Hypothalamo-hypophysial Neurosecretory System Research Articles

Identification of the vasopressin producing and of the oxytocin producing neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretroy system of the rat.

Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations showed that, in the magnocellular hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the rat, vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetized in separate neurons. Both the vasopressin neurons and the oxytocin neurons are present in both the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei in about the same number. Preferential location of the two kinds of rat neurosecretory neurons is not as obvious as in the bovine hypothalamus. Their perikarya do not show distinct morphological differences. The two kinds of neurosecretory perikarya are the origin of separate vasopressin-containing and oxytocin-containing axons respectively. In the neural lobe, the distribution of the two different types of axons is described.

On degeneration of peptidergic neurosecretory fibres in the albino rat

Three types of degenerating peptidergic neurosecretory fibres have been found in the posterior pituitary of chronically dehydrated albino rats. "Dark" neurosecretory fibres and their swellings contain neurosecretory granules, neurotubules, shrunken mitochondria and diffusely distributed fine dense material. Some swellings are filled with synaptic vesicles and/or conglomerations of dense membranes. The transitional forms exist between these fibres and extracellular accumulations of electron dense material. Synaptic vesicles, single neurosecretory granules, lipid-like droplets and lamellar bodies occur in the latter. Some neurosecretory fibres and swellings have numerous polymorphous inclusions arising due to degradation of secretory inclusions and organelles, mitochondria and neurotubules in particular. "Dark" neurosecretory elements and those with numerous polymorphous inclusions are enveloped by pituicyte cytoplasm. Sometimes the plasma membranes both of the pituicytes and neurosecretory fibres are destroyed or transformed into a multi-membrane complex. It is assumed that pituicytes may phagocytize degenerating neurosecretory elements. N urosecretory fibres with a locally dissolved neuroplasm and/or large lucent vacuoles seem to be due to axonal degeneration by the "light" type. These neurosecretory elements, the largest of them in particular, may transform into large cavities bordered by a membrane and containing flake-like material and single-membrane vacuoles. Degeneration of neurosecretory elements seems to occur mainly due to hyperfunction of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system.

Premigratory Changes in the Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Neurosecretory System in the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)

Abstract 1The hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) has been studied with special reference to changes during the period prior to fall migration. 2In September the supraoptic and paraventricular cells were found to be considerably larger with substantial amounts of aldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory material (NSM) accumulating in the perikaryon. Large amounts of the NSM were found also in the anterior median eminence and pars nervosa. 3Towards migration time (November), the cells in the hypothalamic nuclei contained very little NSM. A marked decline in the amount of NSM was also seen in the anterior median eminence and probably in the pars nervosa too. 4The release of NSM toward migration time has been discussed as an important event in the sequence of events that control and regulate migratory activity.

Hypothalamohypophysial vascular and neurosecretory link in the teleost Bagarius bagarius (Ham.).

A three-dimensional picture of the hypothalamohypophysial neurosecretory system of B. bargarius could be obtained by adopting in situ staining techniques. The paired NPO give rise to left and right neurosecretory tracts which, although they approximate as a common tract, maintain their individuality till entering the pars intermedia. The ventral hypothalamic and the hypophysial arteries take their origin from the internal carotid artery. The former contributes to the formation of the primary plexus of the median eminence and the latter enters the pituitary directly, giving rise to the neuroadreno-interface vasculature. The vasculature of the median eminence lies in close contact with the long common neurosecretory tract. Morphological evidence suggests that in B. bagarius there are three pathways of hypothalamic control of the hypophysis: (1) A direct neuroglandular pathway, where the neurosecretory axons come directly in contact with the adrenohypophysial cells. (2) An indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood exposed to the NSM at the median eminence comes in contact with gland cells. (3) Another indirect neurovasculoglandular pathway, where the blood is exposed to NSM at the neurohypophysis prior coming in contact with the gland cells. Thus, B. bagarius has the 'median eminence equivalent' neuroadeno-interface vasculature typical of the teleosts and the median eminence comparable to the Elasmobranchs, Holocephali and primitive Actinopterygians. This shows that the pituitary portal system of teleosts is in general agreement with that of other fish groups, except that in some it is restricted to the neuroadreno-interface, whereas in others like B. bagarius it extends to the hypothalamus also. These may be termed anterior and posterior median eminence.

Distribution of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica.

Histochemical distributions of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the lamprey. The anterior part of the neurohypophysis which lies parallel to the pars distalis was strongly MAO positive. The posterior part of the neurohypophysis which is contiguous to the pars intermedia showed relatively weak activity of MAO. Considering differences in enzyme concentrations together with other anatomical characteristics, the possibility that the anterior neurohyp physis of the lamprey could be comparable to the tetrapod median eminence and the posterior neurohypophysis comparable to the pars nervosa is discussed. The activity of AChE was not detected in the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system.

養殖雄ウナギの人為成熟に伴う視床下部脳下垂体系の形態変化

Hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system and adenohypophysis of male Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, transferred into sea water and induced to maturation by Synahorin injection were observed histologically. Transfer of the eels to sea water activated GTH-cells slightly, but spermatocytes were not observed in the testicular tissue. Lateral tuberal nucleus of eel injected with Synahorin was activated in correlation with an increase in GTH-cell activity and testicular maturation. The preoptico-hypophysial neurosecretory system failed to show any recognizable changes during the maturation of treated eels.

Hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei and nucleus habenularis of epithalamus in essential hypertension.

A morphometric study of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in patients with essential hypertension revealed morphological manifestations of functional hypertrophy of the neurons of these nuclei which indicate an increased functional activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in this pathology. This may be interpreted as a reflection of the functional overloading of the distal part of the nephrons and collecting tubules due to the depression of proximal reabsorption with absolute or relative insufficiency of the function of the counter-current concentrating multiplier of the renal medulla. In patients with essential hypertension morphological signs of functional hypertrophy were observed in the nucleus habenularis of the epithalamus.

Structural changes in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and endocrine glands produced by amphetamine in animals with experimental atherosclerosis

Structural changes in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system and endocrine glands produced by amphetamine in animals with experimental atherosclerosis

Effect of functional overstrain of the CNS on endogenous cholesterol metabolism and on structural changes in blood vessels and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system

Effect of functional overstrain of the CNS on endogenous cholesterol metabolism and on structural changes in blood vessels and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system

Morphological and functional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in experimental fluorosis

Morphological and functional state of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in experimental fluorosis

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in Rana temporaria in early ontogenesis.

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was investigated in tadpoles and immature frogs of the speciesRana temporaria. Heterochronia was established in the formation of the preoptic nucleus (earlier differentiation of neurosecretory cells in the dorsal than in the ventral part). Differentiation of both parts of the preoptic nucleus is preceded by increased mitotic activity in the ependyma of the corresponding areas of the lateral walls of the third ventricle and its preoptic recess.

The functional morphology of the kidneys and the hypothalamic neurosecretory system in rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension.

Rabbits with cerebral ischemic hypertension exhibited increased volume of the nucleus supraopticus of the hypothalamus with hypertrophy of its neurones and morphological signs of enhanced secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system.

Influence of neurosecretion on the activity of median eminence and pars intermedia in hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mice with bilateral supraoptic lesions.

The extremely hypertrophied hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI Os/+) mice, shows distinctly hypertrophied median eminence (ME) indicated by the hypertrophied ependymal cells, increased number of Herring bodies and a great number of neurosecretory fibers loaded with secretion converged towards blood capillaries and towards pars tuberalis. The other distinct feature of the DI Os/+ mice is the marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pars intermedia (PI) infiltrated with many beaded neurosecretory fibers. The majority of the PI glandular cells are of the large light type rather than the small type, the latter being comparatively numerous in normal mice. Very often these large light glandular cells and the marginal cuboidal epithelial cells of the hypophysial cleft contain or are surrounded by AF+ granules and/or colloid.

Cholinesterase activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in rats during the ontogenetic development.

The hypothalamic region and the neural lobe of rats from the 16th foetal day to adult animals have been studied for acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase activity after Karnovsky. The attention was focused on the magnocellular nuclei-supraoptic and paraventricular, the median eminence and the neural lobe. Acetylcholinesterase activity appears in the paraventricular nucleus on the 18th foetal day, i.e. prior to that in the supraoptic nucleus. Heterochronic development and heteromorphism of paraventricular neurosecretory cells have been noticed. The median eminence shows no clear acetylcholinesterase activity. There are acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine positive structures in the posterior pituitary. These structures are especially pronounced in 30–47-day rats. The cholinergic mechanism of release of neurohormones from the neural lobe is suggested. The results are discussed in functional and phylogenetic aspects.

Morphological response of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system to sugar loading in rats during ontogenesis

Morphological response of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system to sugar loading in rats during ontogenesis

The hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system in mice with vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defects

Three distinct genotypes of mice with vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defects are compared to a normal strain with respect to urine volume and osmolality, serum osmolality, and sizes of supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) neurons and the various parts of the pituitary gland. Mice with severe diabetes insipidus (DI) produce large volumes of dilute urine; their hypertrophied SON and PVN cells have markedly enlarged nucleoli; the pars nervosa (which stores ample amounts of neurosecretory material), the pars distalis and the pars intermedia are all larger than normal, the latter exhibiting the greatest relative increase in size. The two mouse strains with “mild DI” occupy intermediate positions in most of the above parameters suggesting an interrelationship between the amount of fluid turnover and the degree of hypertrophy. Additionally, the results suggest that there may be a relationship between increased neurohypophyseal activity and the hypertrophy of the pars intermedia.

Formation of secondary neurohemal organs in the median eminence of the White-crowned Sparrow and Japanese quail

Midline electrolytic or radio frequency lesions were placed in the basal hypothalamus of adult male White-crowned Sparrows and Japanese quail. In White-crowned Sparrows, destruction of the neurohemal organs of the stainable hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the neural lobe (NL) and/or palisade layer of the anterior division of the median eminence (AME) resulted in the formation of large aggregations of stainable neurosecretory material (NSM) surrounding hypertrophied capillaries. Very few of these occurred in quail. These structures, herein referred to as secondary neurohemal organs, were located in the AME dorsal to that region in which NSM is usually found. In normal birds, this region was relatively devoid of capillaries. Interruption of fibers of the supraopticohypophysial tract dorsal to the median eminence was not conducive to formation of these structures. Damage to the stainable neurosecretory system of quail was apparently permanent, as practically no indication of repair was seen. It is suggested that secondary neurohemal organs in the White-crowned Sparrow may represent neurovascular organs of the NL and/or AME, and may function accordingly.

Hereditary vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defects in mice.

ARTICLESHereditary vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defects in miceDV Naik, and H ValtinDV Naik, and H ValtinPublished Online:01 Oct 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.4.1183MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByElectrolytes, Blood Gases, and Acid–Base Balance18 October 2017Molecular basis and clinical features of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus10 January 2014 | Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. 1, No. 6Molekulare Grundlagen des Diabetes insipidus centralis und renalisAnalysis of organ physiology in transgenic miceShobha Rao, and A. S. Verkman1 July 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 279, No. 1The molecular basis of renal tubular transport disordersComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Vol. 126, No. 3G Protein-Coupled Receptors, Pathology and Therapeutic StrategiesGenetic Models of Diabetes Insipidus1 January 2011Mutations in the V2 vasopressin receptor gene are associated with X–linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidusNature Genetics, Vol. 2, No. 2Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, genetics and treatmentPediatric Nephrology, Vol. 6, No. 5Genetic Determinants of Ethanol ReinforcementAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 654, No. 1 The Neurobiol[32] The cellular action of antidiuretic hormoneThe Hypertonic and Hypotonic SyndromesThe Hypertonic and Hypotonic SyndromesEffects of water deprivation and deamino [8-d-arginine] vasopressin on [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake by the hypothalamo-hypophysial system in mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidusBrain Research, Vol. 340, No. 2EndocrinologyPhysiologyNephrogenic diabetes insipidusNeuropeptides in Rat Brain DevelopmentThe Polyuric SyndromesGenetic mechanisms of drinking and feedingNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 2, No. 1Renal deficiency associated with diabetes insipidus in the SWR/J mousePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 6Genetic Approaches to the Study of the Regulation and Actions of VasopressinDrug-Induced Dilutional HyponatremiaNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 291, No. 23Age-dependent polydipsia in the SWR/J mousePhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 1Genetic Models in Biomedical InvestigationNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 290, No. 12The structural organization of the mouse kidneyZeitschrift f�r Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, Vol. 144, No. 2Juxtaglomerular granular cells and nephron autoregulationThe Anatomical Record, Vol. 173, No. 4Chemical and dimensional characterization of the renal countercurrent system in miceKidney International, Vol. 1, No. 3Influence of neurosecretion on the activity of median eminence and pars intermedia in hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mice with bilateral supraoptic lesionsZeitschrift f�r Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, Vol. 125, No. 4Electron microscopic studies on the pars intermedia in normal and in mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidusZeitschrift f�r Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie, Vol. 133, No. 3Renal concentrating ability in mice: A model for the use of genetic variation in elucidating relationships between structure and functionPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 327, No. 1The hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system in mice with vasopressin-resistant urinary concentrating defectsGeneral and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 15, No. 1Pituitary-adrenal relationships in mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, with special emphasis on the neurohypophysis and pars intermediaZeitschrift f�r Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, Vol. 107, No. 3Antidiuretic Hormone Synthesis, Release, and Action Under Normal and Pathological Circumstances More from this issue > Volume 217Issue 4October 1969Pages 1183-1190 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1969 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.4.1183PubMed5824320History Published online 1 October 1969 Published in print 1 October 1969 Metrics

Investigation of the hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system in dogs with experimental thyrogenic hypertension

1. Administration of thyroid (200 mg for 10 days, followed by 400 mg/kg body weight) causes the rapid development of hypertension in dogs, raising both systolic and diastolic pressures. 2. The cerebrospinal fluid of the experimental dogs at the height of development of thyrogenic hypertension possesses marked pressor properties. 3. At the same time a pronounced increase in the percentage of cells palely stained by Gomori's method and poor in neurosecretion, as a result of the active liberation of neurosecretory material, is observed in the region of the superoptic and paraventricular nuclei. 4. The content of Gomori-positive material in the posterior lobe of the pituitary is sharply reduced after thyroid administration (for short and average periods). 5. In a long-term experiment (55 days) the pressor effect of the cerebrospinal fluid is less marked, and accumulation of neurosecretory granules is observed in the cells of the anterior hypothalamus and posterior lobe of the pituitary. 6. The hypothalamic neurosecretory system is one of the links in the mechanism of development of experimental thyrogenic hypertension.

Hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system of fishes under some experimental conditions

Partial or complete hypophysectomy often results in regeneration and reorganization of the cut end of the pituitary stalk to form a neurohypophysis-like organ, which has the essential components for neurohypophyseal function, namely, the axonal endings for the storage of the neurosecretory material and the blood vessels for the systemic distribution of the stored products. The degeneration and numerical reduction of the neurosecretory neurons of the nucleus preopticus (NPO) post hypophysectomy seem to depend on the state of reorganization of the severed hypophyseal stalk. In response to X- or γ-irradiation the neurons of the NPO exhibited varying degrees of degeneration; and the pituitary sometimes lost their lobular architecture with heavy infiltration of connective tissue. In specimens treated with large doses of radioiodine, several neurosecretory neurons showed hypertrophy and degranulation.