Hyperthermia Treatment Of Cancer Research Articles

Design a metamaterial based applicator for hyperthermia cancer treatment

This research describes a metamaterial-based applicator with and without water bolus for cancer treatment. The metamaterial based applicator consists of a double spiral antenna and a slotted square shape artificial magnetic conductor (SSA) structure. The antenna is designed on a low-cost FR4 substrate with dimensions of 32 × 32 × 3.27 mm3, and the SSA unit cell which behaves as a metamaterial, is designed on an RT-duroid substrate with dimensions of 15 × 15 × 0.76 mm3 (size of the unit cell). The 4 × 4 unit cells of the SSA structure are optimized to direct the maximum field toward the cancer tissue. The proposed applicator (antenna + SSA structure) is tested for hyperthermia treatment using a heterogeneous phantom (skin, fat, and muscle layers) and the human-mimicked model with an air medium and a water bolus layer. The applicator’s performance is evaluated in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR), penetration depth (PD), and effective field size (EFS). Further, thermal analysis is performed, with 1.5 W of input power at the antenna port, and the maximum temperature rise of 44 0C is obtained. The cancer tissue (tumor) temperature ranges between 41 °C to 45 °C, sufficient for effective hyperthermia therapy. Finally, the suggested metamaterial based applicator is built and tested in the presence of a phantom and head tissue simulating liquid.

Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility of pure and doped magnetite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia in cancer treatment

Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility of pure and doped magnetite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia in cancer treatment

Molecular dynamics modelling of interacting magnetic nanoparticles for investigating equilibrium and dynamic ensemble properties

Magnetic nanoparticles have the potential to be used in various biomedical applications, including magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia for cancer treatment. In both cases, precise prediction of the local particle concentration is required to plan a successful therapy, which is a challenging task due to several complex flow phenomena. Computational macroscopic and microscopic models have been developed to support this process, but they have limitations in terms of interactions implementation, micromagnetic dynamics or computational costs. This study aims to develop a model that can represent micromagnetic dynamics and being employed to study equilibrium properties of particle ensembles in viscous media. Therefore, a kinetic Monte Carlo method in combination with Langevin equations is used. So, magnetization dynamics and mechanical motion can be simulated in combination very efficiently. The new model is validated with another model based on the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Various interaction potentials like Van der Waals, steric and electrostatic interactions are included to study their specific influence on structural properties. Also, methods to control the errors while integrating the equations of motion and using the Ewald method for calculating interaction quantities are implemented. As a validation we studied equilibrium and time dependent properties of non-interacting particle ensembles as well as errors made by the Ewald-method used for interaction quantities calculation. In all studies we found very good agreement of the simulation results with the theoretical predictions. The developed models can now be used for investigating equilibrium and dynamic properties of ferrofluids, or more general for biomedical research for magnetic drug targeting, hyperthermia, or imaging techniques. Furthermore, the new hybrid model can be also used for simulations in the range of milliseconds with reasonable computational effort.

Enhancement of induction heating capability of bioactive SiO2–CaO–Na2O–P2O5 glass-ceramics by selective substitution with magnetite nanoparticles

Magnetic bioactive glass-ceramics with compositions of 37SiO2–24.5CaO–24.5Na2O–6P2O5–8Fe3O4 (MGCS), 45SiO2–16.5CaO–24.5Na2O–6P2O5–8Fe3O4 (MGCC) and 45SiO2–24.5CaO–16.5Na2O–6P2O5–8Fe3O4 (MGCN) were synthesized by sol–gel route. These compositions were derived by substituting 8 wt.% magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles for SiO2, CaO and Na2O, respectively, in the bioactive glass-ceramic of composition 45SiO2–24.5CaO–24.5Na2O–6P2O5. The sol–gel derived powders were heat treated at 550 °C for 1 h to ensure optimal amounts of magnetite, combeite and sodium nitrate phases. All the heat treated samples were found to be magnetic, bioactive and non-toxic to MG-63 osteoblast cells. However, the induction heating response of MGCC was better than that of MGCS and MGCN. Notably, MGCC outperformed the commercially available ferrofluid FluidMag-CT, thereby establishing itself as a superior thermoseed for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer.

Improved liver cancer hyperthermia treatment and optimized microwave antenna power with magnetic nanoparticles

Improved liver cancer hyperthermia treatment and optimized microwave antenna power with magnetic nanoparticles

Two-phase numerical simulation of thermal and solutal transport exploration of a non-Newtonian nanomaterial flow past a stretching surface with chemical reaction

Abstract Non-uniform heat sources and sinks are used to control the temperature of the reaction and ensure that it proceeds at the desired rate. It is worldwide in nature and may be found in all engineering applications such as nuclear reactors, electronic devices, chemical reactors, etc. In food processing, heat is used to cook such as microwave ovens, pasteurize infrared heaters, and sterilize food products. Non-uniform heat sources are mainly used in biomedical applications, such as hyperthermia cancer treatment, to target and kill cancer cells. Because of its ubiquitous nature, the idea is taken as our subject of study. Heat and species transfer analysis of a non-Newtonian fluid flow model under magnetic effects past an extensible moving sheet is modelled and examined. Homogeneous chemical reaction inside the fluid medium is also investigated. This natural phenomenon is framed as a set of Prandtl boundary layer equations under the assumed convective surface boundary constraint. Self-similarity transformation is employed to convert framed boundary layer equations to ordinary differential equations. The resultant system is solved using the efficient finite difference utilized Keller box method with the help of MATLAB programming. The influence of various fluid-affecting parameters on fluid momentum, energy, species diffusion and wall drag, heat, and mass transfer coefficients is studied. Accelerating the Weissenberg number decelerates the fluid velocity. The temperature of the fluid rises due to variations in the non-uniform heat source and sink parameters. Ohmic dissipation affects the temperature profile significantly. Species diffusion reduces when thermophoresis parameter and non-uniform heat source and sink parameters vary. The Eckert number enhances the heat and diffusion transfer rate. Increasing the chemical reaction parameter decreases the shear wall stress and energy transmission rate while improving the diffusion rate. The wall drag coefficient and Sherwood number decrease as the thermophoretic parameter increases whereas the Nusselt number increases. We hope that this work will act as a reference for future scholars who will have to deal with urgent problems related to industrial and technical enclosures.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized by biocompatible ligands with enhanced high specific absorption rate for magnetic hyperthermia

This study introduces a novel green nanocomposite system of iron oxide coated with secondary metabolites (Fe3O4@SM) and compares it with commonly used materials for hyperthermia cancer treatment. Fe3O4@SM magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation process using metal precursors, followed by heating in pressure reactor to obtain superparamagnetic nanoparticles (Hc = 36.5–54.1 Oe at 300 K). These nanoparticles were subsequently coated with plant-based phytochemicals. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles. SEM images further confirmed the spherical shape of the synthesized nanoparticles, exhibiting a face-centered cubic (FCC) iron oxide structure with sizes ranging from 12±7–85±15 nm. Characterization through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ζ) analysis demonstrated colloidal stability, with a polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 0.226 to 0.436 and zeta potential values ranging from −29.761–1.85 mV. The surface of the nanoparticles was analyzed using GC-MS, which identified bioactive functional groups including ester (42.79 %), terpene (20.69 %), hydrocarbons (17.4 %), and carboxylic (12.37 %) compounds. Compared to Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@GO, Fe3O4@SM exhibited a higher rate of temperature increase within the therapeutic range, reaching Tmax = 45°C with a heating rate (dT/dt) of 0.273 °C/s and specific absorption rate (SAR) of 230.6 W/g at 304 kHz and 400 Oe. In vitro assays utilizing a triple negative breast cancer microenvironment confirmed the non-toxicity of these materials through a DNS assay. The developed nanoparticles offer dual mechanisms of action, combining thermal and chemo effects, making them promising candidates for hyperthermia cancer treatment.

Electro-osmotic transport and thermal energy dynamics of tetra-hybrid nano fluid in complex peristaltic flows

BackgroundThis study explores the use of tetra-hybrid nanoparticles consisting of gold, silver, alumina, and titania nanocomposites dispersed in a non-Newtonian Casson fluid modelled as blood. The motivation lies in harnessing the synergistic optical, electrical, thermal, and physicochemical properties of the multimodal nanoscale assembly to advance electrokinetic pumping processes. ObjectivesThe study aims to computationally investigate the complex transport assisted by tailored gold, silver, alumina, and titania dioxide nanoparticles in the tetra-hybrid nanofluid, with potential applications in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia cancer treatment, Lab-on-Chip devices, and miniaturized biosensors. MethodologyThe constructed streaming flow model examines the cumulative influence of viscous heating, Joule heating, conductive thermal, and external laser irradiation. Current simulations examine Casson flows with the integrated nanoparticles by modelling two- and three-dimensional conduits subject to transverse magnetohydrodynamics and localized laser irradiation. Key findingsThe solutions provide mathematical predictions and physical insights into the fully coupled velocity, temperature, concentration, and pressure gradient contours. Additional plots examining dimensionless analytes against pertinent profiles, combined with streamlined visualization, further elucidate the multifaceted transport and complex trapping patterns stemming from non-Newtonian rheology. Applications/implicationsThis multiscale examination reveals performance improvements realizable by leveraging biocompatible tetra-hybrid nanocomposites in electrokinetic flows vital for next-generation biomedical technologies.

Fe-carbide/Fe-oxide-based nanocomposites synthesized as magnetic nanomaterials via laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS)

Magnetic nanostructured materials (MNMs) have gained prominence in materials technology developments owing to their potential biomedical applications for hyperthermia cancer treatment, and transplant organ cryopreservation. Herein, we report the facile and cost-effective synthesis of Fe-based composite MNMs, comprising both Fe@Fe2O3 and Fe3C@C core-shell nanoparticles (NPs), via Laser Ablation Synthesis in Solution (LASiS) using Fe targets ablated under acetone and toluene. Detailed materials characterizations using electron microscopy-based imaging, diffraction studies, and spectroscopic analyses - including Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy - relate the structure-composition properties for different Fe-oxide/carbide phases in the aforesaid MNMs to their respective magnetic responses. Specifically, we confirm the presence of ultra-small (2–10 nm) amorphous Fe-oxide NPs, as well as Fe@Fe2O3 core-shell NPs (20–40 nm) in the samples synthesized by ablating Fe under acetone. In contrast, samples synthesized under toluene indicate a higher concentration of Fe3C@C core-shell NPs (20–40 nm) with a relatively low concentration of Fe2O3 NPs (2–10 nm). Furthermore, the crystallinity of the metallic phases and carbonaceous shell coatings are systematically increased by carrying out LASiS under heated toluene (up to ∼95 °C). Mössbauer spectroscopy results indicate that the elevation in toluene temperature leads to an increase in the concentrations of Fe3C@C NPs from ∼40 % to ∼53 % (at.).

Zwitterionic nanoparticles for thermally activated drug delivery in hyperthermia cancer treatment.

Hyperthermia is considered a promising strategy to boost the curative outcome of traditional chemotherapeutic treatments. However, this thermally mediated drug delivery is still affected by important limitations. First, the poor accumulation of the conventional anticancer formulations in the target site limits the bioavailability of the active ingredient and induces off-site effects. In addition, some tumoral scenarios, such as ovarian carcinoma, are characterized by cell thermotolerance, which induces tumoral cells to activate self-protecting mechanisms against high temperatures. To overcome these constraints, we developed thermoresponsive nanoparticles (NPs) with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) to intracellularly deliver a therapeutic payload and release it on demand through hyperthermia stimulation. These NPs were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization and combine polyzwitterionic stabilizing segments and an oligoester-based biodegradable core. By leveraging the pseudo-living nature of RAFT polymerization, important physicochemical properties of the NPs were controlled and optimized, including their cloud point (Tcp) and size. We have tuned the Tcp of NPs to match the therapeutic needs of hyperthermia treatments at 43 °C and tested the nanocarriers in the controlled delivery of paclitaxel, a common anticancer drug. The NPs released almost entirely the encapsulated drug only following 1 h incubation at 43 °C, whereas they retained more than 95% of the payload in the physiological environment (37 °C), thus demonstrating their efficacy as on-demand drug delivery systems. The administration of drug-loaded NPs to ovarian cancer cells led to therapeutic effects outperforming the conventional administration of non-encapsulated paclitaxel, which highlights the potential of the zwitterionic UCST-type NPs as an innovative hyperthermia-responsive drug delivery system.

Enhancing heating efficiency of magnetic hyperthermia using pulsed magnetic fields

We investigated the magnetization response and heat generation of magnetic particles exposed to high-speed pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) during magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment. The magnetization measurements exhibited an asymmetric change in the shape of the hysteresis loop, attributable to the rapid and substantial changes in the short-duration PMF (75 mT/μs). We propose a novel parameter to evaluate heat efficiency. The parameter considered disparities in waveforms and served as a valuable metric for evaluating the effectiveness of heat production. Our findings affirmed a substantial enhancement in heat efficiency with the application of PMF. Furthermore, the heat generation stemming from the magnetic energy dissipation within the PMF exhibited direct proportionality to the square of the field amplitude. The heat efficiency is fourfold higher than that generated by conventional waveform.

Radiofrequency absorption of coated ellipsoidal gold nanoparticles in human tissue.

Electromagnetic radiofrequency heating of gold nanoparticles for use in remote hyperthermia cancer treatment has seen rapidly growing interest in the last decade. While most of the focus has been on studying spherical nanoparticles, recent research suggests that using ellipsoidal particles can significantly increase the Joule heating. However, it is still unclear how the presence of ligands affects the electromagnetic absorption in this context. In the present paper, we study the effects of adding a surface coating to ellipsoidal gold nanoparticles, and investigate the change in absorption with respect to coating properties, particle aspect-ratio, and frequency. Both the case of a single nanoparticle and the case of a suspension of nanoparticles are studied. The introduction of a dielectric coating increases the absorption rate for particles with lower aspect ratios and at lower frequencies, potentially improving the flexibility of parameter configurations that can be used in treatment. A thermal analysis reveals that the absorption in the parameter space of lower aspect ratios translate to negligible differential temperature increase, even with the addition of coating. Furthermore, nanoparticles with very large aspect ratios (nanowires) generate less heat with coating compared to no coating. Thus, it is shown that the presence of coating and choice of aspect ratio, have significant impact on the absorption response and must be accounted for in the analysis of ligand-capped nanoparticles. The findings in the present paper provide a valuable tool to optimize the coated gold nanoparticle design parameters, in order to secure clinically useful differential heating.

A maghemite/PLGA (core/shell) nanostructure that may facilitate chemotherapy and antitumor hyperthermia

Failure of cancer therapy is typically associated to the poor accumulation of chemotherapeutics in tumor cells, the development of multidrug resistances, and the severe side effects. To beat the challenge, combined therapies against malignancies based on biodegradable nanosystems have emerged. Here, it is described the reproducible formulation of ≈ 270 nm-sized magnetic multicore PLGA particles. Characterization of the nanostructures by dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, goniometry and electrophoresis confirmed the inclusion of hydrophobic maghemite nuclei in a polymeric nanomatrix. Adequate magnetic responsiveness was determined in vitro, while colloidal stability at 4 °C was demonstrated in short-term stability tests. Under the influence of an alternating electromagnetic field, the maghemite/PLGA (core/shell)-based colloid reached the minimum temperature of hyperthermia (≈ 42 °C) in ≈ 30 min. These heating capabilities made possible a significant decrease in the viability of T-84 cells (to ≈ 43 %). Finally, Cisplatin loading to the magnetopolymeric nanoparticles was characterized quantitatively by UV–Vis spectrophotometry (entrapment efficiency ≈ 82 %), and qualitatively by electrophoresis. The resulting Cisplatin-loaded magnetic multicore PLGA particles demonstrated a superior antitumor activity over the free chemotherapeutic in A-549 cells. These core/shell particles could be of interest for hyperthermia cancer treatment and chemotherapy.

Evaluation of Magnetic Hyperthermia Efficiency of PEG-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia has drawn considerable interest in cancer therapy. In this study, we report the synthesis of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and evaluate their suitability for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method, which are coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Synthesized nanoparticles possess inverse-spinel structural with a crystallite size of 9.1[Formula: see text]nm. From the M-H hysteresis loops, it was confirmed that the synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were superparamagnetic. The physical size of bare Fe3O4 nanoparticles, as determined from the HR-TEM, is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm, and the corresponding hydrodynamic size of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm. Magnetic hyperthermia efficiency of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was determined as a function of magnetic field frequency (162–935.6[Formula: see text]kHz), field strength (5–12[Formula: see text]mT) and nanoparticle concentration (1–100[Formula: see text]mg/mL). Temperature rise in an aqueous dispersion of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was measured for 20[Formula: see text]min. The specific loss power (SLP) was calculated by the corrected slope method. SLP values of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles increase with magnetic field frequency and field strength and decrease with nanoparticle concentration. The optimum hyperthermia performance of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was observed for 935.6[Formula: see text]kHz frequency, 10[Formula: see text]mT field strength and 25[Formula: see text]mg/mL concentration. Under these conditions, the measured SLP of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 4.43[Formula: see text]W/g. These results show that the synthesized PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be a potential candidate for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer.

Development of an intelligent computing system using neural networks for modeling bioconvection flow of second-grade nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms

Nanoparticles are carried in bioconvective fluid flow by convective motion caused by living tissues. This flow has important applications in cell and tissue engineering because it demonstrates the mechanics of particle transfer between cells and fluids. This type of flow is used in medicine delivery systems that particularly target cancer cells in real life. Nanofluids are crucial suspensions that allow nanomaterials to disperse and behave in a homogeneous and stable environment. The bioconvective second-grade nanofluid flow, on the other hand, is distinguished by a more complex process that permits nanoparticle motion to be controlled by external fields and pressures. This type of flow has numerous applications, including biology, the environment, and energy. It is particularly useful in medical imaging, cancer hyperthermia treatment, and nanodrug delivery systems. The primary purpose of this research is to use an artificial neural network to examine the rate of heat, mass, and motile microbe movement in the convective flow of magnetohydrodynamic second-grade nanofluid toward vertical surface. Suspended nanoparticles are effectively stabilized by the action of microorganisms, facilitated through bioconvection. This process is influenced by both nanoparticle attributes and buoyancy forces. In addition to thermophoretic dynamics and Brownian motion, the model considers radiation and Newtonian heating effects. Nonlinear equation systems are obtained using appropriate transformations. The non-linear simplified equations underwent numerical calculations utilizing the fourth-order Runge-Kutta shooting method. The Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and density of motile microorganism coefficient were determined using various parameters, and three distinct artificial neural networks were built employing the findings.

Hyperthermia Influences the Secretion Signature of Tumor Cells and Affects Endothelial Cell Sprouting.

Tumors are a highly heterogeneous mass of tissue showing distinct therapy responses. In particular, the therapeutic outcome of tumor hyperthermia treatments has been inconsistent, presumably due to tumor versus endothelial cell cross-talks related to the treatment temperature and the tumor tissue environment. Here, we investigated the impact of the average or strong hyperthermic treatment (43 °C or 47 °C for 1 h) of the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (PANC-1 and BxPC-3) on endothelial cells (HUVECs) under post-treatment normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Immediately after the hyperthermia treatment, the distinct repression of secreted pro-angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, M-CSF), intracellular HIF-1α and the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in tumor cells were detectable (particularly for strong hyperthermia, 2D cell monolayers). Notably, there was a significant increase in endothelial sprouting when 3D self-organized pancreatic cancer cells were treated with strong hyperthermia and the post-treatment conditions were hypoxic. Interestingly, for the used treatment temperatures, the intracellular HIF-1α accumulation in tumor cells seems to play a role in MAPK/ERK activation and mediator secretion (e.g., VEGF, PDGF-AA, Angiopoietin-2), as shown by inhibition experiments. Taken together, the hyperthermia of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in vitro impacts endothelial cells under defined environmental conditions (cell-to-cell contact, oxygen status, treatment temperature), whereby HIF-1α and VEGF secretion play a role in a complex context. Our observations could be exploited for the hyperthermic treatment of pancreatic cancer in the future.

Electron spin resonance and induction heating studies of zinc substituted (Mn, Co) ferrite nanoparticles for potential magnetic hyperthermia applications

This study presents an investigation on the various spin relaxation processes taking place at X-Band microwave energy in Zn substituted MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 and their induction heating studies. The material properties of these citric acid assisted sol-gel synthesized nanoparticles have been explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscope, Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Electron spin resonance spectroscopy. XRD and Rietveld refinement confirm the face centered cubic spinel structure of the synthesized samples, which is further supported by the observation of absorption bands characteristic of the spinel ferrites in the FTIR spectra. The remanence, coercivity and effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy values from VSM studies show lower value with zinc substitution which is desirable for biomedical application. Various spin resonance parameters like gyromagnetic ratio, peak to peak linewidth, resonance field, spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times have been calculated. The induction heating studies of the samples in an alternating magnetic field have been carried out using a field strength of 4.58 × 109 Am-1s-1. All the investigated MNPs are able to raise the temperature to the therapeutic limit of 42–45 °C. The specific absorption rate (SAR) which describe the heating potential of the MNPs is calculated using four different concentrations of each sample - 5 mg mL-1, 10 mg mL-1, 15 mg mL-1 and 20 mg mL-1. SAR values are found to decrease with increase in concentration and achieve the highest value of 303 W/g for Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles with 5 mg mL-1 concentration. The ability of the MNPs to give rise to the therapeutic temperature points toward their suitability as an effective heat mediator in magnetic hyperthermia treatment of cancer.

Compact conformal metasurface antenna for hyperthermia applications

In this paper, the design, analysis and evaluation of a new compact conformal metasurface (MTS)-based bow-tie slot antenna is presented for hyperthermia treatment of cancer. A bow-tie slot antenna in close proximity with tissue designed at 2.45 GHz was used to excite the MTS layer, which is made of a 4 × 4 uniform array of square unit cells. The proposed MTS-based antenna is compact and provides enhanced penetration depth in the tissue medium as compared to the bow-tie antenna only. To verify the design concept, both the proposed MTS-based antenna and bow-tie antenna were fabricated, and the measured results are well anticipated. Finally, the MTS applicator is terminated with water bolus and tissue to characterize its hyperthermia performance in a real scenario. The key features of the proposed MTS applicator include wide impedance bandwidth (stable hyperthermia performance), enhanced penetration depth and effective field size, single-layer structure and ease of fabrication.

A 3D Approach Using a Control Algorithm to Minimize the Effects on the Healthy Tissue in the Hyperthermia for Cancer Treatment.

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is a worldwide health problem. Its high mortality rate motivates scientists to study new treatments. One of these new treatments is hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles. This treatment consists in submitting the target region with a low-frequency magnetic field to increase its temperature over 43 °C, as the threshold for tissue damage and leading the cells to necrosis. This paper uses an in silico three-dimensional Pennes' model described by a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) to estimate the percentage of tissue damage due to hyperthermia. Differential evolution, an optimization method, suggests the best locations to inject the nanoparticles to maximize tumor cell death and minimize damage to healthy tissue. Three different scenarios were performed to evaluate the suggestions obtained by the optimization method. The results indicate the positive impact of the proposed technique: a reduction in the percentage of healthy tissue damage and the complete damage of the tumors were observed. In the best scenario, the optimization method was responsible for decreasing the healthy tissue damage by 59% when the nanoparticles injection sites were located in the non-intuitive points indicated by the optimization method. The numerical solution of the PDEs is computationally expensive. This work also describes the implemented parallel strategy based on CUDA to reduce the computational costs involved in the PDEs resolution. Compared to the sequential version executed on the CPU, the proposed parallel implementation was able to speed the execution time up to 84.4 times.

Simulation for bloodstream conveying bi-nanoparticles in an endoscopic canal with blood clot under intense electromagnetic force

In the current era, the electromagnetic pumping flow of hybrid nano-biofluid features in myriad magneto-biomedical engineering applications. In this scenario, the current disquisition is centralized to unfold the electro-magneto-hemodynamic distinctive features of ionized bloodstream conveying silver and aluminium oxide hybridized nanoparticles driven by electroosmosis via an endoscopic conduit (space between two coaxial tubes) formed by a uniform and rigid endoscope and a complaint walled artery. The formulation involves the dominance of Hall and ion-slip factors, internal energy generation, Joule warming, a blood clot (coagulation), and convective wall condition. The contribution of nanoparticles' shape is dissected in this examination. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is utilized to emulate the conduit's electric double layer (EDL). The lubrication and Debye-Hückel linearization principles are opted to simplify the normalized complicated leading equations. The homotopic series solutions of the consequent coupled nonlinear dimensionless equations are computed. A critical examination of significant flow-controlling parameters over the relevant hemodynamical characteristics is executed via graphs and tables. From the obtained outcomes, it is worthy of imparting that a discernible lesson is viewed in the blood velocity profile against the intensified estimates of Hall and ion-slip, and electro-osmotic factors. Blood is warmed with a positive Joule heating factor, whereas it is cooled with negative values of this factor. Upraised volumetric proportions of hybridized nanoparticles cool the blood in the conduit. Streamline patterns are also graphically displayed to see the blood flow pattern and the formation of entrapped boluses in the endoscopic domain. This research study considering multiple physical aspects such as electromagnetic phenomena, electromagnetic force, inclusion of hybridized nanoparticles, and coagulation is an innovative approach. Our findings in this simulation are expected to open up a new opportunity in biomedical engineering applications, including magneto-endoscopic operation, cheap devices for drug distribution, bio-magnetic therapy, electromagnetic hyperthermia treatment for cancer, etc.