliberal strategy when the effect of liberalization is pondered (compensation hypothesis).

FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT PT. SURYA ASIA ABADI

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of compensation, motivation, work stress and work environment on employee performance. The population in this study is all employees at PT Surya Asia Abadi in Pekanbaru in 2022 totaling 38 people. The number of samples used is 38 people in accordance with the number of employees at PT Surya Asia Abadi who will be studied using the census method. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results of testing the compensation hypothesis have a positive and significant influence, motivation has a positive and significant influence and the work environment has a positive and significant influence on employee performance, while work stress has a negative and significant effect on employee performance.

Frequency Rather Than Intensity Drives Projected Changes of Rainfall Events in Brazil

AbstractExtreme rainfall events are expected to intensify with global warming, posing significant challenges to both human and natural environments. Despite the importance of such assessments, they are unevenly widespread across the globe. Here, using bias corrected climate simulations of the latest phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we provide a comprehensive assessment on how different rainfall events are expected to change across Brazil. Specifically, (a) we explored the projected changes in both intensity and frequency of rainfall events belonging to the right‐tail of the rainfall distribution using a non‐parametric approach, and (b) quantified how rainfall events associate with different return periods are expected to intensify, using a parametric approach. We found that extreme rainfall events will become more frequent and intense by the end of the century, with averaged projected changes for rainfall exceeding the historical rainfall quantile q0.99 of nearly 100% and 10% on frequency and intensity, respectively. Non‐extreme rainfall events, in contrast, are expected to be less frequent, aligning with the compensation hypothesis. For instance, Brazilian 100‐year rainfall are anticipated to intensify, on average, 17% and 31% under the moderate and the highest CMIP6 emission scenarios, respectively. Finally, our findings suggest that frequency, rather than intensity, dictates the projected changes of rainfall. We believe that the evidence gathered here will certainly contribute to not only an improved understanding of Brazilian rainfall events but also to a better comprehension of the different rainfall properties, their interplay and how the different ways of assessing them may affect climate studies.

Late Quaternary Dynamics of Landscape and Climate in the North of the West Siberian Plain Revealed by Paleoecological Studies of Peat and Lake Sediments

West Siberian mires covering more than 50% of area in the subarctic are still poorly investigated despite their thick peat sediments suitable for paleogeographic research of past long-term landscape and climatic changes. In this research, a combination of paleoecological methods were used, including the analysis of pollen, spores, diatoms, NPPs, and macrofossils, the measurement of peat humification, and quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction. This multi-proxy approach was applied to study a palsa bog (frost peat heave mound) located in the north of western Siberia on the border of the northern taiga and forest–tundra (65°18′56″ N, 72°52′27″ E). Chronology is based on 21 radiocarbon dates, which were calibrated in CLAM. Studies have shown that sediments of palsa bog Nadym of a 1050 cm thickness were formed both in the Holocene and earlier periods of the Quaternary. Radiocarbon dating worked well for peat sequences (610 cm thick), but failed for underlying lacustrine and mineral sediments (440 cm thick). Numerous remains of salt-water diatoms and exotic Neogene pollen were found in the lacustrine sediments (650–850 cm). The oldest sediments (850–1050 cm) have signs of secondary epicryogenic diagenesis in the form of cryogenic iron-enriched granules. Both lacustrine and bottom sediments contain abundant coniferous pollen. At the same time, spore–pollen complexes dated to the Last Glacial Age were not found in low sediments because of failed dates. To explain this, the authors turn to the hypothesis of glyacioisostatic compensation, according to which the study area was uplifted during the Last Glacial Age and the ancient deposits underwent secondary diagenesis in subaerial conditions. Holocene lacustrine sedimentation began to form about 9800 cal. a BP. These lacustrine sediments turned out to be enriched in redeposited Neogene pollen and diatoms. It was interpreted as an influence of excess humid climate in combination with geological subsidence of landscape in the study area during the Early Holocene. This caused lake formation and introduction of exotic microfossils via surface run-off from higher-relief areas in the catchment. Syngenetic sedimentation in the Nadym section is associated only with peat-mire deposits covering the last 8400 cal. a BP. For this time, the dynamic of vegetation cover and quantitative changes in paleoclimate were reconstructed using spore–pollen, macrofossil, humus, and NPP data as well as the information–statistical method of V.A. Klimanov. The spore–pollen analysis revealed four main phases in the development of vegetation cover: 1. Spruce–birch forests with open meadows and lakes (8400–7600 cal. a BP); 2. Dominance of spruce forests and thawed eutrophic (minerotrophic) mires (7600 to 6500 cal. a BP); 3. Coniferous–birch forests and thawed mesotrophic mires (6500 to 4500 cal. a BP); 4. Birch–pine forests and oligotrophic (ombrotrophic) bogs with permafrost mounds—palsa bogs (approx. the last 4500 years). Quantitative reconstructions of paleoclimate based on pollen data show that in most cases the periods of a sharp decrease in mean January and mean July temperatures coincided with episodes of low solar activity. The assumption was made about the determining influence of solar activity on the formation of permafrost in the soils and mires of the study area. Sun minima caused permafrost formation in the mire periodically since 8400 cal. a BP in study peatland, but complete freezing of the peat mire and formation of the palsa bog occurred at c. 2800 cal. a BP.

Testing the Rodrik Hypothesis in Turkiye

In this study, the effect of globalization on government size is investigated for the period 1970-2019 in Turkiye. In the study, four different globalization indexes, namely general, social, political and economic, are used to represent the globalization variable. Four different models are created for each globalization index and Fractional Frequency Fourier ADF Test, RALS-ADL and RALS-EG2 cointegration tests are used as analysis methods. Model estimations are made with FOLS and DOLS methods. As a result of the analysis, the effect of economic globalization on government size is positive in all models. In other words, it is concluded that the compensation hypothesis is valid for Turkiye.

Maternal investment in arranged and self-choice marriages: A test of the reproductive compensation and differential allocation hypothesis in humans

The Reproductive Compensation (RC) hypothesis and the Differential Allocation (DA) hypothesis predict that parents who mate under constraint will either increase or decrease, respectively, their reproductive effort and investment in offspring. One possible type of mate choice constraint in humans is arranged marriage in which parents or others choose mates. To test the RC and DA hypotheses in humans, we examine whether there are differences in parental investment between women in arranged marriages and those in self-choice marriages using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (n = 8393). Marriage type does not significantly correlate with parental investment except for fertility outcomes where women in self-choice marriages had more live births, living children, and greater marital fertility than woman in arranged marriages. Our findings better support the DA hypothesis than the RC hypothesis. We conclude that, like many other species, free mate choice is associated with increased reproductive success in this sample of humans.

Gene dosage compensation: Origins, criteria to identify compensated genes, and mechanisms including sensor loops as an emerging systems-level property in cancer.

The gene dosage compensation hypothesis presents a mechanism through which the expression of certain genes is modulated to compensate for differences in the dose of genes when additional chromosomes are present. It is one of the means through which cancer cells actively cope with the potential damaging effects of aneuploidy, a hallmark of most cancers. Dosage compensation arises through several processes, including downregulation or overexpression of specific genes and the relocation of dosage-sensitive genes. In cancer, a majority of compensated genes are generally thought to be regulated at the translational or post-translational level, and include the basic components of a compensation loop, including sensors of gene dosage and modulators of gene expression. Post-translational regulation is mostly undertaken by a general degradation or aggregation of remaining protein subunits of macromolecular complexes. An increasingly important role has also been observed for transcriptional level regulation. This article reviews the process of targeted gene dosage compensation in cancer and other biological conditions, along with the mechanisms by which cells regulate specific genes to restore cellular homeostasis. These mechanisms represent potential targets for the inhibition of dosage compensation of specific genes in aneuploid cancers. This article critically examines the process of targeted gene dosage compensation in cancer and other biological contexts, alongside the criteria for identifying genes subject to dosage compensation and the intricate mechanisms by which cells orchestrate the regulation of specific genes to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Ultimately, our aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the intricate nature of a systems-level property. This property hinges upon the kinetic parameters of regulatory motifs, which we have termed "gene dosage sensor loops." These loops have the potential to operate at both the transcriptional and translational levels, thus emerging as promising candidates for the inhibition of dosage compensation in specific genes. Additionally, they represent novel and highly specific therapeutic targets in the context of aneuploid cancer.

Pengaruh Kompensasi, Disiplin Kerja dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kepuasan Kerja pada PT. Telkom Akses Semarang

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of compensation, work discipline and work environment on job satisfaction at PT Telkom Akses Semarang. The population in this study were all employees of PT Telkom Akses Semarang, totaling 73 people. Sample / respondents taken as many as 73 respondents, by measuring the census technique. The results showed that the compensation hypothesis test had a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction (t count = 3.225> t table = 1.671 with a significance figure = 0.002 < α = 0.05 (significant). Thus, the hypothesis (H1) that compensation has a positive effect on job satisfaction is proven. Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction (t count = 3.182> t table = 1.671 with a significance number = 0.002 < α = 0.05 (significant). Thus, the hypothesis (H2) that work discipline has a positive effect on job satisfaction is proven. The work environment has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction (t count 5.645> t table = 1.671 with a significance number = 0.000 < α = 0.05 (significant). Thus, the hypothesis (H3) that the work environment has a positive effect on job satisfaction is proven. The regression coefficient β1 = 0.284 (positive sign) means that the greater the compensation received, the greater the job satisfaction. The regression coefficient β2 = 0.277, (positive sign) means that the more work discipline, the higher job satisfaction. Regression coefficient β3 = of 0.476 (positive sign) means that the more comfortable the work environment, the higher the job satisfaction at PT Telkom Access Semarang.

Governing Labor Market Risks

Design. A vignette study was conducted to investigate hypotheses. In total 914 workers from the Netherlands responded to 4 different vignettes (n = 3656 vignettes). Purpose. Based on compensation hypothesis, this study formulates several hypotheses about the relationship between work insecurity and preferences for protection. By combining a vignette study with a survey among workers it was possible to address the following questions: How do the preferences for protection relate to labor market insecurities and to what extent are the effect of experimental conditions on preferences for risk governance affected by experiences in the actual work situation? Findings. The findings mainly support the hypotheses derived from the compensation and expand them by showing how insecurities in the workplace cross-over to the experimental setting. Originality. While the compensation hypothesis is investigated in prior research, this is the first (semi-)experimental study allowing for arguing that the link between individual risks and preferences for protection are causal.

Extracurricular activity participation, school belonging, and depressed mood: a test of the compensation hypothesis during adolescence

Feelings of acceptance within school communities can promote positive psychological outcomes. Despite occurring outside of the classroom, youth who engage in extracurricular activities typically report greater school belonging. Accordingly, we examined the longitudinal effect of extracurricular activities on school belonging and depressed mood in a nationally representative, Australian sample of adolescents (N = 3,850, Mage = 12.41) followed for four years. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed extracurricular activity participation at Time 1 predicted higher school belonging two years later. In turn, higher school belonging reinforced positive mental health outcomes, by predicting within-person decreases in depressed mood. Further, the direct and indirect effect of extracurricular activities were moderated by community-level socioeconomic status. Participants residing in low socioeconomic status communities garnered the greatest benefit from participating in activities, despite having the lowest levels of participation. Our data highlight how structured leisure time pursuits can promote wellbeing, especially within more disadvantaged communities.