Hypertonic Salt Solution Research Articles

A Study of the so-called ‘Chloride-Secretory’ Cells of the Gills of Teleosts

ABSTRACT The histology of the gills of a normally freshwater teleost, the guppy (Lebistes reticulatus), has been studied after the fish had been subjected to various concentrations of sodium chloride. Cells similar to those identified by previous workers as ‘chloride- secretory cells’ develop in response to adaptation to hypertonic salt solutions, and the number and character of the cells can be related to the salt load and to the degree of adaptation of the fish to it. The cytology of these cells has been shown to be consistent with their supposed function. In fish which are not fully adapted to the salt load, these cells show signs of the formation of mucous materials, and under extreme conditions they may undergo transformation into goblet cells. This may provide an explanation of the failure of Bevelander (1935, 1936) to find any specialized cells other than mucous cells on the teleost gill.

Plaque-type mutants of murine encephalomyocariditis virus

The plating efficiencies of ME-, EMC-, MM-, Columbia SK-, and mengoviruses, collectively called “cardioviruses,” were enhanced 2- to 5-fold by conducting the virus attachment step at 22° rather than at 37°. This behavior was traced to a temperature-dependent loss of infectivity (abortive infection) following attachment of the virion to the cell. Abortive infection was virus specific; it was detectable with cardioviruses but not with poliovirus type 1 or coxsackievirus B1 and took place on both HeLa and L cells.Studies with purified, isotopically labeled ME-virus showed that loss of infectivity was accompanied by release of the RNA genome from cell-attached virions into the extracellular fluid. The coat protein initially remained attached to the cell after RNA release but subsequently dissociated from the cell in the form of 14 S subunits.Premature uncoating was inhibited by alkaline pH and by hypertonic salt solutions.

Vascular effects of hypertonic solutions.

During the course of an investigation into the treatment of metabolic acidosis arising from total body perfusion, it was noticed that the intra-arterial administration of concentrated alkalies resulted in a fall in arteriovenous pressure difference at constant flow. A similar decline in peripheral resistance could be produced by hypertonic sugar and salt solutions. This response was found to be independent of the central nervous system. The role of the vasodilatation in the complex vasomotor reaction to the rapid intravenous injection of hyperosmotic agents was then investigated in the intact and vagotomized dog. It was found that when concentrations of up to 1,500 mOsm./L. were used, the predominant response was a delayed hypotension consistent with peripheral vasodilatation. This reaction was complicated by preliminary pulmonary hypertension when solutions containing more than 2,000 mOsm./L. were administered. Twenty per cent NaCl produced such a severe initial phase that the animals frequently died from acute cor pulmonale. The site of obstruction to blood flow through the lungs was variable. Fifty percent glucose could incite pulmonary hypertension, but urea was anomalous in that it was never observed to produce pulmonary vascular effects. Studies in the isolated perfused lung indicated that, again with the exception of urea, all solutions with an osmolarity equal or greater than 5 per cent NaCl evoked pulmonary hypertension. The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance was transitory in spite of recirculation. No response could be elicited when red cells were absent from the perfusate even though, under these conditions, the lung was still sensitive to serotonin. Microscopic examination of the circulation through the brain, lung, mesentery and thigh of both cat and dog demonstrated that intravascular red-cell agglutination occurred after regional arterial injection of highly concentrated salt and sugar solutions. This alteration in the stability of the red-cell stream is considered to be responsible for the obstructive effects of hyperosmotic agents previously attributed to vasospasm.

Quantitative studies on the infectivity of ribonucleic acid from partially purified and highly purified poliovirus preparations

The method of preparation of infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) from poliovirus and the factors that influence its degree of infectivity for cells in monolayers have been examined in some detail in an attempt to discover why the efficiency of RNA infection was so low. It was found that isolated RNA was quite stable to both phenol and ether extraction, suggesting that there is little degradation of RNA from the procedures used. The isolation of highly infectious RNA preparations from very pure virus demonstrates that its source can be the intact virus particle. A number of factors were found that influenced the efficiency of RNA in infecting human cells in monolayers. The exposure of host cells to hypertonic salt solutions prior to seeding increased their susceptibility to RNA infection to a significant degree. The salt concentration and pH of the RNA inoculum showed the most striking effect. Under optimum conditions the number of plaques formed was found to be directly proportional to the input of RNA. The maximum plaque-forming efficiency of RNA preparations was 1.0% of the virus from which they were removed.

Effect of Ethanol on Cytological Changes Induced by Salt Load in Nucleus Supraopticus of Rat.

SummaryAdministration of ethanol to rats loaded with hypertonic salt solution increased urine flow and prevented degenerative changes in ganglion cells of the supraoptic nucleus.

Production of hypertension in adrenalectomized rats given hypertonic salt solution to drink.

The adrenal glands of the rat do not appear to be necessary for development of hypertension induced by administration of hypertonic NaCl solution as drinking fluid. Systolic blood pressures of these rats became elevated within 3 to S weeks after treatment began. The lowest concentration of salt solution which significantly elevated blood pressure was 1.75‰. Renal hypertrophy ac-companied the elevated blood pressure in most cases and cardiac hypertrophy in some cases. The life span of the adrenalectomized rats receiving hypertonic salt solution to drink was less than that of untreated adrenalectomized rats.

Photoreduction and Photooxidation of Cytochrome c by Spinach Chloroplast Preparations.

The photoreduction of cytochrome c by spinach chloroplasts has been noted by several investigators (12, 20, 25). In a preliminary report, we have presented evidence that aqueous digitonin extracts of spinach chloroplasts contain a cytochrome c photooxidase (22) which appears to be similar to the photooxidase present in extracts of photosynthetic bacteria studied by Kamen and Vernon (13, 14, 32). The present paper describes the behavior toward cytochrome c of whole chloroplasts prepared in hypertonic salt solution, and outlines the experiments which led to the demonstration of their cytochrome c-photooxidase activity.

The response spectrum of taste fibres in the cat: a single fibre analysis.

Summary.1. Taste receptors in the cat's tongue were analyzed by recording from single afferent chorda tympani nerve fibres while applying various sapid solutions to the tongue.2. Single fibres were observed which responded to the flow of distilled water over the tongue. The activity of these “water” fibres was depressed by various inorganic salt solutions with an anion concentration above 0.03 M. Organic sodium salts, in contrast, stimulated this fibre type in a manner similar to distilled water.3. The “water” fibres were also stimulated by quinine hydro‐chloride and mineral acids below pH 2.5.4. Single “salt” fibres were observed which responded to various salts above 0.1 M concentration. These fibres were also stimulated by acid.5. Another fibre type responded primarily to quinine chloride and very little if at all to strong acid. The “quinine” fibre was not. stimulated by hypertonic salt solutions or by distilled water.6. The fourth fibre type found responded only to acids below pH 2.5.7. It is proposed that the presence of the “water” fibre extends the sensitivity to salt solutions beyond the concentration limits served by the “salt” fibres thus enabling discrimination of salt concentration over the entire physiologically significant saline range.8. The importance of impulse pattern is discussed and a scheme presented illustrating the possible relationship between afferent impulse pattern and the evoked taste sensation.9. The possible mechanism of stimulation by water is discussed and a view presented that the outward flow of anions across the receptor membrane stimulates while an inward flow depresses (“water”) fibre activity.

The correction of electrolyte deficits in cardiovascular-renal disease.

In this discussion of some of the points that have interested us in the correction of electrolyte deficits in cardiovascular-renal disease, we briefly reviewed the salt-losing syndrome in terminal nephritics and in hypertensives with advanced renal damage, and incidentally delved into the concepts of edema formation as we discussed its opposite mechanism. We found ourselves drawn into a discussion of potassium metabolism in the process, touching on the subject of "potassium losers." Next in the panorama of this multifaceted problem came the management of edematous patients who developed hyponatremia on the diuretic egimen (without losing their edema) or who became mercurial fast in "midstream"; i.e., after losing about half their edema. Under such dire circumstances, we showed how sodium chloride might be used to good advantage. The promising use of corticotropin (ACTH) in hopelessly resistant cases of cardiac edema or in near-terminal severe cases of myocardial insufficiency, with incidental correction of a coexisting hyponatremia (accomplished without the use of sodium supplements) was described. Finally, we discussed in detail our use mainly of hypotonic solutions of sodium salts in correcting concentration as well as pattern and volume disturbances of the extracellular fluid in cardiovascular-renal patients who develop serious gastrointestinal and surgical complications. We emphasized that in such patients we have obtained the best end results with mainly hypotonic and isotonic, rather than hypertonic salt solutions. With this form of electrolyte replacement therapy, we have seen more floating on water and less drowning in brine!

The relationship of some electrolytes of the serum, edema fluid, and urine in a case of intractable heart failure

An individual with intractable heart failure and with normally functioning kidneys died on the thirty-ninth day of hospitalization. During this time, his diet was fairly uniform and constant for sodium and potassium. Daily records were made of the weight and fluid balance, of the concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride, of plasma and edema fluid, and of the total output of these electrolytes in the urine. The effect was noted on these determinations of: (1) no medication, (2) digitoxin, (3) mercurials, (4) hypertonic salt solution, and (5) potassium acetate. In the untreated state, the serum sodium was significantly higher than that of the edema fluid. This relationship could be temporarily reversed by mercurials that caused a sharp increase in urinary sodium and chloride. Oral potassium was excreted almost quantitatively in the urine. Hypertonic salt solution and digitoxin were without appreciable effect. The individual variability of the manifestation of cardiac failure, a gradient of sodium between plasma and edema fluid, is reported.

The effect of injection of hypertonic salt solution on the chloride content of mammalian skin

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 117, Issue 2 p. 172-180 ArticleFree Access The effect of injection of hypertonic salt solution on the chloride content of mammalian skin M. Grace Eggleton, M. Grace EggletonSearch for more papers by this author M. Grace Eggleton, M. Grace EggletonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 June 1952 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004738Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume117, Issue2June 27, 1952Pages 172-180 RelatedInformation

Hypertonic salt solution intravenously as a test for coronary disease.

Hypertonic salt solution intravenously as a test for coronary disease.

Studies in Trypanosomiasis. IV. The Fragility of the Erythrocytes in Rats during the Course of Infection with Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma equiperdum

anemia. Tsai, Chen and Chiu (1943) showed that the rise of potassium levels ran almost parallel with the erythrocyte fragility in vitro. Zwemer and Culbertson (1939) and Ikejiani (1946) showed that there was a marked rise in blood potassium of rats during infection with pathogenic trypanosomes. Ikejiani (1946) showed that such a rise was not observed in rats infected with non-pathogenic T. lewisi. Anemia has been observed in practically all investigations with pathogenic trypanosome infections. Andrews, Johnson and Dormal (1930) and Linton (1930) showed that in pathogenic trypanosome infections there was a marked acidosis which began during the early stages. Such was not the case with non-pathogenic T. lewisi infection. In view of the interesting observations of Dacie and Vaughan (1938), Creed (1938), Tsai, Chen and Chiu (1943), Andrews, Johnson and Dormal (1930) and Linton (1930), a study was made of the resistance of the erythrocytes of rats, infected with pathogenic T. brucei and T. equiperdum and non-pathogenic T. lezeisi, to hemolysis by hypertonic salt solution.

Influence of Induced Changes in Blood Plasma Osmotic Activity on Intestinal Absorption

Summary and ConclusionsExperiments are reported in which the volume, osmotic activity, chloride and sulfate contents of plasma and ileal loop segments are measured, before and after raising the plasma osmotic activity by hypertonic sodium chloride solution injection by vein. The osmotic activity of originally isotonic sodium chloride-sodium sulfate solutions placed in the ileum rises above the pre-injection plasma osmotic activity after 100 cc of 5% sodium chloride solution was injected intravenously. In view of the fact that in more than a hundred control experiments with equiosmotic mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate the gut fluid osmotic activity has never exceeded the plasma osmotic activity except when poisons were present, the results of these experiments are believed to constitute satisfactory proof that the effect observed was due to the hypertonic salt solution injection.After the elevation of the plasma osmotic activity the gut fluid values did not approach the former as closely as o...

A NEW METHOD OF PRODUCING TWINS, TRIPLETS AND QUADRUPLETS IN ARBACIA PUNCTULATA, AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT

1. Twins, triplets, and quadruplets of Arbacia punctulata are obtained by treating the eggs just after first and second cleavage with a hypertonic salt solution, which thickens the ectoplasmic layer; the blastomeres separate when returned to sea water. The blastomeres develop independently but attached to each other until they become free-swimming blastulae, when they can be isolated in pairs or quartets. 2. Twins, triplets and quadruplets from a single egg may all develop into perfect dwarf plutei. 3. There is no indication of any differences among the twins, triplets, and quadruplets of a set (i.e. from one egg) caused by the segregation of any special organ-forming materials by the first two cleavage planes, nor by a separation into a right and left half, or into an anterior and posterior part. 4. Differences and abnormalities in the development of twins, triplets, and quadruplets are probably caused by experimental conditions or by differences in vitality of the original egg, since abnormalities of the same sort occur among the controls, and since some lots develop much better than others. 5. Twins may also be obtained by centrifuging the eggs just after first cleavage. The ectoplasmic layer is centrifuged off, and the two blastomeres develop independently but attached to each other until they become free-swimming blastulae. Both twins may form perfect dwarf plutei.

Sobre os efeitos vasomotôres exercidos pela agua distilada e pelas soluções anisotonicas de clorêto de sodio

The writer reports experiments done with distilled water and hypotonic and hypertonic salt solutions of definite osmotic concentrations. The experiments were performed according to the Laewen-Trendelenburg technic using the vascular system of the frog's hind legs, and according to the Pissemski-Krawkow method using the capillaries of the rabbit's ear. Both preparations react to distilled water by marked vaso-constriction, the same phenomenon taking place in the case of the hypotonic salt solutions. The lower the concentration pf the hypotonic salt solution the stronger the vaso-constriction obtained. With hypertonic salt solutions was observed a strong but rather transient vaso-dilatation followed by secondary vaso-constriction. The later results were found only in the experiments with the frog's hind legs.

USE OF SORBITOL IN GLAUCOMA

The lowering of the intraocular pressure by osmotic changes produced by the intravenous injection of hypertonic solutions is well known. Cantonnet 1 demonstrated that the ocular volume diminished after the intravenous injection of hypertonic salt solution. Hertel 2 showed in animals that the decreased tension produced by injections of hypertonic saline solution was accompanied by a decreased water content of the eyes. The clinical usefulness of the hydrophilic character of hypertonic solutions has found application in various fields of therapy, including that of ophthalmology. However, many ophthalmologists have not taken full advantage of osmotic therapy. The possession of an additional means of lowering intraocular tension when methods ordinarily used either are contraindicated or are inadequate is a valuable asset. This is particularly apparent when intraocular tension cannot be controlled immediately after an operative procedure on the eye ; in this case inflammation and tenderness are so

Effect of Various Salts on Hemolysis and Skin Necrosis Produced by Staphylococcus Toxin

Volk and Lipschutz1 apparently were the first to study the action of hypertonic salt solutions on staphylococcus hemotoxin. The salts used were NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4(NH4)2, SO4 and BaCl2. It was thei...

FUNDAMENTAL EFFECTS OF EPILEPTOGENOUS AGENTS UPON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. The permeability of the cell surfaces for electrolytes was studied in vitro and in vivo by measuring the polarizability of the brain tissue. 2. Agents that produce swelling of the brain by increasing the state of hydration of the brain tissue (e. g., distilled water, alkali) increase the permeability, as shown by the decrease in polarizibility. This is a reversible process, as indicated by the effect of some acids and of hypertonic salt solutions after previous swelling of the brain. 3. These experiments support the view that pathologic processes which call forth swelling of the brain produce an impairment of the cell surfaces in that their density is lowered. The transitory increase in permeability of the cell surfaces that is, according to the modern theories of excitation, an essential part of the excitation process is thus facilitated, and the threshold of the cells for metabolic or other stimuli is lowered. This explains the mechanism by which swelling of the brain increases the convulsive reactiv...

THE METABOLIC SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN DISSIMILATION OF CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES IN BAKERS' YEAST

Evidence is presented showing that the dissimilation of carbohydrate reserves in two strains of bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a purely respiratory process. Endogenous respiration is KCN-labile. Our own experiments together with various accounts and data given in the literature show that the same "oxygen-transporting mechanism" functions in both endogenous and exogenous metabolism. However, the lack of sensitivity of the endogenous system of reactions to low concentrations of monoiodoacetic acid, the absence of anaerobic CO(2) production, and the absence of alcohol production, demonstrate that fermentation is not involved in the dissimilation of the carbohydrate reserves. Throughout the experiments the endogenous respiration behaved functionally as a unitary system of reactions. The O(2) consumption and CO(2) production were parallel at all times; i.e., the R. Q. was consistently 1. Monoiodoacetic acid and KCN in concentrations from 10(-5) to 10(-1) molar affected both O(2) uptake and CO(2) production to the same extent. The only agents known to alter the value of the R. Q. were those which disrupted the normal protoplasmic structure, viz. grinding the cells with sand, plasmolyzing them with toluol and hypertonic salt solutions, or pressing them in a hydraulic press. These agents brought about a vigorous anaerobic CO(2) production accompanied by an accumulation of alcohol in the medium. The unitary character of endogenous respiration is exhibited only when the normal structure of the cell is kept intact; apparently it depends upon the maintenance of a chambered (or compartmental) architecture of the cell.