Correction Of Hyperopia Research Articles

Two-year outcome of an eye that underwent hyperopic LASIK following inadvertent myopic SMILE lenticule in situ implantation

BackgroundThis report describes a case in which hyperopic femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) was performed following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) lenticule in situ implantation.Case presentationThe hyperopic left eye of a 46-year-old patient with refraction of + 7.75 diopters sphere (DS)/− 1.25 diopters cylinder (DC) × 5° and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/50 mistakenly underwent the SMILE procedure for myopic astigmatism (− 8.50 DS/− 1.50 DC × 175°) due to medical negligence. The extracted lenticule was subsequently re-implanted in situ. After 8 months, the left eye underwent FS-LASIK to correct hyperopia and astigmatism (+ 5.0 DS/− 0.75 DC × 100°). Two years after FS-LASIK, corneal tomography showed no ectasia and microscopy revealed transparent cornea. The left eye exhibited CDVA of 20/50 with refraction of − 0.75 DS/− 0.25 DC × 165°.ConclusionsSMILE lenticule in situ implantation offers a solution for corneal volume and thickness restoration. FS-LASIK provides feasible correction of refractive error following lenticule re-implantation. Future studies are needed for determining the effectiveness of the treatment.

Hyperopic small-incision lenticule extraction.

Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) has shown great promise in the treatment of myopia; however, the literature is less extensive in its hyperopic counterpart. The purpose of this review is to detail the recent advancements and outcomes of SMILE in the treatment of hyperopic eye disease. SMILE has demonstrated similar visual outcomes, regression rates, centration ability, safety profiles, and wound healing as hyperopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Lenticule preservation and implantation show further promise in the correction of higher degrees of hyperopia. Based on the current literature, SMILE represents a viable surgical alternative to LASIK in the correction of hyperopia. Lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty and small-incision lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty may be able to correct severe hyperopia in patients who would not otherwise be candidates for refractive surgery.

Six-Month Outcomes After High Hyperopia Correction Using Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis With a Large Ablation Zone.

To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to treat high hyperopia using an aberration-neutral profile and large ablation zone. This was a retrospective, consecutive observational case series at Helios Ophtalmologie, St. Jean-de-Luz, France. One hundred forty-six consecutive eyes of 77 patients who underwent LASIK with mechanical microkeratome to correct hyperopia with correction in the maximum hyperopic meridian strictly higher than +5 D (mean + 6.6 ± 1.0 D) were included. Procedures were performed with an Amaris 750S excimer laser (Schwind eye-tech-solutions GmbH, Kleinostheim, Germany) using an aberration-neutral profile, a 6.7 ± 0.1 mm optical zone, and a 9.2 ± 0.1 mm total ablation zone. Refractive results, predictability, safety, and efficacy were evaluated at 6 months postoperatively. At 6 months postsurgery, the mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent was -0.06 ± 0.83 D and the mean cylinder was 0.42 ± 0.35 D. Sixty-six percent of eyes were within ±0.50 D of the attempted spherical equivalent correction. Six months postoperatively, 60% of eyes achieved an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better. Ten percent of eyes lost 1 line of corrected distance visual acuity and 4% gained a line. No eyes lost more than 2 Snellen lines of corrected distance visual acuity at any follow-up. High hyperopia correction with LASIK using an aberration-neutral profile and large ablation zone provides good efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes.

Correction of hyperopia by intrastromal cutting and liquid filler injection.

.Correction of hyperopia requires an increase of the refractive power by steepening of the corneal surface. Present refractive surgical techniques based on corneal ablation (LASIK) or intrastromal lenticule extraction (SMILE) are problematic due to epithelial regrowth. Recently, it was shown that correction of low hyperopia can be achieved by implanting intracorneal inlays or allogeneic lenticules. We demonstrate a steepening of the anterior corneal surface after injection of a transparent, liquid filler material into a laser-dissected intrastromal pocket. We performed the study on ex-vivo porcine eyes. The increase of the refractive power was evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT). For a circular pocket, injection of filler material increased the refractive power by diopters. An astigmatism correction is possible when ellipsoidal intrastromal pockets are created. Injection of filler material into an ellipsoidal pocket increased the refractive power by on the short and on the long axis. OCT will enable to monitor the refractive change during filler injection and is thus a promising technique for real-time dosimetry.

Strabismus in hydrocephalus patients.

To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of strabismus in patients with hydrocephalus. A retrospective chart review of patients with strabismus and hydrocephalus is performed in the Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology between 2012 and 2018. Seventeen patients between the ages of 6months and 13years met the criteria of strabismus and hydrocephalus. Although all had developmental delay, five patients out of 17 were premature (lower than 36weeks of gestation). All patients had ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for congenital hydrocephalus. Three patients had exotropia, whereas 14 had esotropia. Glasses were prescribed to 13 patients: hyperopic correction in 12 and myopic correction in one patient. Surgical correction with bimedial recession was performed in five patients. Four of them achieved successful ocular alignment. Children with hydrocephalus most likely have esotropia. Although good ocular alignment is achieved with surgical correction in some patients, some patients may benefit from glasses.

LASIK-induced corneal changes after correction of hyperopia with and without application of Mitomycin-C

BackgroundThe study aimed to assess the role of intraoperative mitomycin-C (MMC) application during hyperopic LASIK correction (+ 1.00 D to + 6.00 D) by examining topographic corneal changes and incidence of regression over a one-year follow-up period.MethodsThis comparative randomized control study included 68 hyperopic patients (136 eyes) divided into two groups; Group A included 34 patients (68 eyes) that had LASIK with the application of 0.02% MMC for 10 s on the stromal bed after excimer laser treatment, and group B included 34 patients (68 eyes) that had LASIK without MMC application. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), refraction, keratometry and topography were recorded at 1st week and 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months postoperation. Predictability and treatment efficacy were also recorded at the end of the follow-up period.ResultsBetter predictability was noted in group A than in group B at the 6 month and 12 month follow-up visits, with a mean cycloplegic refraction SE of + 0.5 ± 0.31 D in group A and + 0.67 ± 0.39 D in group B at the 6 month visit, and + 0.63 ± 0.37 D in group A and + 0.89 ± 0.48 D in group B at the 12 month visit. The efficacy of the treatment at the end of the follow up period was better in group A than in group B. Group A showed fewer topographic corneal changes than group B.ConclusionsIntraoperative MMC application during hyperopic LASIK achieves better predictability and efficacy and induces fewer topographic changes and lower regression rate of hyperopia during the first postoperative year.Trial registrationthe Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201901543722087, on 29 January 2019.

Patient satisfaction and self-reported dry eye symptoms in hyperopic patients treated with femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis.

PurposeTo study self-reported patient satisfaction and dry eye symptoms in hyperopic correction with femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).Patients and methodsNinety-eight eyes (53 patients) were treated with FS-LASIK for hyperopia. Patients’ self-reported dry eye symptoms and satisfaction with near and far vision were graded on the visual analog scale (VAS) preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively.ResultsNinety-one percent of the eyes with the plano target (54 eyes) achieved an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better. Predictability, defined as spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.5 D of target, was 88% of all eyes. None of the eyes lost two or more Snellen lines of corrected distance visual acuity. There was no significant change in the self-reported dry eye sensation (VAS score from 2.7±2.0 to 2.8±2.0; P=0.66). In 44 monovision patients, satisfaction with both far vision (from 71.2±19.8 to 89.2±8.7; P<0.0001) and near vision (from 51.7±26.2 to 89.3±13.2; P<0.0001) increased significantly. In nine emmetropic patients, satisfaction with neither far vision nor near vision was significantly improved, although there was a clear tendency (from 73.7±23.7 to 86.9±15.3; P=0.22, and from 58.9±29.1 to 81.6±17.4; P=0.11, respectively). In the monovision patient group, far vision satisfaction decreased when dry eye symptoms increased. Monovision patients, as predicted, were more satisfied with their near vision, when postoperative spherical equivalent from target was on the myopic side.ConclusionFS-LASIK correction of hyperopia significantly improved patient satisfaction with both near and far vision in monovision patients. Hyperopic patients had no significant changes in postoperative dry eye symptoms compared to preoperative values.

Comparison between Refractive Outcome of Primary Piggyback Intraocular Lens versus Secondary Lens Iris Claw Lens in Posterior Microphthalmos.

Purpose To compare the refractive outcome of 2 different methods of intraocular lens implantation in cases of posterior microphthalmos, primary piggyback IOLs versus secondary iris claw lenses. Methods This study was a retrospective interventional comparative study that included 60 eyes of 30 patients. The included patients had bilateral microphthalmos with high axial hyperopia and had undergone a lens-based surgical procedure for hyperopia correction. The included patients were equally divided into two groups. The first group had undergone refractive lens exchange (RLE) with primary piggyback IOL implantation. The second group undergone RLE with maximum available IOL power implanted followed by a secondary implantation of Artisan iris-fixated IOL (Ophtec B.V., Groningen, the Netherlands). Results The 2 groups were highly comparable to each other regarding the mean age, axial length (AL), manifest refraction (MR), and K readings. Postoperatively, there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the CDVA. At 36 months, 20% and 73% of the eyes were within ±0.5 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggyback and 2ry Artisan groups, respectively. Fifty-three percent and 93% of the eyes were within ±1.0 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggyback and 2ry Artisan groups, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusion Secondary procedure with implantation of iris-fixated intraocular lens yielded very good results for treatment of axial hyperopia in cases of posterior microphthalmos. The primary piggyback IOL showed less satisfactory results with cases of under correction and the possible complication of interlenticular opacification. Both groups showed good safety parameters.

Multi-Factoral Mechanisms of Therapeutic Effect of Perifocal Spectacles (Perifocal-M) on Progressive Myopia in Children

There is detailed review of multi-factoral mechanisms of spectacles with peripheral defocus influence in children with progressive myopia in this article. At present local retinal mechanisms of neuro-regulatory control of eye growth are most effective in prevention of myopia development and progression. Optical correction of relative peripheral hyperopia with following peripheral myopic defocus affects the biochemical cascade from retina to choroid and sclera, which constrains an eye growth. Optical methods of myopia control, including spectacles, widely used in native and foreign ophthalmology practice. Since 2011, in Russia Perifocal-M spectacles are using, said spectacles provides bigger functionality of influence on myopic eye comparing to foreign analogues. Construction features of said spectacle lens have a complex influence on different optic-physiological eye structures and each of said structures affects refractogenesis. Perifocal spectacles takes into account specific for myopic eye features of central and peripheral refraction along horizontal and vertical meridians. They have stronger refraction in horizontal, which allows to eliminate specific optical disbalance in myopic eye and to create optical balance in the eye. Perifocal-M lens construction with asymmetric horizontal progression allows to correct relative peripheral hyperopia, to create myopic defocus in horizontal and to affect relations between refraction of nasal and temporal halves of retina. The latter is due to the fact that optical influence starts earlier and has bigger effect on nasal half of retina relative to temporal. Perifocal spectacles are inducing positive spherical aberrations in the eye, increasing accommodation functions, supporting high binocular visual acuity, improving binocular interaction during near work, fighting against heteroforias. Thus, optical features of Perifocal-M spectacles for the first time creates conditions for versatile functional influence on main myopogenic factors simultaneously, it effectively stops myopia progression.

Efficacy of Smartphone-based Exercises in Conjunction with Modified Glasses Prescription in the Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency and Fusion Weakness

ABSTRACTPurpose: To determine the efficacy of Smartphone-based exercises in conjunction with modified glasses prescription in the treatment of convergence insufficiency and fusion weakness.Methods: A total of 150 patients using glasses and having asthenopia between 15 and 30 years of age were subjected to thorough eye examination including binocular vision testing and refraction. Of them 26 individuals were found to have convergence insufficiency with fusion weakness and exophoria >6 pd. Subjects with amblyopia, manifest strabismus and other ocular diseases were excluded from the study. Modified glasses (overcorrection of myopia by −0.5 D Sph & under correction of hypermetropia by +0.5 D Sph) were given along with newly designed Smartphone-based fusion exercises.Results: Near point of convergence improved by 2.89 ± 1.08 cm, positive fusion vergence by −10.2 ± 3.25 pd and near phoria by 3.13 ± 0.32 pd (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The current study demonstrates the efficacy of Smartphone-based fusion exercises, in conjunction with modified glasses prescriptions, in the management of symptomatic convergence and fusion insufficiency. Indeed, this novel, newly designed approach for convergence insufficiency improves symptoms by reducing near point of convergence and degree of exophoria and increasing fusional vergence.

Relation between preoperative hyperopia and surgical outcome in infantile esotropia.

To evaluate the relation between preoperative hyperopia and surgical outcomes of infantile esotropia in patients younger than 24 months of age. Medical records of patients who underwent bilateral medial rectus muscle recession for infantile esotropia between November 1, 2002 and December 1, 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of preoperative hyperopia. Group I had less than +3.0 diopter (D) of hyperopia and group II had between +3.0 and +5.0 D of hyperopia. Postoperative alignments were evaluated 1wk, 3, 6mo, and 1y after surgery. Following the 1-year postoperative visit, patients were monitored yearly. Relationships between preoperative factors including hyperopia and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Forty-six patients were included, with 33 patients in group I and 13 patients in group II. The preoperative mean refractive error was +0.88 D in group I and +3.45 D in group II. Surgical outcomes were not significantly different between groups at any postoperative time point examined. Cumulative probability of surgical success, prevalence of inferior oblique overaction, dissociated vertical deviation, and re-operation rate were not significantly different between groups. Preoperative moderate hyperopia (less than +5.0 D) did not affect the surgical outcome of infantile esotropia. Therefore, the surgical correction of esotropia should be considered when the angle of esodeviation is unchanged following hyperopia correction, even in children with moderate hyperopia.

Outcomes for Hyperopic LASIK With the MEL 90® Excimer Laser.

To report the outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia using the Triple-A ablation profile with the MEL 90 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). This retrospective analysis included 1,383 eyes treated by LASIK for hyperopia using the Triple-A ablation profile with the MEL 90 at London Vision Clinic, London, United Kingdom, between September 2013 and December 2016. Inclusion criteria were attempted hyperopic correction of +0.25 diopters (D) or higher and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/40 or better. Patients were observed for 1 year after surgery. Standard outcomes analysis was performed. One-year data were available for 1,350 (97%) eyes. Mean attempted spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ) was +2.77 ± 1.34 D (range: +0.13 to +6.50 D) and mean cylinder was -0.67 ± 0.66 D (range: 0.00 to -5.00 D). Mean age was 54 ± 11 years (range: 21 to 75 years), and 57% were female. Postoperative spherical equivalent was ±0.50 D in 73% and ±1.00 D in 93% of eyes. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 75% of eyes, relative to 93% with preoperative CDVA of 20/20 or better. One line of CDVA was lost in 17% of eyes and two lines were lost in 0.6% of eyes. There was a clinically insignificant but statistically significant increase (P < .01) in contrast sensitivity at 3 and 6 cycles per degree (cpd) and no change for 12 and 18 cpd. LASIK for hyperopia with the MEL 90 excimer laser was found to satisfy accepted criteria for safety, efficacy, and stability. [J Refract Surg. 2018;34(12):799-808.].

Funkcja widzenia po obuocznym wszczepieniu wtórnym soczewki, wykonanym 18 lat po usunięciu zaćmy wrodzonej u pacjenta z zespołem różyczki wrodzonej

Comparison of a quality of vision and changes in a everyday function in 18 years old patient with congenital rubella syndrome and concomitant nystagmus who was undergoing onetime secondary implantation of intraocular lenses. A congenital cataract extraction has been done in the first years of his life. An eye defect of high hyperopia was a consequence of postoperative aphakia and has never been corrected before. A lack of cooperation from the patient was a consequence of mental retardation. Secondary lens implantations have been done to the sulcus, onetime to the both eyes. The procedure was done under total anaesthesia. An electrophysiology examinations were taken before and 24 months after the surgery. A total change in behavior and also an improvement of cognitive abilities which was accompanied by retinal response observed in electrophysiology examinations has been achieved after correction of high hyperopia by secondary lens implantation gained due to correction of both eyes. Correction of high hyperopia caused by postoperative aphakia after removal of congenital cataract resulted in improvement of vision quality, despite long-term, over ten years of absence of any correction of this defect. Obtaining this improvement effect should be an incentive to consider secondary implantation in every case, especially when the other senses (hearing) and communication organs (speech) are also disturbed, regardless of the period of non-correction.

Einseitige kombinierte Augenmuskeloperation zur Korrektur der Esotropie

The aim of strabismus surgery to correct esotropia is orthotropic alignment or microstrabismus to achieve best possible binocularity, alarger visual field, better appearance, and a frequently connected improved self-esteem. Awidely used technique to correct esotropia is combined unilateral strabismus surgery with recession of the medial rectus muscle and plication of the lateral rectus muscle. Indications are esotropia of various origins or decompensating esophoria over 15prism diopters. Absolute contraindications are insufficient optical correction of hyperopia and sixth nerve palsy with unfinished spontaneous regeneration. Arelative contraindication in children is untreated amblyopia. The technique consists of unilateral recession of the medial rectus muscle and tucking of the lateral rectus muscle. The surgical technique is demonstrated in detail in two videos of the operation, which are available online. Antibiotic and lubricating eye drops are applied during the first week after surgery. In the early postoperative period, patients should be monitored for postoperative infection, conjunctival dehiscence, or corneal laceration. We review patients 4months postoperatively for evaluation of the long-term result. Recent randomized controlled studies have shown that unilateral medial rectus muscle recession and resection surgery is comparable to bilateral recession surgery with regards to postoperative results in esotropia. The effect of lateral rectus muscle tuck is comparable to muscle resection with less trauma and potential reversibility during the first days after surgery.

Three-year outcomes after high hyperopia correction using photorefractive keratectomy with a large ablation zone

AimTo evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to treat high hyperopia using an aberration-neutral profile and large ablation zone.MethodsThis was a retrospective, consecutive observational case series at...

Non-Conservative Therapy in the Prevention of Subepithelial Fibroplasia after LASEK Hypermetropia Correction

The results of observation of patients who underwent vision eximerlaser correction by the LASEK method regarding medium degree of hyperopia were analyzed.Purpose:to investigate the severity of the «dry eye» syndrome and corneal subepithelial fibroplasia in patients after laser correction of hyperopia by the LASEK method, and their prevention by reducing the preservative action on the eye surface.Patients and methods.The study included 40 patients (76 eyes), aged 21–46 years (32.98 ± 1.79) who underwent LASEK surgery for moderate hyperopia (4.03 ± 0.38 D). Patients were divided into two groups: 1) control group (20 patients, 37 eyes) — postoperative therapy included the corneoprotector “Stilavit®” and the preparation of hyaluronic acid “Oksial®”, containing preservatives; 2) the study group (20 patients, 39 eyes) — postoperative therapy included the corneoprotector “Hilozar-comod®” and the artificial tear preparation “Hilo-comod®”, which did not contain reservatives. Ophthalmic examination included, in addition to standard diagnostic methods, the Norn test, the Schirmer test, the staining of the eye surface with lissamine green. In addition, a questionnaire was conducted on a modified OSDI questionnaire; there a section characterizing the quality of vision (section B) was removed.Results.The analysis of the obtained data showed that in the study group there was less pronounced “dry eye” syndrome at 3,6,12 months after the operation. The maximum difference in the indicators of the “dry eye” syndrome between the groups was at 3 and 6 months of the postoperative period. When evaluating corneal subepithelial fibroplasia, maximum attention was paid to the frequency and the intensity index. It was shown a significant difference in the intensity of the haze between the study group and the control group by 26.1 % at 3 months, by 62.2 % at 6 months and by 65.3 % 12 months after the operation. Conclusion.Nonconservative therapy with sodium hyaluronate and dexapanthenol in the early postoperative period and only sodium hydrolurate allows to reduce the severity of the dry eye syndrome after laser correction of hypermetropia and, as a result, to reduce the intensity of haze development by 65.3 %, and its frequency on 11,5 %.

Topographic-guided treatment of hyperopic corrections with a combination of higher order aberration removal with WaveLight® Contoura and wavefront-optimized hyperopic treatment.

PurposeThis pilot study was conducted to test the hypothesis that WaveLight® Contoura and wavefront-optimized (WFO) hyperopic treatment can be used together for hyperopia/hyperopic astigmatism to create more uniform corneas.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis was conducted in 35 consecutive hyperopic/hyperopic astigmatism eyes of 22 patients treated via LASIK on the Wavelight® EX500. Higher order aberrations and astigmatism were removed using Contoura with the Layer Yolked Reduction of Astigmatism (LYRA) Protocol, and hyperopia was treated with WFO correction. All patients had 3 months of follow-up. Outcome measures were assessed by post-operative refraction, regression, and post-operative vision. Topographic analysis showed the degree of uniformity of the cornea achieved.ResultsAverage hyperopia treated was +2 diopters (D) (range +0.50 D to +7.25 D), with the average amount of astigmatism treated +1.05 D (range −0.25 D to −2.25 D). The average difference between the Contoura-measured and manifest magnitude of astigmatism was 0.674 D and the average axis difference was 5.65°. No eyes lost corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), 22.8% of eyes gained CDVA. At 3 months, 18 (54%) eyes had regressed or not achieved their targeted goal, and the average spherical equivalent (SE) from the targeted goal was 0.973 D. Following primary procedure, 10 of these eyes had myopic SE, six had hyperopic SE, and two had SE of 0. Prior to surgery, 19 of 24 distance eyes were able to achieve 20/20 vision, and if secondary corrections are included 100% achieved 20/20 or better post-operative, and eight (42%) achieved 20/15 or better at 3 months post-operative. No eyes lost CDVA.ConclusionThis pilot study demonstrated that more uniform corneas can be created while treating hyperopic corrections, but a high level of secondary corrections were needed.

Clinical study of the influence of preoperative wearing time on postoperative effects in children with partially accommodative esotropia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the preoperative wearing time on the postoperative effect in children with partially accommodative esotropia.Sixty children with partially accommodative esotropia who visited our hospital were placed in full cycloplegic refraction by using 1% Atropine eye gel and then wore full hyperopic correction glasses. Children were divided into groups A and B according to the preoperative wearing time. The visual acuity, eye position, and results of the synoptophore and Titmus stereoacuity tests were recorded before and half a year after the surgery in each group, and appropriate statistical analyses were conducted.Half a year after the operation, 54 cases achieved orthotropia when wearing full hyperopic correction glasses. One case was overcorrected. Five cases were undercorrected. The results of the synoptophore and Titmus stereoacuity test showed that there was no significant difference between postoperative outcomes for patients who wore glasses for half a year and for 1 year before the operation.For children with partially accommodative esotropia, surgery should be used to correct the eye position after wearing full hyperopic correction glasses for half a year to improve the eye position and binocular vision as early as possible. If the operation cannot be completed after the patient wears full hyperopic correction glasses for half a year due to various subjective and objective factors, a good postoperative effect can be obtained if the patients receive surgery after wearing full hyperopic correction glasses for 1 year.

The Role of Dynamic Retinoscopy in Predicting Infantile Accommodative Esotropia and Influencing Emmetropization

ABSTRACTIntroduction and Purpose: To investigate the role that dynamic retinoscopy can play in reducing the occurrence of infantile accommodative esotropia and facilitating emmetropization in infants with high hyperopia.Patients and Methods: 211 orthotropic infants under 1 year of age (3.5 to 12 months) identified as having ≥5 diopters of hyperopia in their more hyperopic eye on a routine eye exam. On enrollment, infants underwent an assessment of accommodation using dynamic retinoscopy as well as a cycloplegic refraction. Infants who showed normal accommodation were followed without spectacles. If dynamic retinoscopy showed subnormal accommodation, partial hyperopic correction that allowed for full binocular accommodative responses at near were prescribed. Main outcome measures were the occurrence of esotropia, changes in refractive error, and visual acuity.Results: Of the 211 infants enrolled, 146 showed normal accommodation and were followed without glasses (Group 1). None of these patients developed strabismus. Sixty-five patients showed subnormal accommodation and received partial hyperopic correction (Group 2). Thirty-four of the 65 (52%) in Group 2 did not develop strabismus (Group 2A) and 31 of the 65 (48%) developed strabismus (Group 2B). All 3 groups showed a reduction of hyperopia of 0.37D ± 0.25/year, 0.50D ± 0.28/year, and 0.60D ± 0.20/year in groups 1, 2A, and 2B, respectively. None of the differences between groups were statistically significant.Conclusions: Normal accommodation on dynamic retinoscopy in orthotropic hyperopic infants is a predictor of continued good alignment and such infants can be followed without spectacles. Partial spectacle correction based on dynamic retinoscopy may have a beneficial effect on reducing the development of strabismus without impeding emmetropization. Early binocular accommodative behavior seems to be predictive of infants at risk of developing strabismus.

Higher-Order-Aberrations Following Hyperopia Treatment: Small Incision Lenticule Extraction, Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis and Lenticule Implantation

PurposeTo compare the postoperative higher-order-aberrations (HOAs) after hyperopic small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), hyperopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and lenticule implantation for correction of hyperopia.MethodsEighteen monkeys were divided to six groups: +2.00 D and +4.00 D hyperopic SMILE, +2.00 D and +4.00 D hyperopic LASIK (n = 6 eyes for each), and lenticule implantation with a −2.00 D and −4.00 D lenticule (n = 3 eyes for each). The corneal HOAs were evaluated preoperatively and 3-month postoperatively.ResultsAt 3-month postoperatively, the spherical aberrations significantly increased toward negative direction in all +4.00 D groups (all P < 0.05). There was a significant change toward more negative values in the third-order vertical coma in the SMILE +4.00 D and LASIK +4.00 D groups (P = 0.026 and P = 0.036, respectively). There were also significant changes in the third-order horizontal trefoil (P = 0.034) and oblique secondary astigmatism (P = 0.012) in the LASIK +4.00 D group. In the eyes that underwent +4.00 D lenticule implantation, the fourth-order horizontal quatrefoil significantly increased (P = 0.029). In low hyperopia correction (+2.00 D), treatment with lenticule implantation tended to have less changes in HOAs, compared to the other two groups.ConclusionsIn hyperopic SMILE, hyperopic LASIK or lenticule implantation surgery, significant induction of third- and fourth-order HOAs were seen in moderate hyperopia correction but not in low hyperopia correction. In low hyperopia treatment, lenticule implantation might offer a favorable trend in the aspect of HOAs.Translational RelevanceThe results provided the knowledge of surgically induced HOAs and understanding of the effects of surgery in different types of hyperopic correction.