Hyperthermia Treatment Of Cancer Research Articles

Typical experiment vs. in-cell like conditions in magnetic hyperthermia: Effects of media viscosity and agglomeration

Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be used to transform electromagnetic energy into heat in hyperthermic treatment of cancer and other thermally activated therapies. The MNPs heating efficiency depends strongly on the combination of the MNPs’ structural properties and environmental conditions. MNPs hyperthermic yield is usually studied in diluted suspensions, although, in the actual therapy, the particles end mostly aggregated and fixed into cellular structures. In this work, the heating efficiency of low size dispersion Fe 3 O 4 MNPs, defined as the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), was studied in two conditions: liquid suspension (ferrofluid FF, typical characterization state) and gel matrix (ferrogel FG, mimicking biological application environment). The samples were characterized by TEM, ZFC-FC and SAXS. Their magnetic response to radio-frequency fields was measured by induction in order to obtain SAR values from the magnetization cycles area. 3D maps of SAR versus field amplitude and frequency were elaborated in order to compare the response of fixed and suspended MNPs. Structural characterization shows FG’s MNPs agglomerated in a crystal-like mesostructure with a well defined interparticle distance. SAR results show a clear difference of behaviour between liquid and gel matrices, with larger SAR values for the FG sample indicating a lower resonance frequency, inside the studied region, for fixed MNP. Additionally, the local maximum suggested in FG’s SAR map indicates a behaviour outside linear response regimen as expected for the applied field amplitudes.

Biomedical Applications of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanomaterials in Hyperthermic Cancer Therapy.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a non-sulfated polysaccharide polymer with the properties of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Additionally, HA specifically binds to certain receptors that are over-expressed in cancer cells. To maximize the effect of drug delivery and cancer treatment, diverse types of nanomaterials have been developed. HA-based nanomaterials, including micelles, polymersomes, hydrogels, and nanoparticles, play a critical role in efficient drug delivery and cancer treatment. Hyperthermic cancer treatment using HA-based nanomaterials has attracted attention as an efficient cancer treatment approach. In this paper, the biomedical applications of HA-based nanomaterials in hyperthermic cancer treatment and combined therapies are summarized. HA-based nanomaterials may become a representative platform in hyperthermic cancer treatment.

An overview of available metamaterial-based antenna for non-invasive hyperthermia cancer treatment

This paper presents the outcome of a literature review that an overview of various types of antenna and metamaterial applicator performance towards cancerous tissue or cell for non-invasive hyperthermia cancer treatment (NIHCT) procedure. From the review, it shows that when LHM lens integrated with an antenna, focusing capabilities of the antenna towards the cancerous area can be improved. However, current applicators have a poor focusing effect when directed towards the actual tumor area. In conjunction with that, this paper proposes a new design of modified applicator that is microstrip antenna integrated with left-handed metamaterial (LHM) lens. The antenna termed microstrip-LHM (M-LHM) lens antenna is proposed for use in NIHCT. It is expected to improve the focusing capabilities of an antenna which is used to kill the cancerous area and thus improve the hyperthermia cancer treatment procedure success rate. In addition, this paper provides an overview of heating techniques used in hyperthermia to enhance focusing capabilities and a few metamaterial advantages that can improve the focusing effect and reduced the hot-spots. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) will be investigated to evaluate the focusing abilities of the proposed applicator using the SEMCAD X Solver.

Iron-dextran as a thermosensitizer in radiofrequency hyperthermia for cancer treatment

Radiofrequency hyperthermia is a recently rediscovered oncotherapy rising in popularity. However, lack of a proper thermosensitizer limits current radiofrequency hyperthermia to be only slightly effective, mostly being used as a subsidiary to a standard oncotherapy. Here, we report that iron-dextran delivers iron ion to cancer cells for cancer-selective accumulation of the iron ion, which functions as a thermosensitizer for radiofrequency hyperthermia. Intravenous injection of iron-dextran to tumor-xenografted mice resulted in selective accumulation of iron ion in the targeted cancer cells. The accumulated iron ion in cancer cells dramatically reacted to radiofrequency wave to result in tumor-selective dielectric temperature increment without harming the surrounding normal tissue. The oncotherapeutic effect of was evaluated using tumor-xenografted mice. The overall anticancer efficacy of radiofrequency hyperthermia after injection of iron-dextran as a thermosensitizer in breast cancer-bearing mice was much better than the efficacy of paclitaxel, a standard chemotherapy drug for cancer. Moreover, hyperthermia using iron-dextran as a thermosensitizer completely eradicated cancer in the tumor xenografted mice. This work suggests that iron-dextran is an ideal thermosensitizer for radiofrequency hyperthermia. We believe that the application of iron-dextran as a thermosensitizer would be a major progress in hyperthermia cancer treatments.

Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy.

Gold is a multifunctional material that has been utilized in medicinal applications for centuries because it has been recognized for its bacteriostatic, anticorrosive, and antioxidative properties. Modern medicine makes routine, conventional use of gold and has even developed more advanced applications by taking advantage of its ability to be manufactured at the nanoscale and functionalized because of the presence of thiol and amine groups, allowing for the conjugation of various functional groups such as targeted antibodies or drug products. It has been shown that colloidal gold exhibits localized plasmon surface resonance (LPSR), meaning that gold nanoparticles can absorb light at specific wavelengths, resulting in photoacoustic and photothermal properties, making them potentially useful for hyperthermic cancer treatments and medical imaging applications. Modifying gold nanoparticle shape and size can change their LPSR photochemical activities, thereby also altering their photothermal and photoacoustic properties, allowing for the utilization of different wavelengths of light, such as light in the near-infrared spectrum. By manufacturing gold in a nanoscale format, it is possible to passively distribute the material through the body, where it can localize in tumors (which are characterized by leaky blood vessels) and be safely excreted through the urinary system. In this paper, we give a quick review of the structure, applications, recent advancements, and potential future directions for the utilization of gold nanoparticles in cancer therapeutics.

Multiphysics Modeling in Electromagnetics: Technical Challenges and Potential Solutions

As computational methods for solving Maxwell's equations mature, we can now start to tackle much more challenging multiphysics problems that have numerous applications in science and technology fields. In this article, we use four examples to illustrate the nature and modeling of multiphysics problems. The first example is related to electromagnetic (EM) hyperthermia for cancer treatment, which requires solving EM and bioheat transfer equations for the planning and optimization of the treatment process. The second example concerns the heat problem in integrated circuits (ICs) due to EM dissipated power, its effects, and a potential cooling solution, which requires an electrical-thermal-fluid-mechanical cosimulation. The third example considers modeling of monolithic microwave ICs (MMICs), which consist of both distributive and lumped circuit components. The fourth example simulates the air and dielectric breakdown in high-power microwave devices by coupling EM modeling with various plasma models. With these examples, we detail some of the technical challenges typically encountered in multiphysics modeling and their potential solutions.

Influence of TiO2 and thermal processing on morphological, structural and magnetic properties of Fe2O3/MnO2 modified glass-ceramics

The present report is an investigation of morphological, structural and magnetic properties of multicomponent glass-ceramics with respect to content of nucleating agent (TiO2) as well as thermal processing parameters. Structural features of these glass-ceramics were explored by their crystalline phase analysis and morphological studies after sintering at various temperatures (850–1000 °C) for 2 h (h). The samples exhibited near superparamagnetic nature which would be helpful for heat generation purposes (such as in hyperthermia treatment of cancer). Magnetic properties of the glass-ceramics are dependent on the crystallized phases grown upon sintering. Concentration dependent role of TiO2 is discussed based upon the obtained results.

Tuning Optical and Granulometric Properties of Gold Nanostructures Synthesized with the Aid of Different Types of Honeys for Microwave-Induced Hyperthermia.

Size-controlled gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised with solutions of three types of Polish honeys (lime, multiflower, honeydew) and used in microwave-induced hyperthermia cancer treatment. Optical and structural properties of nanostructures were optimized in reference to measurements made by using UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR). In addition, concentrations of reducing sugars and polyphenols of honeys applied were determined to reveal the role of these chemical compounds in green synthesis of AuNPs. It was found that the smallest AuNPs (20.6 ± 23.3 nm) were produced using a 20% (w/v) multiflower aqueous honey solution and 25 mg·L−1 of Au(III) ions. These AuNPs were then employed in microwave-induced hyperthermia in a system simulating metastatic tissues. This research illustrated that AuNPs, as produced with the aid of a multiflower honey solution, could be suitably used for microwave-induced heating of cancer. A fluid containing resultant Au nanostructures, as compared to water, revealed facilitated heating and the ability to maintain a temperature of 45 °C required for hyperthermia treatment.

Erratum to “Analysis of bioheat transfer equation for hyperthermia cancer treatment”

There is one correction to make to the original article. The name of the first author and fourth author was misprinted. The author list should be corrected as follows: MohammadMahdi Attar1,*, Mohammad Haghpanahi2, Saeid Amanpour3 and Mohammad Mohaghegh Faghih2

Magnetic Properties and Induction Heating Ability Studies of Spinal Ferrite Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Treatment of Tumours”

Abstract In this research synthesizes nanocrystalline CuFe2O4 spinel structure using co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) are utilized in order to study crystalline size, lattice parameters, microstructure and optical and magnetic properties of the formed nanopowders. Moreover, the induction heating behavior of the formed nanopowders with alternative magnetic field was also determined based on the change of specific absorption rate (SAR) or specific loss power (SLP) with the synthesis conditions. Indeed, heating properties of the CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field at 150-300 kHz were estimated. The specific heat rate SAR values were in the range from 125 to 350 W/g. Finally, large SAR values are obtained using low magnetic field, making Cu ferrite appropriate for hyperthermia treatment of cancer. These results will help us to apply to complete in this trend of tumor treatment. Keywords: CuFe2O4; Spinel Ferrites; Optical properties; Magnetic Properties, Induction Heating, Specific Heat Rate SAR.

In vitro apatite mineralization and heat generation of magnetite-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for hyperthermia treatment

Nanocomposites of magnetite (Fe3O4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) generate heat under an alternating magnetic field and therefore have potential applications as thermoseeds for cancer hyperthermia treatment. However, the properties of such nanocomposites as biomaterials have not been sufficiently well characterized. In this study, the osteoconductivity of Fe3O4-rGO nanocomposites of various compositions was evaluated in vitro in terms of their apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF). Furthermore, the heat generation of the nanocomposites was measured under an alternating magnetic field. The apatite-forming ability in SBF improved as the Fe3O4 content in the nanocomposite was increased. As the Fe3O4 content was increased, the nanocomposite not only rapidly raised the surrounding temperature to approximately 100 °C, but the specific absorption rate also increased. We assumed that the ionic interaction between the Fe3O4 and rGO was enhanced and that Brown relaxation was suppressed as the proportion of rGO in the nanocomposite was increased. Consequently, a high content of Fe3O4 in the nanocomposite was effective for improving both the osteoconductivity and heat generation characteristics for hyperthermia applications.

Modeling Heat Transfer in Tumors: A Review of Thermal Therapies.

It is quite challenging to describe heat transfer phenomena in living systems because of the involved phenomena complexity. Indeed, thermal conduction and convection in tissues, blood perfusion, heat generation due to metabolism, complex vascular structure, changing of tissue properties depending on various conditions, are some of the features that make hard to obtain an accurate knowledge of heat transfer in living systems for all the clinical situations. This theme has a key role to predict accurately the temperature distribution in tissues, especially during biomedical applications, such as hyperthermia treatment of cancer, in which tumoral cells have to be destroyed and at the same time the surrounding healthy tissue has to be preserved. Moreover, the lack of experimentation in this field, due to ethical reasons, makes bioheat models even more significant. The first simple bioheat model was developed in 1948 by Pennes (J Appl Physiol 1:93-122, 1948) but it has some shortcomings that make the equation not so accurate. For this reason, over the years it has been modified and more complex models have been developed. The purpose of this review is to give a clear overview of how the bioheat models have been modified when applied in various hyperthermia treatments of cancer.

Dynamics and energy dissipation of a rigid dipole driven by the RF-field in a viscous fluid: Deterministic approach.

The deterministic rotation of a ferromagnetic nanoparticle in a fluid is considered. The heating arising from viscous friction of a nanoparticle driven by circularly and linearly polarized alternating magnetic fields is investigated. Since the power loss of such fields depends on the character of the induced motion of a nanoparticle, all types of particle trajectories are described in detail. The dependences of the power loss on the alternating field parameters are determined. The optimal conditions for obtaining the maximum heating efficiency are discussed. The effect of heating enhancement by a static field is analyzed. The results obtained can be actual for the description of heating in the magnetic fluid hyperthermia cancer treatment, when the size of the particles used is a few tens of nanometers.

Generation of Numerical Data for the Facilitation of the Personalized Hyperthermic Treatment of Cancer with an Interstitial Antenna Array Using the Method of Symmetrical Components

The method of moments combined with the method of symmetrical components is used for the analysis of interstitial hyperthermia applicators. The basis and testing functions are both piecewise sinusoids, qualifying our technique as a Galerkin one. The dielectric coatings are modeled by equivalent volume polarization currents, which are simply related to the conduction current distribution, avoiding in that way the introduction of additional unknowns or numerical integrations. The results of our method for a four-dipole circular array, are in agreement with those already published in literature for a same hyperthermia configuration. Apart from being accurate, our approach is more general, more computationally efficient and takes into account the coupling between the antennas.

Fabrication of Chlorophyll-Incorporated Nanogels for Potential Applications in Photothermal Cancer Therapy.

Nanogels have been widely used in biomedical applications, such as carriers for hyperthermia cancer treatment, drug delivery, and imaging. Owing to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, nanogels have shown a great potential in cancer therapy. In this study, sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), a low cytotoxicity and biodegradable photothermal agent, was copolymerized with a nanogel of N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide. The nanogels could produce heat under exposure to a green laser with a 532 nm wavelength. The positively charged nature of the nanogels enhanced the endocytosis of the nanogels. The cell mortality was greatly enhanced with the treatment of the SCC-containing nanogels and green light illumination. Our results suggest the potential of SCC-containing nanogels in photothermal cancer therapy.

Magnetic properties of transition metal nanoparticles enclosed in carbon nanocages

We have demonstrated a simple, scalable, and low-cost method of producing superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPNs) encapsulated in carbon nanocages (CNCs). These materials show a very high saturation magnetization and have the potential to find applications in various technologies, including a direct drug delivery, supercapacitors, catalysis, etc. Using a facile method, it was shown that via a simple annealing process of precursors based on a mixture of transition metal (TM) (TM: Ni, Co or Fe) salt (acetate) and citric acid, TM nanoparticles encapsulated in CNCs ([email protected]) can be readily produced. Our study indicates, that [email protected] nanoparticles synthesized at temperatures 500 °C–600 °C are in the 3–4 nm size range and show superparamagnetic behavior while the annealing at 700 °C and higher temperatures leads to the ferromagnetic behavior due to a nanoparticle agglomeration through the Ostwald ripening mechanism. Further, the superparamagnetic [email protected] nanoparticles synthesized at 600 °C show slightly larger, 4–5 nm, sizes but have much higher saturation magnetization compared to [email protected] nanoparticles synthesized at the same temperature making [email protected] more sensitive to external magnetic field and more useful for direct drug delivery. Finally, for Fe-based precursor, the agglomeration occurs at much lower temperatures. The [email protected] nanoparticles synthesized at 600 °C are much larger, in the 10–100 nm size range, show only ferromagnetic behavior, and may be used for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia in cancer treatment. The magnetic properties of samples are found to correspond to the theoretical estimates of the critical size of single-domain particles in these TM systems.

Fully tuned RBF neural network controller for ultrasound hyperthermia cancer tumour therapy

ABSTRACTThermal dose is an important clinical efficacy index for hyperthermia cancer treatment. This paper presents a new direct radial basis function (RBF) neural network controller for high-temperature hyperthermia thermal dose during the therapeutic procedure of cancer tumours by short-time pulses of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). The developed controller is stabilized and automatically tuned based on Lyapunov functions and ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, respectively. In addition, this thermal dose control system has been validated using one-dimensional (1-D) biothermal tissue model. Simulation results showed that the fully tuned RBF neural network controller outperforms other controllers in the previous studies by achieving targeted thermal dose with shortest treatment times less than 13.5 min, avoiding the tissue cavitation during the thermal therapy. Moreover, the maximum value of its mean integral time absolute error (MTAE) is 98.64, which is significantly less than the resulted errors for the manual-tuned controller under the same treatment conditions of all tested cases. In this study, integrated ACO method with robust RBF neural network controller provides a successful and improved performance to deliver accurate thermal dose of hyperthermia cancer tumour treatment using the focused ultrasound transducer without external cooling effect.

Heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles decreases with gradual immobilization in hydrogels

Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) applied in magnetic fluid hyperthermia cancer treatment interact with cancerous tissue in various ways. The impact of these interactions on MNP heating efficiency is hard to quantify and strongly depends on the MNP mobility inside the cancerous environment. There, this MNP mobility is inhibited by cell attachment and internalization. In this study, we model this impact and analyze the MNP heating under gradual immobilization of MNP in acrylamide hydrogels with tailored mesh size. Our results confirm a clear particle heating dependency on the state of immobilization of MNP. This state is related to the mean mesh size of the respective hydrogel. From this, the contributions of Brownian and Neel relaxation mechanisms to the overall particle heating are estimated. In fact, the heating efficiency decreases by up to 35% for the highest immobilization state of MNP. This result is discussed in the context of the field-dependent Brownian and Neel relaxation time, showing that the former significantly contributes to the heating efficiency even for small particles under the field parameters employed in this study.

Estimation of the temperature field in laser-induced hyperthermia experiments with a phantom

Background: One of the challenges faced during the hyperthermia treatment of cancer is to monitor the temperature distribution in the region of interest. The main objective of this work was to accurately estimate the transient temperature distribution in the heated region, by using a stochastic heat transfer model and temperature measurements.Methods: Experiments involved the laser heating of a cylindrical phantom, partially loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were manufactured and characterized in this work. The solution of the state estimation problem was obtained with an algorithm of the Particle Filter method, which allowed for simultaneous estimation of state variables and model parameters. Measurements of one single sensor were used for the estimation procedure, which is highly desirable for practical applications in order to avoid patient discomfort.Results: Despite the large uncertainties assumed for the model parameters and for the coupled radiation–conduction model, discrepancies between estimated temperatures and internal measurements were smaller than 0.7 °C. In addition, the estimated fluence rate distribution was physically meaningful. Maximum discrepancies between the prior means and the estimated means were of 2% for thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, 4% for the volumetric heat capacity and 3% for the irradiance.Conclusions: This article demonstrated that the Particle Filter method can be used to accurately predict the temperatures in regions where measurements are not available. The present technique has potential applications in hyperthermia treatments as an observer for active control strategies, as well as to plan personalized heating protocols.

Application of the photoacoustic technique for temperature measurements during hyperthermia

ABSTRACTNon-invasive monitoring of tissues’ temperatures is necessary for some diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Photoacoustic is a new hybrid biomedical imaging technique, combining the high-contrast of optical properties with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound. The estimation of model parameters that are temperature dependent was used in this work to indirectly measure the temperatures of tissues, as the solution of an inverse problem within the Bayesian framework of statistics. A two-dimensional case was examined, which is related to the hyperthermia treatment of cancer with laser heating in the near infrared range. Simulated measurements were used in the inverse analysis. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method provided accurate estimation of the spatial distribution of the Gruneisen parameter and the temperature distribution in the region of interest could be recovered with discrepancies smaller than 0.03°C.