Risk Factors For Hypertension Research Articles

A review about cardiovascular disease and risk factors

This overview discusses the causes and contributing factors of cardiovascular disease. Apart from the conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease diabetes, hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, and genetic predisposition a growing body of research suggests that environmental physical and chemical factors also contribute significantly to the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases. In the area, heart disease, or "CD," continues to be the leading cause of mortality. Premature deaths, or cardiovascular deaths in people under 72 years of age, are especially alarming since they represent approximately 60 million years of life that may be lost to the disease annually in Europe. To estimate the global health burden of cardiovascular disease, continuous surveillance and monitoring should form the foundation for the creation and execution of evidence-based prevention and treatment initiatives.

Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Ocular Hypertension After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty.

Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) has emerged as a novel approach in corneal transplantation over the past two decades. This study aims to identify predisposing risk factors for post-DMEK ocular hypertension (OHT) and develop a preoperative predictive model for post-DMEK OHT. Patients who underwent DMEK at Gangnam Severance Hospital between 2017 and 2024 were included in the study. Four machine learning models-XGBoost, random forest, CatBoost, and logistic regression-were trained to assess feature importance and develop a predictive classifier. An ensemble of these four models was used as the final predictive model. The ensemble model identified clinically significant patients for prediction or exclusion. A total of 106 eyes from patients who underwent DMEK were analyzed, with 31 eyes (29.2%) experiencing post-DMEK OHT. The final ensemble model achieved clinically significant classification for 61 eyes (57.5%) in the total patient population. Significant risk factors identified in all four models included angle recess area (ARA), best-corrected visual acuity, donor graft size, angle-to-angle distance, crystalline lens rise, and central corneal thickness. The average accuracy, precision, recall, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the precision-recall curve values of the ensemble model obtained by a 5-fold cross-validation were 80.2%, 60.0%, 59.7%, 82.3%, and 68.0%, respectively. This study identified significant risk factors for post-DMEK OHT and highlighted the importance of ocular topographic measures in risk assessment. The development of a final machine learning model to differentiate between clinically predictable patient groups demonstrates the clinical utility of the proposed model for predicting post-DMEK OHT.

Association of ST2, Galectin-3, and NT- Probnp in Elderly Hypertensive Patients and Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction.

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship among serum levels of the growth-stimulating expressed gene 2 protein (ST2), Galectin-3(GAL-3), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in elderly hypertensive patients and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Eighty-five elderly hypertensive patients with HFpEF were registered as the HFpEF group, and 46 hypertensive patients without HF were registered as the Non-HF group. The levels of serum sST2 (soluble ST2), Galectin-3, and NT-proBNP were measured, and related indexes of heart function were performed with echocardiography in two groups, respectively.The obtained variables were applied to statistical software for analysis. Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HCY, sST2, Galectin-3, NT- proBNP, LVEDD, IVSD, LVEF, and E/A were obviously different between the two groups (p < 0.05). The levels of sST2, Galectin- 3 and NT- proBNP in the HFpEF group were higher than in the Non-HF group (P < 0.05). ANOVA results indicated that sST2, Galectin-3, and NT- proBNP levels increased gradually with the increasing NYHA grades (P<0.05). BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, FBG,UA, HCY, LVEDD, IVSD, LVEF, and E/A were significant differences in patients with different NYHA classes (P < 0.05). Spearman indicated that sST2, Galectin-3, and NT-proBNP were positively correlated with BMI, SDP, DBP, LDL-C, FBG, and HCY (P < 0.05). Logistic analysis indicated that BMI, SBP, DBP, FBG, HCY,sST2, Galectin-3, NT-proBNP, LVEDD, LVEF, and E/A were risk factors for hypertension with HFpEF. (P < 0.05). ROC indicated that the AUC of the diagnostic performance of sST2, Galectin-3, and NT-proBNP were all above 0.7, which may have some forecasting value for elderly hypertensive patients with HFpEF. The levels of sST2, Galectin-3, and NT-proBNP were closely related to cardiac function grades. sST2, Galectin-3, and NT-proBNP have similar diagnostic performance and predictive value for elderly hypertensive patients with HFpEF. sST2 was more sensitive than NT-proBNP. It is recommended that measurements of sST2, Galectin-3 and NT-proBNP levels in elderly hypertensive patients may be useful in classifying early HFpEF.

Research on the life stress and hypertension among young couples of childbearing age

Objective: To investigate the current status of life stress and hypertension among couples of childbearing age across diverse economic regions in China, and to explore relevant influencing factors. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, with subjects from the "Research on the standardized system of comprehensive prevention and control of birth defects based on preconception-prenatal-postnatal whole chain". From February to May 2021, urban and rural couples of childbearing age (18-49 years old) from Beijing, Henan, and Gansu provinces were enrolled, representing the eastern, central, and western regions of China, respectively. The detection rate, cognition and control of hypertension in the general population, as well as the detection rate of hypertension in different genders and regions were analyzed. Subjects were divided into hypertensive group and non-hypertensive group based on whether their blood pressure was≥140/90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and the general clinical data of the two groups were compared. Subjects were also divided into prehypertension and hypertension group and normal blood pressure group based on whether their blood pressure was≥130/80 mmHg, and the general clinical data of the two groups were compared, with subgroup analyses conducted by gender. Multifactorial logistic regression model was applied to identify factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in both males and females. Results: A total of 1 942 couples of childbearing age, comprising 3 884 individuals, aged (29.8±5.2) years were enrolled, with 1 942 males (50.0%). The overall hypertension detection rate was 6.3% (246/3 884), with a detection rate of 10.5% (203/1 942) in males and 2.2% (43/1 942) in females. The hypertension detection rates in Beijing, Henan, and Gansu were 6.2% (92/1 482), 11.6% (139/1 200), and 1.2% (15/1 202), respectively. The overall detection rate of prehypertension and hypertension was 40.5% (1 574/3 884). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that life pressure factors had no effect on female blood pressure levels (P>0.05), while a significant or high level of life/work pressure was a risk factor for prehypertension and hypertension in males (OR=2.30, 95%CI 1.06-4.99, P<0.05). Conclusion: The detection rate of prehypertension and hypertension among young couples of childbearing age in China is high, with poor awareness and control of hypertension. There are sex differences in the relationship between life pressure and blood pressure levels. Comprehensive consideration of individual living environments and mental health factors is crucial in blood pressure management. Measures to reduce life stress and enhance mental resilience should be implemented to address this public health issue.

The effects of occupational aluminum exposure on blood pressure and blood glucose in workers - A longitudinal study in northern China.

Trace element and metal exposure is closely related to the occurrence of chronic diseases, particularly affecting blood pressure and blood glucose. Current studies suggest that heavy metal exposure is a risk factor for hypertension and diabetes. Aluminum can enter the human body through daily life and occupational exposure from food, environment, drugs, and other sources, affecting the cardiovascular, endocrine, and other systems. Therefore, it is significant to observe the effect of aluminum on blood pressure and blood glucose in workers with high concentration. In this study, electrolytic workers naturally exposed to high concentrations of aluminum were selected. The aim of the 5-year cohort study was to investigate the effects of continuous occupational aluminum exposure on blood pressure and blood glucose in workers and to assess the risk of potential cardiovascular and metabolic diseases due to heavy metal exposure. In 2014, 183 participants from an electrolysis workshop at an aluminum plant in Shanxi were enrolled. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed to determine the plasma aluminum (P-Al) concentration of the workers and measured their blood pressure and glucose levels. At the 2019 follow-up, all parameters were measured again in the same workers. The relationship of the P-Al concentration with blood pressure and glucose levels was assessed using generalized linear regression, and risks of developing hypertension and hyperglycemia (diabetes or pre-diabetes) due to Al exposure were assessed using binary logistic regression. Dose-response relationships between average annual rates of change in P-Al and average annual rates of change in blood pressure and blood glucose were analyzed using RCS. The relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) were also calculated. Generalized linear regression showed that the average annual rate of change in P-Al concentration was positively correlated with the annual rates of change in SBP, DBP, and blood glucose levels, with each e-fold increase in P-Al concentration increasing the annual rates of change in SBP and DBP by 3.55 % (P < 0.01) and 3.43 % (P = 0.03), respectively. Binary logistic regression showed that as the average annual rate of change in P-Al concentration (categorical variable) increased, the risk of developing hypertension increased (Ptrend < 0.05). The RCS results showed that the relationship between the average annual rate of change in P-Al and the average annual rate of change in SBP was a showed a dose-response relationship (P for overall association<0.05). RR and AR increased with increasing P-Al concentration in both hypertensive and diabetic patients. Persistent occupational aluminum exposure is associated with elevated blood pressure levels in workers and increases the risk of developing hypertensive disorders.

Obesity and hypoxia have differential effects on myocardial innervation in the right ventricle of the male mouse heart.

Obesity, along with hypoxia, is known to be a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), which can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure. Both obesity and PH influence the autonomic nervous system (ANS), potentially aggravating changes in the right ventricle (RV). This study investigates the combined effects of obesity and hypoxia on the autonomic innervation of the RV in a mouse model. Male C57BL/6N mice were subjected to a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks, with subsets of the mice exposed to chronic normobaric hypoxia (13% O2) during the final 3 weeks. Light and electron microscopic stereology was used to quantify various parameters of nerve fibres innervating the RV myocardium. HFD-induced obesity significantly increased the total length of nerve fibres and axons in the RV under normoxic conditions, indicating hyperinnervation. Quantitatively, the length density of nerve fibres per unit volume of RV (unit: x10-3 µm-2) was similar in CD (0.158 ± 0.04), CD-Hyp (0.176 ± 0.06) and HFD-Hyp (0.147 ± 0.05). In contrast, in HFD the length density of nerve fibres showed higher values 0.206 ± 0.054. The total length of nerve fibres increased by 67% from 2.61 m ± 0.77 m in CD to 4.37 m ± 1.51 m in HFD. The total length of axons increased by 80% from 8.87 m ± 2.75 m to 15.95 m ± 4.62 m. However, when obesity was combined with hypoxia, the total axon length was significantly reduced by 27% in HFD-Hyp compared with HFD. In addition, the mean number of axon profiles per nerve fibre profile decreased from 3.44 ± 0.68 in HFD to 2.95 ± 0.43 in HFD-Hyp. Interestingly, chronic hypoxia alone did not significantly alter RV innervation but led to RV hypertrophy, independent of the diet. The attenuation of obesity-induced hyperinnervation by hypoxia suggests a complex and potentially antagonistic interaction between these conditions. In conclusion, obesity induced by a HFD caused hyperinnervation of the RV, whereas chronic hypoxia alone did not significantly alter RV innervation. Surprisingly, chronic hypoxia attenuated the obesity-induced changes in RV innervation. These findings indicate that the effects of obesity and hypoxia-induced PH on RV innervation are distinct and potentially antagonistic.

Machine learning analysis of emerging risk factors for early-onset hypertension in the Tlalpan 2020 cohort

Machine learning analysis of emerging risk factors for early-onset hypertension in the Tlalpan 2020 cohort

Development of Public Health Center-Based Culturally Tailored Hypertension Self-Care Intervention Among Adults in Rural Ghana.

Develop a primary health care-based nurse-led culturally tailored hypertension self-care intervention for rural residents. The culturally tailored hypertension self-care intervention was developed using a six-step intervention mapping approach that involved: needs assessment using literature review and interviews; setting program goals using integrated thematic synthesis method; selecting intervention modules through the process dimension of the self-care theory of chronic illness; producing program components and materials by developing intervention modules using the motivational interviewing and behavior change techniques; planning program adoption by encouraging sustainable behavior; and evaluation using the education content validity index in health and the intervention acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility scale. Education content validity index in health and the intervention acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility scale. The culturally tailored hypertension self-care intervention modules included health literacy, adherence to therapy, continuous monitoring, reduction of the modifiable risk factors of hypertension; self-care management strategies, and strategies for sustaining behavior. The culturally tailored hypertension self-care intervention addresses community-based facilitators and barriers to self-care behavior and ultimately blood pressure control as described in the process dimension of the self-care theory of chronic illness. This culturally tailored hypertension self-care intervention is to be implemented by nurses working in primary health care settings in Ghana where they have direct access to and daily interaction with patients with uncontrolled hypertension.

High Blood Pressure among Young Adults Aged 18 - 45 Years Presenting for Care to a Health Center in Karongi District in Rwanda

Hypertension is a major global health challenge, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among young adults aged 18 – 45 years in Karongi District, Rwanda, to inform effective prevention and management strategies. Hypertension prevalence serves as a critical measure of community health, with further epidemiological data needed to address treatment gaps, elevated prevalence rates, and suboptimal blood pressure control. The study also aims to promote routine blood pressure monitoring and highlight the efficacy of lifestyle interventions, including reduced salt intake, regular physical activity, weight loss, alcohol moderation, and smoking cessation, in managing hypertension. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, utilizing patient questionnaires and observation checklists at Rubengera Health Center. Data analysis was conducted using STATA version 15, with logistic regression identifying factors influencing hypertension. The study found an overall hypertension prevalence of 30.3%, with 9.09% representing newly diagnosed cases, consistent with trends in African populations. Significant sociodemographic factors included older age, lower education levels, urban residence, and marital status, with higher prevalence among married and widowed individuals. Key lifestyle contributors were high saturated fat intake, low physical activity, and excessive salt consumption, while regular exercise and a balanced diet were protective factors. The study concludes that hypertension is a prevalent health issue among young adults in Karongi District, driven by both sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. It underscores the need for data-driven strategies for hypertension management and control, providing essential insights for health planners in estimating disease burden and designing targeted interventions. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns, early detection initiatives, and policy measures addressing unhealthy dietary habits and physical inactivity. Further research is encouraged to examine the impact of occupation, gender, marital transitions, and intervention efficacy in reducing hypertension prevalence. These efforts aim to mitigate the burden of hypertension in Rwanda, contributing to improved health outcomes and population well-being. Keywords: Hypertension, Prevalence, Risk factors, Lifestyle interventions, Sociodemographic factors, Management strategies

Relationship Between Waist Circumference, Smoking, and Physical Activity with Hypertension at Lenek Community Health Center

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, are a major problem and cause of premature death in developing countries. Data on hypertension in NTB is 282,970 with the most sufferers in East Lombok Regency. Non-modifiable hypertension risk factors include age, gender, and heredity, as well as modifiable risks include smoking, alcohol use, obesity, nutrition, and physical activity. The purpose of this study at the Lenek Health Center is to evaluate the link between waist circumference, smoking, and physical activity with hypertension. This study employs a cross-sectional approach and is observational quantitative analytical in nature. Purposive sampling is done using the Slovin formula. This study's sample size was 106 samples. The data was examined using the chi-square test. The findings revealed 106 respondents, the majority of whom had hypertension (74 people, 69.8%), while 32 people (30.2%) did not have hypertension. There is a substantial correlation between waist circumference and hypertension (p = 0.001). Smoking is significantly associated with hypertension (p=0.001). There is a strong link between physical activity and hypertension (p=0.001). The conclusion is that waist circumference, smoking, and physical activity all influence the prevalence of hypertension at the Lenek Health Center.

Does ongoing inflammation in recovered COVID-19 pneumonia cases aggravate underlying hypertension or unmasks new onset hypertension? A single center experience of 800 cases

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; New onset hypertension and aggravation of hypertension during the post-COVID-19 period are issues of concern having very limited data published on them. Hence, the current study was conducted with the aim of studying the blood pressure profiles as new onset hypertension, pre-existent hypertension and an aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in post-COVID-19 patients.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Retrospective cohort study conducted between October 2021 to March 2022, included 800 post-COVID-19 patients above 18 years of age treated at the dedicated COVID-19 care center irrespective of their disease severity and comorbidity after a valid written consent. All the study cases were followed after six months of discharge from hospital. Protocolled recording of covariates such as blood pressure, anthropometric indices, ECG, blood sugar, lipid profile and uric acid were done at entry point. Retrospective data collection of indoor records was done such CT severity assessment as mild (score &amp;lt; 8), moderate (score 9-15) and severe (score &amp;gt; 15); inflammatory markers IL-6, Ferritin, CRP, LDH and D-dimer, interventions used during hospitalization such as oxygen supplementation and oxygen plus BIPAP/NIV. Statistical analysis was done by using a Chi-square test.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In study of 800 post-COVID-19 cases, pre-existent hypertension in 10% (80/800), new onset hypertension in 8.5% (68/800), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 47.5% (38/80) cases. Significant association was observed between interventions used as hypertension profile such as cases with oxygen requirement new onset HTN 32/68 (47.05%), pre-existent hypertension in 10/42 (23.80%), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 16/38 (42.10%) and oxygen plus BIPAP/NIV requirement in new onset HTN 27/68 (39.70%), pre-existent hypertension in 10/42 (23.80%), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 16/38 (42.10%) cases (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Significant association was observed in blood pressure switch during pre-COVID-19 to post-COVID-19 state during follow up from normotensive to hypertensive range (p &amp;lt; 0.00001). Comorbidities such as DM, hyperlipidemia and IHD showed significant association with blood pressure profile in study cases in post-COVID-19 setting (p &amp;lt; 0.00001). Inflammatory markers during hospitalization (IL-6, CRP, LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer) and uric acid analysis during follow-up documented significant association with new onset HTN, pre-existent hypertension, aggravation of pre-existent hypertension and no hypertension or normal blood pressure cases during post-COVID-19 follow-up (p &amp;lt; 0.00001).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; COVID-19 infection is probably a risk factor for new onset hypertension and increased prevalence of hypertension was observed in the post-COVID-19 period and considered as unmasking effect on hypertension. Additionally, disease related inflammatory burden, stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of hypertension in pre-existent cases.

SUDDEN DECREASE IN EXERCISE TOLERANCE—A CASE STUDY ON ANOCA

This case study describes the evolution of a 45-year-old patient who presented to the hospital with a severe inferior respiratory tract infection. The interpretation of the electrocardiogram led to a reconsideration of the medical history and the identification of anginal pain, resulting in referral to the cardiology department. The investigations carried out (biochemical tests, stress test, and coronary angiography) established the diagnosis of angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA). The uniqueness of the case lies in the association of this diagnosis with a combination of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia) and non-traditional factors (chronic inflammation, psychosocial stress). The average duration for establishing the diagnosis of ANOCA remains prolonged, contributing to the decrease in patient’s quality of life. This case emphasizes the need for more efficient educational, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. It is essential to increase public awareness regarding the importance of addressing subtle symptoms that can be mistaken for the effects of aging and to reduce diagnostic delays in order to improve cardiovascular prognosis

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Middle-Aged and Older Tribal Adults-Evidence from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI).

Hypertension is a global health concern, particularly among middle-aged and older adults. This study aims to fill this gap by examining hypertension prevalence and risk factors using data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). This study used data from the LASI, which is a nationally representative Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), wave-1 (2017-2018). Our study included a sample of 12,920 individuals from tribal communities who were aged 45 and above. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors associated with hypertension in middle-aged and elderly tribal adults using STATA software. The study revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among middle-aged and older tribal adults was 34.35%, with 31.97% among males and 36.29% among females. The prevalence of hypertension among middle-aged tribal adults was observed to be 28.67%, while among older tribal adults, it was found to be 46.13%. Age is a prominent factor, showing a marked increase in hypertension risk with advancing age. Individuals aged 51-55 have a cOR of 1.35 (1.03-1.75) and an aOR of 1.37 (1.01-1.86). Gender analysis reveals that females exhibit a higher crude risk with a cOR of 1.21 (1.02-1.42). Hypertension is associated to factors such as increasing age, BMI, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and diabetes. Sociodemographic factors like education and socioeconomic status also contribute to the prevalence of hypertension. Targeted public health interventions, including lifestyle modifications, early diagnosis, and management, particularly in tribal communities, can significantly reduce hypertension prevalence and impact. Culturally tailored health promotion programs could further address these risk factors.

Vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular pathologic changes on autopsy: The 90+ Study.

Cerebrovascular pathologic changes (CVPC) are prevalent and associated with dementia in those≥90 years. However, CVPC associations to traditional risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia) are variable. We hypothesized that neither traditional risk factors nor related medications would be associated with CVPC presence. In autopsy volunteers from The 90+ Study, odds ratios (OR) of CVPC presence to self-reported vascular risk factors and cardiovascular medication classes were calculated using logistic regressions adjusted for age of death, sex, and education. In 267 participants (mean age at death 98(±3.5) years; 75% female), CVPC presence was not related to traditional risk factors. Lower odds of atherosclerosis with diuretics [OR 0.55] and lower odds of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) with B-blocker [OR 0.57] or vasodilator [OR 0.40] use were observed. Our findings suggest that vascular risk factors are not risk factors for CVPC at this age, medications have mitigated risks, or survival bias obscures associations. Cardiovascular risk factors are thought to contribute to cerebrovascular diseases. Risk factors were generally not associated with cerebrovascular changes. Lower odds of certain cerebrovascular changes were associated with antihypertensive use.

Relationship of Chronic Stress and Hypertension with Bone Resorption.

Background/Objectives: Chronic exposure to stress has been considered a risk factor for hypertension, which is also associated with increased bone resorption. This review aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic stress, associated with hypertension, on the skeletal system. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published in English. We include experimental, clinical, and peer-reviewed studies focused on the relationship between stress, hypertension, and bone resorption. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and Scopus, with the last search completed on 10 September 2024. Results: The main topics include situations that favor bone loss, such as psychological stress, which can lead to osteoporotic fractures through immunological and endocrine mechanisms. The relationship between psychological stress and loss of bone density, as in osteoporosis, occurs due to the reduction in the number of osteoblasts and loss in the balance between physiological formation/resorption. Conclusions: Chronic stress significantly affects cardiovascular health and bone resorption. This narrative review study highlights the vulnerability of the skeletal system, along with the cardiovascular system, to prolonged stress, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary strategies in preventing stress-related conditions. Effective stress management can help reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease and bone resorption, emphasizing their role in comprehensive health care.

Risk factors for high blood pressure in older adults of the Provincial Directorate of the MIES of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas

Introduction: arterial hypertension is a disorder in which blood vessels have blood pressure above the limits above which cardiovascular risk increases, changes related to aging favor the increase in blood pressure.Objective: to identify the risk factors for arterial hypertension in older adults of the Provincial Directorate of MIES of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.Method: a quantitative, observational, descriptive and prospective study was carried out on the risk factors for arterial hypertension in older adults of the Provincial Directorate of the MIES of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas during the year 2022. The population consisted of 90 older adults from whom a sample of 60 cases was selectedResults: 43.3 % of the participants are single, among the singles 25 % have a primary education level, 56.6 % are female, of which 30 % are within the age range of 71 to 80 years, 77 % of the sample studied did not present a family history of the disease, 93 % of the respondents do physical activity, 88 % of them report that they consume low-salt foods, 21.7 % are between the weight range of 63-75 kg, 53 % of the respondents are overweight, 95 % of respondents reported not smoking cigarettes, 93 % indicated not drinking alcohol at all.Conclusions: It can be seen that there is a predominance of females and older adults between 70 and 80 years of age, family history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, inadequate diets, stress, as well as toxic habits such as alcohol and cigarette consumption are shown as important risk factors in the suffering of the disease.

Level of knowledge of risk factors for high blood pressure in patients at the B IESS Quinindé- Esmeraldas Health Center

Introduction: high blood pressure is among the main causes of premature death worldwide, and is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases.Objective: to determine the level of knowledge of risk factors for high blood pressure in patients at the B IESS – Quinindé Health Center.Method: a quantitative, observational and descriptive study was carried out related to the level of knowledge about risk factors for high blood pressure in patients who attended the B IESS Quinindé Health Center during the course of 2021. The population consisted of 200 patients, creating a sample of 200 patients. The anonymity of the individuals was maintained and confidentiality rights were respected.Results: 58% in the age range of 20-49, with a predominance of the female sex with 65%, 33.5% consume fruit with a frequency of 1 to 3 days. Regarding the portions of fruit they consume in a week, 45.5% responded that they do not know how to express the portions they consume, 18.0% perform light physical activity, among them 32.5% do not present alterations in the respiratory and cardiac constants when performing this activity. According to the body mass index, which is normal in 59.5%, it is observed that 35.0% have consumed alcohol at some time, 49% do not smoke.Conclusions: it was determined that there is a low level of knowledge of the risk factors for arterial hypertension in patients of the B IESS Health Center - Quinindé, Esmeraldas, within the aspects where the lack of knowledge could be most evident was about diet, physical activity, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption.

The prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and hypertension among police personnel: A population-based cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Police personnel represent a special occupational group who because of the nature of their jobs are at an increased risk of lifestyle disorders such as diabetes and hypertension. Although studies have been conducted to assess the health status of police personnel in India, most of them suffer from small sample sizes, selection bias, and poor generalizability. Objectives: This large-scale study evaluated the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension along with their risk factors among police personnel in Mumbai, India. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 3474 police personnel. The key risk factors of interest were age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Binary logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship between the independent variables (age, gender, and BMI) and the dichotomous dependent variables (diabetes and hypertension). Results: 86.3% were males while 13.7% were females. The mean age was 41.6 years. In total, 48.7% of participants were overweight while 19.9% were obese. Totally, 29.2% of participants were pre-diabetic/diabetic and 55.2% were hypertensive. Using adjusted logistic regression, participants with &gt; = 55 years were 7.9 and 3.7 times more likely to have diabetes and hypertension respectively compared to those with &lt; = 34 years. Similarly, obese individuals were 1.6 and 3.1 times more likely to have diabetes and hypertension respectively compared to those with normal BMI. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity among Indian police personnel and provides the scientific basis for planning interventional strategies to improve their health.

Characterization of some aspects related to arterial hypertension

Introduction: arterial hypertension (HTN) is a chronic disease characterized by a continuous increase in blood pressure levels above the limits above which cardiovascular risk increases.Objective: characterize aspects related to arterial hypertension.Method: a review of the literature available in databases such as SciELO, Scopus and ClinicalKey was carried out, of which a total of 16 related articles were consulted, empirical methods such as logical history and analysis and synthesis were used. Results: HTN is one of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a chronic disorder with asymptomatic characteristics, which causes lesions silently as long as it is not detected or treated in time. Changes related to aging favor increased blood pressure. It is necessary to indicate that the modifiable risk factors for HTN can be classified as behavior, those that are linked to lifestyle, susceptible to changes in behavioral habits, can be smoking, inadequate diet rich in fats, poor consumption of vegetables and fruits, low physical activity, stress, among others that could be involved in the risk of developing associated diseases.Conclusions: high blood pressure is an important risk factor for many diseases, with a currently increasing prevalence. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to maintaining a good quality of life, with adequate treatment and a healthy lifestyle being essential.

Gene Expression Signatures of Smoking and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Blood Transcriptome Analysis.

Background: Tobacco smoke is known to contain numerous harmful chemicals, and epidemiological evidence has firmly established smoking as a potent risk factor for hypertension and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the precise mechanisms by which smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to identify common molecular signatures in blood that link smoking to acute MI (AMI). Methods: We extracted transcriptome data from seven blood microarray datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, encompassing a total of 403 patients. Employing both individual dataset analysis and a combined meta-analysis approach, we conducted a thorough examination of blood transcriptome profiles associated with AMI and smoking, uncovering numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Results: Functional enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs associated with AMI and smoking were significantly enriched in overlapping biological processes, such as immune response and inflammation. Moreover, three genes-PTGDR, PYHIN1, and PRSS23-were consistently altered in both conditions and were validated as dysregulated in AMI using an independent GEO dataset. Furthermore, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation further confirmed the differential expression of PYHIN1 and PRSS23 in AMI patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that gene expression changes induced by smoking in blood may contribute to the heightened risk of AMI. These identified genes are likely to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AMI. Given the accessibility of peripheral blood samples, the expression levels of these genes could potentially serve as biomarkers for assessing cardiovascular health, particularly in individuals with a history of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke.