Hypertension Family Research Articles

Family Based Genetic Association Study of TLR4 Gene with Myocardial Infarction in Pakistan

Introduction: TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling has been involved in the initiation, progression, and plaque destabilization phases of atherosclerosis which is the leading cause of MI.
 Aims & Objectives: To determine primarily the association of TLR4 gene with myocardial infarction through family clustering analysis as well as a case control association study. Secondarily to evaluate the environmental factors responsible for onset of MI (myocardial infarction) in Pakistani population.
 Place and duration of study: Current study was conducted at the Department of Zoology Government College University Lahore between 2019 and 2020.
 Material & Methods: Demographic information and blood samples were collected from various families with at least one or two family members affected with MI. DNA was isolated and targeted sequence was amplified by primer specific PCR reaction. Genotyping was achieved by Sanger sequencing.
 Results: The family clustering study found TT genotype of rs4986791 to be significantly associated with MI while other SNP (Asp299Gly; rs4986790) did not show any association with MI. In the case control association study, allele T was seen as a risk allele with significant association (p<0.05) of variants 4986791 to MI. Moreover, allele of rs 4986790 was found to be protective allele for participants. Smoking, air pollution, BMI, diabetes, positive family history and hypertension were found strongly responsible for development of MI.
 Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that SNP 1196C/T (Thr399Ile; rs4986791) in TLR4 gene is strongly associated with MI and other SNP rs4986790 was not associated with MI onset in a Pakistani family.

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN PERILAKU LANSIA DALAM PENGENDALIAN HIPERTENSI

Hypertension is one of the main causes of death in the elderly. The increasing prevalence of hypertension is caused by lack of self-awareness of the elderly in controlling hypertension. To realize the good behavior in the elderly, family support is needed such as reminding to take medication, maintaining weight, diet and routine control. This research objective was to determine the relationship between family support and hypertension control behavior in the elderly in Pasir Putih Village, Peureulak District, Aceh Timur Regency.This research used an analytical design with a cross sectional study approach. The population used in this research was 68 elderly who suffered from hypertension. The Sampling was conducted through total sampling technique. Data collection was conducted by doing interviews. This research was conducted on August 11 to August 21, 2021.The results of this research showed that there was a significant relationship between family support and hypertension control behavior in the elderly in Gampong Pasir Putih with a ρ-value of 0.000 <0.05 and an odds ratio (OR) of 7.649, it meant that the elderly with good family support had a chance of 7,649 times to behave well in controlling hypertension.It can be concluded that there is a relationship between family support and hypertension control behavior in the elderly. It is recommended that the elderly always behave well in controlling hypertension so that they can keep blood pressure stable.

Cardiovascular reactivity to stress shows proneness to future blood pressure status in students of a teaching hospital in Nepal

Stress is a condition that disrupts or threatens to disrupt homeostasis. Stress may be physical or mental. Physical stress includes exercise (isometric or isotonic), pain, temperature (too hot or cold) etc. The development of hypertension is usually preceded by a prehypertensive state that may be manifested by abnormal cardiovascular reactivity to different types of stress viz., mental stress, cold water immersion, isotonic exercise, isometric handgrip, and valsalva maneuver. In present study, we have used isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise, as a stressor, aiming to identify individuals at increased risk for developing hypertension at early life. Normotensive, non-smoker sedentary two hundred male subjects, one hundred each from normotensive and hypertensive families, of age group 18-25 years participated in the study as volunteers. The causal blood pressure and heart rate of the participants were recorded in the sitting position by using mercury sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Then, the isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise demonstrated to each of them using handgrip dynamometer. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was noted as maximum pressure (in Kg) sustained during three seconds of handgrip using a handgrip dynamometer. The participants were asked to sustain isometric handgrip at one third of MVC for one minute with the same instrument (handgrip dynamometer). Both blood pressure and heart rate were recorded immediately after 1 and 3 minutes following isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise. The data analyzed using t-test showed that diastolic blood pressure didn’t return and stabilized to pre-exercise level even after 3 minutes following exercise in volunteers who were mostly from hypertensive family. More number of volunteers with family history of hypertensive (24%) showed elevated diastolic blood pressure even after 3 minutes whereas a few of the volunteers (8%) with no family history of hypertension showed rise in DBP even after 3 minutes following isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise. This present study indicated that the individuals having family history of hypertension are prone to develop hypertension in their early life, therefore, must adopt the healthier life style like avoidance of alcohol, smoking, and practice yogic exercise.

The Relationship between family function and hypertension management in Desa Tista, Puskesmas Kerambitan II Work Area.

Background and Purposes: Elderly generally experience physical changes such as the cardiovascular system that causes hypertension. Hypertension is a disease that cannot be cured and will cause damage to arteries in the body, causing complications such as coronary heart disease, stroke and kidney failure if not treated in the long term, but hypertension can be controlled through hypertension management. Strategy to improve hypertension management is through family functions. This study aims to determine the relationship between family function and hypertension management in the elderly.
 Methods: This type of research is correlational analytic, with a cross sectional approach and purposive sampling technique. The subjects of this study were elderly aged 60 years and over. Statistical test used Spearman Rank Correlation with p value < 0.05.
 Results: From 46 samples, family function in the elderly were mostly in the good category with a total of 28 respondents (60.9%) and management of hypertension in the elderly were mostly in the good category with a total of 30 respondents (65.2%). Based on the results of statistical tests using Spearman Rank, the results obtained were p value 0.000 <0.05 and the correlation coefficient value was 0.606.
 Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between family function and hypertension management in Desa Tista, Puskesmas Kerambitan II Work Area.
 
 Keywords: Family Function, Management of Hypertension, Elderly

Liddle syndrome misdiagnosed as primary aldosteronism is caused by inaccurate aldosterone-rennin detection while a novel SCNN1G mutation is discovered

Purpose Through describing the confusing misdiagnosis process of Liddle syndrome, we try to reveal the importance of accurate aldosterone-renin detection and a genetic test for Liddle syndrome. Methods We found a family of hypertension and hypokalaemia with the proband of a 21-year-old female who had been misdiagnosed as primary aldosteronism (PA). She presented with high aldosterone and low renin levels. Aldosterone is not suppressed in the saline infusion test and captopril challenge test. However, treatment with a standard dose of spironolactone has no blood pressure improvement effect. A heterozygous variant of SCNN1G was found with whole exome sequencing and Liddle syndrome is indicated. Treatment with amiloride was effective. We rechecked aldosterone-renin levels with two different aldosterone and renin test kits. Clinical features and the mutant gene SCNN1G of each family member were determined by the Sanger method. Results The two kits had nearly opposite results. Among those Liddle syndrome patients confirmed by a genetic test, for Test kit A all ARR were screened positive while for test kit B negative. It seems Test kit B is consistent with the diagnosis while test kit A misleads the diagnosis. A novel SCNN1G mutation, c.1729 C > T, was found in this family, which introduce a premature stop codon in the γ subunit in the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and resulted in a deletion of 72 amino acids at the carboxyl end. Conclusion inaccurate ARR detection might misdiagnose Liddle syndrome. A Gene test is an important method for the diagnosis of Liddle syndrome. A novel SCNN1G missense mutation, c.1729 C > T, is found in a Chinese family.

Association Between Some Different Obesity Anthropometric Indices and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Men and Women in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundObesity can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the predictive power of different obesity anthropometric indices (ObAIs) for T2DM varies with race and geographical area. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the association between different ObAIs and T2DM and determine the best index for screening T2DM in middle-aged and elderly men and women in Beijing, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Shijingshan district (Beijing, China) from November 2011 to August 2012, involving a total of 14,558 subjects aged ≥40 years. Data on demographic information, lifestyle, history of T2DM, hypertension and dyslipidemia were collected. Body height, body weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and blood pressure were recorded. The oral glucose tolerance test or a standard meal test and blood lipid test were performed. The relationship between different ObAIs and T2DM was analyzed using multiple logistic regression.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol intake, occupation and education degree, diabetes family history, hypertension and dyslipidemia, body mass index (BMI), WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were positively associated with T2DM in both men and women. Compared with the lowest BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR quartiles, ORs of the highest quartiles were 2.131 (95% CI: 1.465–3.099), 1.752 (95% CI: 1.270–2.417), 1.342 (95% CI: 1.072–1.678), 2.739 (95% CI: 2.293–3.271) in men and 1.837 (95% CI: 1.584–2.130), 3.122 (95% CI: 1.980–4.924), 3.781 (95% CI: 2.855–5.007), 2.379 (85% CI: 2.040–2.775), respectively, in women. The areas under ROC curve of BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR for men were 0.584 (95% CI: 0.568–0.600), 0.509 (95% CI: 0.492–0.525), 0.501 (95% CI: 0.485–0.518), and 0.642 (95% CI: 0.627–0.658) and 0.619 (95% CI: 0.607–0.632), 0.709 (95% CI: 0.697–0.720), 0.741 (95% CI: 0.730–0.752), and 0.654 (95% CI: 0.642–0.666), respectively, for women.ConclusionWHtR and WHR have been found to perform better as predictors of T2DM in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men and women, respectively.

Risk Factor Analysis of Early-Onset Cataracts in Taiwan.

Purpose: According to previous studies, the prevalence rate of cataracts has increased in recent years. This study aims to investigate and analyze the risk factors of early-onset cataracts in Taiwan. Methods: A total of 71 subjects aged between 20 and 55 were diagnosed with cataracts in a medical center. Participants were divided into three groups: control, early-onset cataract (EOC), and combined (EOC combined with dry eye) groups. Eye examinations including autorefraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), subjective refraction, axial length, fundus, slit lamp, and reactive oxygen species (ROS, including total antioxidative capacity, TAC; C-reactive protein, CRP; and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) were performed. In addition, a questionnaire on patient information, history, habits, family history, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) was completed before the examination. Results: 27 non-EOC (control group), 20 EOC, and 24 combined patients participated in the study. Compared with the control group, Body Mass Index (BMI), gender, educational level, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic pain, and body-related diseases were significantly different between the three groups. Family history was also significantly different: family heart disease, hypertension, asthma, allergies, stroke, and immune system were also significantly different. In addition, subjects who took hypertensive drugs, antihistamines, and other medications were also significantly different. Statistical analysis indicated that best corrective visual acuity and the spherical equivalent were significantly different between the three groups. Similar results were found in CRP blood analysis. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, EOC may result from systemic diseases. The risk corresponded to an increase in ROS blood analysis. Furthermore, eye drops and medicine intake significantly influenced EOC patients. To prevent or defer early-onset cataracts, monitoring physical health, CRP, and GPx analysis may be worth considering in the future.

Determinants of Hypertension Proxy in Community, Indonesia

Background: Hypertension is a high-risk health problem and leads to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease. This study aimed to determine the proxy determinants of hypertension in the Kawatuna community. Methods: an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach, with a population of 2,943 people, and the sample was taken using the Slovin formula; the sample size was 352 respondents by purposive sampling. Bivariate data analysis used the Chi-Square test at a significance level of p = 0.05 and analyzed the relationship between the multivariate determinant variables with logistic regression analysis. Results: the significant variable on the incidence of prehypertension was the genetic variable with p-value = 0.043 and RRR = 2.31. The variables that had a significant relationship with the incidence of hypertension were genetics with a p-value = 0.000 and gender with a p-value = 0.012. Respondents with a family history of hypertension had a greater risk of 5.9 times than those without family hypertension. The male gender had a risk of 3.68 times compared to female respondents. Conclusion: The determinants of hypertension proxy in the Kawatuna community are genetics and gender.

Early Detection of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Definition of Psychosocial Profile in Women Through a Systematic Approach: The Monzino Women Heart Center's Experience.

IntroductionCardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading mortality cause among women, yet an alarming misrepresentation of women in CV studies and a low awareness of the impact of CV among women still persist to date. The Monzino Women Heart Center has been established as a clinical and research program dedicated to primary prevention of CV disease in women.MethodsPatients aged between 35 and 60 years and with no history of CV disease underwent a comprehensive evaluation including a cardiologic outpatient visit with electrocardiogram, individual CV risk calculation, first-level cardiovascular examinations and a psychological assessment.ResultsA total of 635 women, with a mean age of 52.2 ± 6.4 participated to the project on a voluntary basis during the period January 2017–August 2021. Included patients had a high level of education (40.4% with a graduate or postgraduate university degree), the majority of them, in a stable couple and with children, were actively working. More than half of the patients performed physical activity on a regular basis. Prevalence of traditional CV risk factors were family history (70.2%), hypertension (46%), hypercholesterolemia (22%) and diabetes (14%). Early or premature menopause was reported by 17.7% of the patients, gestational hypertension and diabetes by 4.96 and 1.7%, respectively. Symptoms of depression were reported by 27%; nearly 36% of the participants rated high score of state anxiety and 41% of trait anxiety. Nearly 69% of the participants showed moderate-to-high perceived stress. The mean value of perceived general self-efficacy was moderate (mean = 28.78, SD = 4.69).ConclusionA CV prevention program dedicated to women can help identifying a considerable number of patients with risk factors for whom early interventions can help reducing the risk of developing CV disease. Psychological assessment might unmask depression or anxiety disorders, which might have a potential long-terme detrimental effect on CV health.

Association between Family History and Hypertension among the Patients in Nairobi: A Case Study of Mbagathi Hospital

Hypertension is an important public health issue globally. With the global prevalence of hypertension being 40%, Africa ranks the highest with a prevalence of 46%. The high burden in developing countries is attributable to the high levels of risk factors. In Kenya, 20-30% of adults had hypertension in 2013. However, there is little information on the prevalence of hypertension and its association with family history as its risk factor among adult patients seeking medical care in Nairobi. The primary goal of this study was to determine the association between family history and hypertension among adult patients at Mbagathi Hospital. Fisher’s formula was used to determine the sample size which was composed of 384 respondents while systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants. The study adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Data collection included the use of a questionnaire that included both open and closed-ended questions given to each participant with each being allowed to exercise informed consent before responding to questions. Descriptive statistics mainly means and percentages were used to analyze data. Inferences were made using the chi-square statistic. Statistical significance was set at P <05. Patients with hypertensive parents had a high prevalence of hypertension (42.2%). A significant connection between family history and hypertension (p=0.017) was discovered using a statistical chi-square test while 69.9% of the participants had a family member who had hypertension. Family history was an associated risk factor for hypertension; respondents who had a family member with hypertension and mostly those with a hypertensive mother were more likely to be hypertensive. Keywords: Hypertension, Family history, Patients, Mbagathi Hospital

Evaluation of Folic Acid in Diabetic Type II Patients with and without Neuropathy

As a result of peripheral neuropathy, diabetes-related mortality and morbidity rates increase. It is possible that a folate deficiency raises the risk of developing diabetic neuropathy since folate is required for the creation and maintenance of neurons. This study evaluated diabetic neuropathy and the role of folic acid in neuropathic and non-neuropathic diabetic individuals. This study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020 in Peshawar on both from neuropathic (n=105) and non-neuropathic patients (n=100) of having diabetes mellitus type II. Blood samples were collected for estimation of HBA1c, folate and random blood sugar (RBS). Positive family history (87.6%), hypertension (53.3%), and dyslipidemia (54.3%) were more determined in neuropathic patients. HbA1c level was found high among neuropathic patients. Patients with diabetic neuropathy had a considerably greater frequency of folate insufficiency (16 percent ). A significant increase in the number of people with diabetic neuropathy who are folate deficient shows that folate plays a critical role in delaying the onset of diabetic neuropathy. Keywords: Folic Acid, Diabetes, Neuropathy, Diabetic Neuropathy, HBA1c

Association between Family History and Hypertension among the Patients in Nairobi: A Case Study of Mbagathi Hospital

Hypertension is an important public health issue globally. With the global prevalence of hypertension being 40%, Africa ranks the highest with a prevalence of 46%. The high burden in developing countries is attributable to the high levels of risk factors. In Kenya, 20-30% of adults had hypertension in 2013. However, there is little information on the prevalence of hypertension and its association with family history as its risk factor among adult patients seeking medical care in Nairobi. The primary goal of this study was to determine the association between family history and hypertension among adult patients at Mbagathi Hospital. Fisher’s formula was used to determine the sample size which was composed of 384 respondents while systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants. The study adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Data collection included the use of a questionnaire that included both open and closed-ended questions given to each participant with each being allowed to exercise informed consent before responding to questions. Descriptive statistics mainly means and percentages were used to analyze data. Inferences were made using the chi-square statistic. Statistical significance was set at P <05. Patients with hypertensive parents had a high prevalence of hypertension (42.2%). A significant connection between family history and hypertension (p=0.017) was discovered using a statistical chi-square test while 69.9% of the participants had a family member who had hypertension. Family history was an associated risk factor for hypertension; respondents who had a family member with hypertension and mostly those with a hypertensive mother were more likely to be hypertensive. Keywords: Hypertension, Family history, Patients, Mbagathi Hospital

Abstract 11257: Intersection Between Race and Gender in the Incidence and Control of Hypertension in ELSA Brasil

Background: Few investigations examined the associations of race and gender with the incidence and control of hypertension (HTN) considering the synergies and heterogeneous experiences of intersectional groups. Hypothesis: HTN incidence and inadequate blood pressure (BP) control is higher in black men and women, brown men, and women, compared to their white counterparts. Inequalities are more pronounced in higher education vis-a-vis lower education group. Methods: Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, 6 intersectional groups of race/gender were identified: white, brown, and black men and women. We calculated by intersectional category: the HTN incidence between baseline (2008-2010) and visit 2 (2012-2014) in 8,528 individuals free of HTN or cardiovascular disease at baseline; and inadequate BP control prevalence in 4,571 individuals with drug treated HTN at visit 2. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution and logarithmic link function were used. Results: After age and HTN family history adjustment, the HTN risk was higher in black men (IDR:2.25; 95%CI:1.65-3.08), brown men (IDR:1.89; 95%CI:1.59-2.25), black women (IDR:1.85; 95%CI:1.50-2.30), brown women (IDR:1.47; 95%CI:1.31-1.67), and white men (IDR:1.76; 95%CI:1.49-2.08) compared to white women. All associations remained significant in fully-adjusted models for sociodemographic, behavioral and health conditions The association between intersectional categories and inadequate BP control varied according to education level in fully-adjusted models: 1) in lower education participants, white men (PR:1.70; 95%CI:1.42-2.04), brown men (PR:1.67; 95%CI:1.43-1.94), black men (PR:1.60; 95%CI:1.37-1.87), and black women (PR:1.28; 95%CI:1.00-1.64) had worse BP control than white women; 2) in higher education participants, only black men (PR:1.55; 95%CI:1.08-2.22) and women (PR:1.49; 95%CI:1.05-2.13) showed worse control than white women. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce previous studies regarding the higher risk of HTN and worse BP control in black men, but also reveal that the intersectional approach accentuates the heterogeneity in the incidence and control of HTN, evidencing specific experiences of socially marginalized groups, especially that of black women.

Frequency of Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors of ST elevation Myocardial Infarction at Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine the frequency of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction at tertiary care Hospital. Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Cardiology, Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro, from July 2019 to January 2020. All the patients those presented with myocardial infarction and either of gender were included in the study. After taking complete clinical examination and diagnosis, patients were interviewed regarding family history, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits and life style activities. Non modifiable predisposing risk factors were defined as age, gender and family history. Modifiable risk factors were defined as elevated serum cholesterol, presence of type II DM, cigarette smoking, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle and hypertension. All the data was recorded in self-made proforma. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21 Results: Total 100 patients were studied; most common age group was 41-50 years (45.0%), and 51-60 years (35.0%). According to the types of myocardial infarction, Acute anterior wall MI was in 25.0%, Acute inferior MI was in 20.0%, EXT ANT WALL MI was in 16.0% and Acute inferior +RV MI was in 15.0% of patients. Elevated age in 70.0% and male gender in 69% of cases were found to be most common non-modifiable risk factors, while frequently seen Modifiable risk factors were smoking, type II diabetes, hypercholesteremia, hypertension, and physical activities. Conclusion: It was observed that elevated age, male gender, smoking, diabetes and hypertension are frequent risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction. Keywords: Modifiable, non-modifiable, risk factors, MI

Long-term prognosis of zero coronary artery calcium score in symptomatic low to intermediate risk patients

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Purpose/background Absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) has shown an excellent long-term prognosis with a low number of events in asymptomatic patients. However, long-term prognosis in stable symptomatic patients undergoing SPECT MPI with a zero CAC score remains unknown. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1600 low- to intermediate risk symptomatic patients referred for clinically indicated cardiac SPECT/CT imaging with a CAC score of zero. Long-term follow-up data were collected for the occurrence of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE: any revascularization, non-fatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death). Results The mean age was 54.7 ± 11 years and 71% were female. More than half of the patients (51%) had 2 or more traditional risk factors, mainly a positive family history (55%) and/or hypertension (49%). Overall 12% had perfusion abnormalities, 98% of them were mild. During a mean follow-up of 8.6 ± 1.9 years MACE occurred in 42 patients (0.3% per year) and 85 patients died (0.6% per year). The predominant cause of death was cancer (40%). Cox proportional hazard model revealed that increasing age (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.09) and current smoking status (HR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.72-7.37) were independent predictors of MACE. Pre-test probability (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.82-2.82) and abnormal SPECT result (HR: 1.72, 95% CI: 0.88-3.37) were not associated with an increased risk of MACE. Conclusion Overall, stable symptomatic patients with a low-to intermediate risk and a CAC score of 0 have a) low likelihood of abnormal SPECT, and b) excellent long-term prognosis of 0.3%/year irrespective of baseline pre-test probability and SPECT abnormalities. These findings support notion of CAC as gatekeeper for appropriate patient selection to avoid un-necessary downstream testing.

ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DIET AND DISEASE WITH HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE AND FACTORS CAUSING STROKE LEADING TO CEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE IN MALE PATIENTS IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN

Objectives. This study aimed to assess and make a pattern of factors causing stroke leading to cerebral haemorrhage in male patients as well as to assess association of demographic characteristics, diet and disease with haemorrhagic stroke in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Methods. In a cross sectional questionnaire based interviewing study, a questionnaire was designed to access the pattern of factors causing stroke leading to cerebral haemorrhage in male patients. Total 339 cases (adult male who had haemorrhagic stroke) were identified from two government and four private hospitals in Quetta City, Province Balochistan, Pakistan. The study was conducted within the time period of 9 months, from March to November, 2015. The data was piloted and then final data was analysed by using IBM SPSS 22. Results. In demographic characteristic study of patients, majority 219 (64.6%) were among the age group between 51 years and above, 330 (97.3%) were married, majority 186 (54.9%) were having urban residence and 277 (81.7%) were having own residence ownership, 127 (37.5%) were having addiction to smoking and 120 (35.4%) were addicted to tobacco and snuff. 124 (36.6%) were reluctant to mention whether their patients were either smokers or not. Among total 339 patients, majority 284 (83.8%) were not doing physical exercise routinely or if they were recommended by the physician. Among the 339 patients, all 339 (100%) of patients selected the multiple options among all given options (headache, unconscious/loss of consciousness, pain in neck). Conclusions. Demographic characteristics, low level of education, low income, urban residence in combined family setup, married, increased number of children are associated with hemorrhagic stroke. Smoking, tobacco and snuffing may also cause stroke. Lack of physical exercise, past history of stroke, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension (personal or family) of any type does not significantly cause stroke but may increase the risk of stroke. The order of events suddenly happened to the hemorrhagic patients are headache, pain in neck, vomiting and finally state of unconsciousness.

Prevalence of ‘Hyperglycemia in pregnancy’ remained stable between 2006 and 2015, despite rise in conventional risk factors: A hospital based study in Delhi, North India

AimsBetween 2006 and 2015, the trends in prevalence of Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP); Gestational diabetes (GDM), Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP), Pre existing diabetes (PDM) and GDM risk factors were studied in 30,692 pregnancies among Asian Indian women. MethodsGDM (n = 4089) and DIP (n = 259) diagnoses were by 75 g OGTT, while PDM (n = 103) was identified by ICD code O24. Women with DIP and PDM were grouped together as pre-gestational diabetes (PGDM n = 362). Crude and age-adjusted prevalence trend analysis by Poisson and Jointpoint regression models respectively, were done in GDM and PGDM groups. ResultsDuring study years, the GDM prevalence by WHO 1999 and modified IADPSG criteria, showed decreasing and static trends respectively, while PGDM prevalence remained static. In a subgroup of 2560 women, mean BMI increased from 24.12 ± 4.16 in year 2011 to 25.18 ± 4.7 Kg/m2 in 2015 (p < 0.014), but this rise had no impact on GDM prevalence. GDM risk factors; maternal age, gravidity ≥3, previous GDM and abortion, high income, diabetes and hypertension in family, were higher in 2011–2015 than in 2006–2010 period. On multivariate analysis, BMI was not an independent GDM risk factor. ConclusionDespite rise in conventional GDM risk factors, HIP prevalence was static for a decade among pregnant Asian Indian women.

An epidemiological study of type-2 diabetes mellitus among adults of 30 years and above in urban Meerut

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a group of metabolic disorders that share the common feature of hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90-95% of all people with diabetes. Aim and objectives of the study was to know the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk in an urban population of Meerut.Methods: The present study was conducted in the field practice area of Urban Health Training Centre, LLRM Medical College, Meerut by house to house survey among adults 30 years and above.Results: Prevalence of DM in the present study was found to be 13.1%. Among the total diabetics, 10% were known diabetics 3.1% were newly diagnosed diabetics. Socio-demographic factors associated with diabetes are age, socio-economic status, educational status and marital status while factors such as gender, religion, caste and type of family were found to be statistically insignificant.Conclusions: Risk factors like family history, hypertension and behavioural factors like alcohol consumption and smoking were associated with diabetes prevalence.

Evaluation of the relationship between blood types and Rh with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case / control study

Background: Diabetes is a chronic and debilitating disease that has several factors that affect its occurrence, so trying to identify these factors and modify them is worth considering. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between different blood groups and Rh with diabetes mellitus type 2. Materials and Methods: This study is a case-control study that was conducted in Khorramabad city on a total of 620 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals who were randomly selected. Study data including demographic variables and blood type and Rh were extracted through files registered in health centers. SPSS23 software was used to collect data. Frequency tables of chi-square, t-test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 49.25±12.4. 59.2% of the subjects were female. In this study, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of age and gender. There was a significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals in family history, BMI and hypertension. There was no difference in the type of Rh between the two groups in terms of blood and Rh groups, but in the case of blood groups, blood group A had a higher percentage compared to the control group. While there was no obvious difference between other blood groups in the case and control groups. Conclusion: According to our results, people with blood type A, as well as people with high BMI, high blood pressure and a family history of diabetes, are at higher risk for developing the disease. Necessary measures to prevent the disease for these people at risk should be taken to reduce the prevalence of the disease in society.

FIRST RESULTS OF THE NEW HUNGARIAN HYPERTENSION REGISTRY: NUMBER OF DAILY MEASUREMENTS AND PROPORTION OF PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT BLOOD PRESSURE CATEGORIES

Objective: Hypertension is a major public health problem and its proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial points of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality reduction. The aim of the new Hungarian Hypertension Registry is to evaluate the features of blood pressure measurement practice of family physicians and hypertension care specialists and to overview the blood pressure values measured during everyday practice. Design and method: Omron M3 IT devices are located for four months periods in repeated times between October 2018 and October 2023 to family physician practices and to hypertension outpatient clinics. Blood pressure values are transmitted online to an evaluating center using the Medistance system of Omron. Results: Until now 1,691 family physicians, 111 internists, 112 cardiologists and 12 hypertension specialists were being involved into the study. During 4 four-months long evaluation periods between October 2018 and October 2020, 1 701 927 blood pressure measurements were registered. The daily average number of the measurements in the three periods were 3.5, 4.8, 5.4 and 3.6, respectively. Following the ESH diagnostic criteria, the proportion of subjects in optimal, normal and high-normal blood pressure categories were 13.4%, 13.4% and 17%, respectively. The proportion of patients in stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 hypertension categories were 32.1%, 17% and 7.1%, respectively. The average systolic blood pressure values in family physician practices with more than 2500 patients were higher compared with practices with less, than 1500 patients (141.8 mmHg versus 139.84 mmHg, respectively). Conclusions: In conclusions, the low daily average number of blood pressure measurements refers for limited blood pressure screening capacity of the Hungarian family physicians. In practices with more patients the blood pressure is generally less controlled. These results suggest the need for reconsideration of the blood pressure measurement guidelines and the further promotion of home blood pressure measurement.