Hyperlipidemia In Wistar Rats Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF SEMBUNG LEAF EXTRACT (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA) ON THE NUMBER AND DIAMETER OF RATS LEYDIG CELLS INDUCED BY HIGH-FAT DIET

This study aims to determine the morphology of Leydig cells in hyperlipidemic wistar rats after having administered with sembung (Blumea balsamifera) extract orally. This study utilised a randomized post-test only control group design. The sample in this study were 16 adult male wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) aged 3-4 months with a body weight of 150-200 grams, which were equally and randomly divided into two groups, namely control group (hyperlipidaemia and sterile aquadest) and treatment group (hyperlipidaemia and sembung leaf extract). Hyperlipidaemia was induced with lard administration for 50 days. Data were analysed statistically using the Independent t-test. The results showed that the number of Leydig cells in the treatment group was higher than the control group with 68.13 ± 1.89 and 55.63 ± 1.92 cells respectively (P <0.05). In addition, the mean Leydig cell core diameter of the control group, 5.00 ± 0.34 µm, was smaller compared to the treatment group which was 5.80 ± 0.20 µm (P <0.05). It can be inferred that sembung leaf extract provides a protective effect against damage to Leydig cells due to hyperlipidaemia.

Huoxue Huatan Decoction Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Hyperlipidemic Rats via PGC-1α-PPARα and PGC-1α-NRF1-mtTFA Pathways.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to eluc\\idate the preventive and therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of Huoxue Huatan Decoction (HXHT) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in hyperlipidemic rats.MethodsAn I/R model was established in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. After 4–8 weeks of HXHT treatment, the physical signs of rats were observed. Lipid metabolism, myocardial enzyme spectrum, cardiac function, myocardial histomorphology, and mitochondrial biosynthesis were investigated by a biochemical method, ultrasonography, electron microscopy, pathological examination, real-time PCR, and Western blot.ResultsHXHT can affect lipid metabolism at different time points and significantly reduce the levels of cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipid-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipid-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); it can significantly reduce the levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduce the myocardial infarct size and myocardial ischemic area, and improve cardiac function. The results of myocardial histomorphology showed that HXHT could protect myocardial cells, relieve swelling, reduce the number of cardiac lipid droplets, and improve myocardial mitochondrial function. HXHT could significantly increase the levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), increase CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, and decrease the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05); it could increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and increase the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (P < 0.01).ConclusionHXHT can reduce myocardial I/R injury in hyperlipidemic rats. The protective mechanisms may involve a reduction in blood lipids, enhancement of PGC-1α–PPARα pathway activity, and, subsequently, an increase in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may provide the required input for mitochondrial energy metabolism. HXHT can additionally enhance PGC-1α–NRF1–mtTFA pathway activity and, subsequently, increase the antioxidant capacity, promote mtDNA synthesis, and reduce mitochondrial damage. The two pathways use PGC-1α as the intersection point to protect mitochondrial structure and function, reduce I/R-induced injury, and improve cardiac function.

Purine Metabolism in Platelets and Heart Cells of Hyperlipidemic Rats.

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by an increase in circulating lipid levels, doubles the chance of developing cardiovascular diseases. It prompts inflammation, immune activation, and oxidative stress in the bloodstream and organs of rats. Thus, we theorized that the metabolism of purines, an immunomodulatory mechanism, is altered in cells involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we induced acute hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats with Poloxamer-407 and euthanized the animals 36h later. The leucocyte differential, the rate of purine metabolism on the surface of platelets and heart cells, and markers of oxidative stress in the heart tissue were evaluated. These parameters were also assessed in animals pretreated for 30days with curcumin and/or rutin. Hyperlipidemia increased the hydrolyses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in platelets. In heart cells, the metabolism of ATP and adenosine (ADO) were increased, while ADP hydrolysis was reduced. Additionally, lipid damage and antioxidant defenses were increased in heart homogenates. Hyperlipidemic rats alsoexhibited a reduced percentage of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Together, these findings are indicative of an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in hyperlipidemic rats. The pretreatments with antioxidants reverted some of the changes prompted by hyperlipidemia preventing detrimental changes in the cells and tissues. Graphical Abstract.

AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF POLYHERBAL EXTRACT ON HIGH FAT DIET HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN RATS

Hypercholesterolemia is extremely common in the general population, is regarded as a high-risk factor for several health problems in this 21st century. This may be due to increased trends towards the western lifestyle and high cholesterol-rich diet intake. Drug based cholesterol control is a common norm in allopathic treatment, though there are several side effects. While many efficient lipid-lowering synthetic drugs exist, none is in effect for all lipoprotein disorders, and all such agents are accompanying with some adverse effects. The present study was intended to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of polyherbal extract in High Fat Diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rats in an attempt to establish traditional use of the different components of this polyherbal extract. In hyperlipidemic rats, it has been observed that there is a gradual increase in the body weight of animals. Moreover, HFD fed group showed significant change in lipid profile and serum liver biomarker enzyme levels. However, high dose of polyherbal extract showed significant improvement in liver biomarker enzyme levels, lipid profile and liver histopathology. In this study, the mechanism of action of polyherbal extract correlates with anti-hyperlipidemic drugs that decrease the synthesis of triglycerides which ultimately decreased the lipid level in blood. Hence, polyherbal extract (PHE) at higher dose (1500mg/kg) can be used to treat hyperlipidemia and related complications.

Sea Buckthorn and Grape Antioxidant Effects in Hyperlipidemic Rats: Relationship with the Atorvastatin Therapy.

Background Medications to reduce oxidative stress are preventing cellular damage associated with hyperlipidemia. In this regard, statins (e.g., atorvastatin) act primarily by decrease in low-density lipoprotein-c but, in the last decade, hepatotoxicity, associated with liver injuries in the next months after treatments' initiation, was reported. In this case, associated phytotherapy can be a solution. Purpose To investigate the antioxidant potential and response to free radicals, in the case of hyperlipidemic rats treated with atorvastatin. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) and a grape extract (antioxivita) efficiency in the oxidative stress were investigated, also being ascertained the rats' organs cytoarchitecture. Methods Eighty-four hyperlipidemic Wistar rats were divided into seven groups and orally treated as follows: ATS, atorvastatin (20 mg/kg·bw); ATS + Hr, atorvastatin + H. rhamnoides; ATS + Aox, atorvastatin + grape extract; Hr, H. rhamnoides; and Aox, grape extract (both as 100 mg/kg·bw). HFD and Control received high fat diet and normal fodder only. After two and six months, respectively, rats were euthanized and the heart, liver, and kidneys were gathered. The tissue samples were prepared by homogenization of 0.5 g tissue, in ethanol, kept for 48 hours at 4°C–10°C and then filtered, in order to assess organs' cytoarchitecture and the TAC's values (by using cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay). The test tubes were incubated, at room temperature, for 30 minutes, and then analyzed using a spectrophotometer at 450–650 nm. Results The statistics (ANOVA) revealed that sea buckthorn diminished notably (p < 0.001) the oxidative stress in the heart, liver, and kidney. After six months, the TAC's reduced levels for the heart were significant (p < 0.001) in ATS + Aox. In the case of histology, the liver's cytoarchitecture in ATS revealed abnormal cytoarchitecture. In ATS + Hr, ATS + Aox, Hr, and Aox, cell regeneration improved in different stages, especially for ATS + Hr and ATS + Aox, in comparison with HFD, which exhibited fat degeneration. Kidney's cytoarchitecture revealed cellular healing, especially in ATS + Hr and ATS + Aox.

Immunological markers of alimentary-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats

Changes in plasma levels of the main groups of cytokines and adipokines may correlate with the severity of metabolic disorders in hyperlipidemia and obesity. The aim of the study was to assess the significance of ghrelin, leptin, their ratio (L/Gh), and the cytokine profile as biomarkers at dietary-induced hyperlipidemia. Material and methods. We used 48 female Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 123±1 g, which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (control) received a balanced semi-synthetic diet according to AIN93; group 2 - diet with excess fat (30% by weight); group 3 - a diet with the addition of 20% fructose solution instead of drinking water, group 4 - a diet with excess fat and fructose, group 5 - a diet with added cholesterol (0.5%), group 6 - a diet with cholesterol and fructose. On the 64th day of the experiment, the mass of internal organs was determined; the levels of cytokines and adipokines in blood plasma were measured by multiplex immunoassay. Results and discussion. A decrease in the level of leptin was found in group 5 compared with the control and with groups 2, 4 and 6 groups (p<0.05). The lowest level of ghrelin was found in group 2 (p<0.05) against the background of high concentrations of leptin. Significant correlations were found between L/Gh and the total mass of animals (r=0.321; р=0.034), the relative mass of adipose tissue (r=0.439; р=0.003) and with the relative mass of the spleen (r=-0.460; р=0.003). In group 2, at the maximum L/Gh ratio, a significantly higher weight of adipose tissue was found, whereas in groups 3 and 5, at the lowest L/Gh ratio, the relative amount of total fat was the lowest. L/Gh ratio correlated with the level of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES, IL-18 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The concentrations of IL-17, IL-18, IL-4, IL-5, MIP-3a, IFN-γ, M-CSF and RANTES in the experimental groups were reduced compared with the control, with the most pronounced effect in group 5 together with the lowest L/Gh ratio. Conclusion. The presence of a significant correlation between L/Gh ratio and changes in the weight of rats' body, spleen, adipose tissue, as well as levels of cytokines involved in inflammation regulation, confirms the importance of L/Gh ratio as a biomarker in an in vivo model of dyslipidemia.

EVALUATION HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF AROGYAVARDHINI AND ZPTER TABLET IN CHOLESTEROL-RICH HIGH FAT DIET (HFD) INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN WISTAR RATS

Objective: The present research work aims to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of arogyavardhini and zpter tablet in high fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia in wistar rats.&#x0D; Methods: Wistar rats were divided in 5 groups. The normal control group received standard pellet diet. The HFD group received HFD rich in cholesterol. The HFD+Arogyavardhini group received HFD rich in cholesterol along with Arogyavardhini treatment. The HFD+zpter group received HFD rich in cholesterol along with zpter treatment. The standard Control group received HFD rich in cholesterol and treatment with Atorvastatin. Serum Lipid profile estimation and histopathological estimations done at end treatment. Group means were compared with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey‘s post-hoc analysis (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Result: HFD group shows significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in total cholesterol (TC) levels (207.15 mg/dl) and triglyceride (TG) levels (223.83 mg/dl) when compared with standard pellet fed rats (TC=151.05 mg/dl and TG=164.67 mg/dl). Treatment with Arogyavardhini significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduces the increased levels of TC (160.123 mg/dl) and TG (189.5 mg/dl) in hyperlipedimic rats. Treatment with Zpter significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduces the increased levels of TC (163.89 mg/dl) and TG (193.167 mg/dl) in hyperlipedimic rats, which is comparable to standard treatment atorvastatin (TC= 155.81 mg/dl, TG=180.33 mg/dl).&#x0D; Conclusion: The observations in this study suggest that, herbal formulations arogyavardhini and zpter have the potential to overcome hyperlipidemia.

Microencapsulated duck oil diacylglycerol: Preparation and application as anti-obesity agent

Although duck oil diacylglycerol (DAG) is considered a beneficial food additive, its production, stability and functions are not sufficiently analyzed. In the present study, the alkaline hydrolysis - lipase esterification method was utilized to obtain high purity 1,3-DAG, and the production rate surpassed 94%. In addition, DAG microencapsulation using sodium caseinate and beta-cyclodextrin was optimized and characterized. The microencapsulated duck DAG (mdDAG) was smooth in surface and cubic in shape, with particle size narrowly distributed between 10 μm and 100 μm with high dispersion. The peroxide values and mass loss values illustrated the evidently inhibitory effects of mdDAG on the oxidation process. Moreover, the effects of mdDAG intake on hyperlipidemic Wistar rats were evaluated systematically via anthropometrical and serum biochemical parameters, organ indexes and histological analysis of the liver. Results indicated that mdDAG intake was safe and acted as a functional ingredient to reduce the body weight, stimulate the lipid metabolism in viscera, and lessen obesity.

Synthesis and in Vivo Lipid-Lowering Activity of Novel Imidazoles-5-carboxamide Derivatives in Triton-WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats.

A new series of imidazole-5-carboxamide derivatives were prepared and tested for their anti-hyperlipidemic activity in Triton-WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. The purpose of this research was to improve benzophenone carboxamides water solubility maintaining at the same time the antihyperlipidemic activity. Compounds 4, 6, 10, and 11 were synthesized through a coupling reaction between imidazoles-5-carbonyl chloride and amino benzophenones. The tested animals (n=48) were divided into six groups: the first group (hyperlipidemic control group; HCG) received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of (300 mg/kg) Triton WR-1339. The second group received i.p. injection of Triton WR-1339 followed by an intra-gastric administration of bezafibrate (100 mg/kg) (bezafibrate; BF). The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups received i.p. injection of Triton WR-1339 followed by an intra-gastric administration of (30 mg/kg) of compounds 4, 6, 10, and 11, respectively. At a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight compounds 4, 6, 10, and 11 significantly (p<0.0001) decreased the plasma level of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) levels after 18 h of treatment. Additionally, compounds 4, 6, 11 and bezafibrate (100 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.0001) increased the plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is known for its preventive role against atherogenesis. These results demonstrate the possibility of pharmacokinetic properties improvement maintaining the biological and pharmacological profile of these compounds.

In-vivo biological effect of Carica papaya leaf extracts on P-407 induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats

In-vivo biological effect of Carica papaya leaf extracts on P-407 induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats

Electrolytes metabolism and cardio-renal histomorphological derangements of an experimental model of hyperlipidemia: Functional role of camel milk (Camelus dromedarius)

Background: Hyperlipidemia can result in deleterious effect both on the cardiovascular and renal systems. The therapeutic values of camel milk have been established by several studies making it suitable for metabolic diseases. This study was designed to investigate the effect of poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia on serum electrolyte, urea, creatinine, cardiorenal histomorphological changes of Wistar rats and the functional role of oral administration of camel milk. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly assigned into four groups of five animals each; group I was administered distilled water, group II was induced with poloxamer 407 (P407), group III was induced with P407 and treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/kg), and group IV was induced with P407 and treated with camel milk 250 mg/kg. After 21 days, serum samples, renal and heart tissues were collected for the determination of urea, creatinine, and histomorphological changes, respectively. Results: Poloxamers 407-induced hyperlipidemia resulted in significant increases in serum bicarbonate and urea level, glomerulotubular and myocardiac necrosis, aortic adipocytes, and renal lymphocytes infiltration. Co-administration of camel milk significantly decreased serum urea and bicarbonate along with protection of cardiorenal tissue integrity. Conclusions: The results of our findings show that poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats can progress to alteration of electrolyte balance as well as cardiorenal tissues distortion. Co-administration of camel milk protects against cardiac and renal dysfunction in P407-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats.

Awesome Attributes of Pomegranate in Diet

Conjugated fatty acid, the general term of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, has attracted considerable attention because of its beneficial biological effects. In the present study, dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in punicic acid (9cis, 11trans, 13cis-conjugated linolenic acid; 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA) on lipid metabolism was investigated in obese, hyperlipidemic Male albino Wistar (MAWR) rats. After 4 weeks feeding period, MAWR rats revealed obesity and hyperlipidemia compared with their progenitor AELM rats. Feeding of the diet supplemented with 9% safflower oil and 1% pomegranate seed oil (9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet) did not affect abdominal white adipose tissue weights and serum lipid levels compared with the diet supplemented with 10% safflower oil (control diet) in MAWR rats. However, the accumulated hepatic triacylglycerol was markedly decreased by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet in MAWR rats. Activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid β-oxidation were not altered by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet. Levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), major storage form of fatty acid, in serum triacylglycerol were markedly higher in obese, hyperlipidemic MAWR rats than in lean LETO rats. In addition, 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet significantly decreased MUFA levels in MAWR rats. This is the first study showing that 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA suppresses delta-9 desaturation in vivo, and we suggest that the alleviation of hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation by 9c, 11t, 13c-CLNA diet was, at least in part, attributable to the suppression of delta-9 desaturation in MAWR rats.

Apple Cider Vinegar Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Risk of Obesity in High-Fat-Fed Male Wistar Rats.

Metabolic syndrome is a serious consequence of obesity characterized by increased cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. While diets enriched with natural antioxidants showed beneficial effects on oxidative stress, blood pressure, and serum lipid composition, diet supplementation with synthetic antioxidants showed contradictive results. Thus, we tested, in this study, whether a daily dosage of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) would affect cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Obese rats showed increased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and atherogenic index after 6 and 9 weeks of being fed an HFD. Importantly, ACV ameliorated all of these parameters significantly. Oxidative stress already developed after 6 weeks of HFD and was significantly reduced by daily doses of ACV. Oral administration of ACV normalized various biochemical and metabolic changes since it exhibited a very significant (P < .001) reduction in malondialdehyde levels, whereas an increase in thiol group concentrations and antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase [CAT] activities and vitamin E concentrations). In addition, a modulation in trace element levels was observed when compared with HFD groups. These findings suggested that HFD alters the oxidant-antioxidant balance, as evidenced by a reduction in the antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin E level, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. ACV can be beneficial for the suppression of obesity-induced oxidative stress in HFD rats through the modulating antioxidant defense system and reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases by preventing the atherogenic risk.

Evaluation of DNA damage in Wistar rat tissues with hyperlipidemia induced by tyloxapol

Hyperlipidemia is characterized by high levels of plasma triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, accompanied by reduced HDL-cholesterol levels, and is often associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have shown the effects of hyperlipidemia on genomic stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage provided by tyloxapol induced hyperlipidemia. Tyloxapol, a non-ionic surfactant, which increases the activity of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and decreases clearance of lipoproteins, was used to induce hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. Genomic instability was assessed using the comet assay which evaluates DNA strand breaks in several tissues, and the micronucleus assay in bone marrow to detect chromosomal mutagenicity for clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects. Biochemical analyses confirmed hyperlipidemia in tyloxapol-treated rats, accompanied by hyperglycemia. Higher creatinine and urea levels were observed, suggesting kidney injury. The comet assay indicated increased DNA damage in blood, liver, and kidney, but not in brain tissue. However, no increase in micronucleus frequency was observed, indicating lack of mutagenic effects. Simvastatin, used as lipid lowering drug, decreased cholesterol and triglycerides in rats treated with tyloxapol. Those findings indicate that tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia is able to increase genomic instability, which is associated with higher cancer risk. Therefore, this surfactant might be used in models to evaluate new hypolipidemic drugs with associated chemopreventive properties.

Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaf in Atherodiet-induced Wistar Albino Rats

Aim: Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. The present study has been taken up to evaluate hypolipidemic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaf, as this plant is widely used by the local healers of South India for treatment of various illnesses. Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in atherodiet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar Albino rats. The experiment duration was 28 days and it comprised six groups, such as healthy control, extract control, disease control, treatment group low dose, treatment group high dose, and standard drug (SD). The biochemical investigations including lipid profile with Atherogenic Index and Coronary Risk Index, and other metabolic parameters were evaluated using standard protocols. Histopathology studies for vital organs of animals were also carried out. Results: The study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of C. halicacabum L. leaf has significant hypolipidemic activity in the atherodiet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats when compared with the disease control group. The histopathology study also evidenced the safety of the extract. Conclusion: The study concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of C. halicacabum L. has significant hypolipidemic activity at the prescribed dosages. Clinical relevance: As the plant has shown promising effect in the aspect of hypolipidemic activity, further studies have to be carried out for developing of new product as single drug and in the formulations of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy) system of medicines for management of hyperlipidemia.

Assessment of bioactive metabolites and hypolipidemic effect of polyphenolic-rich red cabbage extract

Context: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and the consumption of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra DC. – Brassicaceae) has been linked with the reduction risk of chronic diseases.Objective: The present study assesses the bioactive metabolites and hypolipidemic effect of red cabbage on rats.Materials and methods: The content of total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity were assessed, while individual phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected using reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Acute hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of red cabbage (RC – 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was investigated using a Triton WR-1339 (400 mg/kg) induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats compared to fenofibrate (65 mg/kg).Results: The HPLC analysis of extracts revealed eight phenolic acids, gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, m-coumaric, syringic, caffeic, cinnamic, dicaffeoylquinic and three flavonoids, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin. Furthermore, the aqueous extract showed higher amounts of total phenolics (116.00 mg/g), flavonoids (161.32 μg/g) and, antioxidant activity (87.19%) than the hydromethanolic (89.33 mg/g, 123.34 μg/g and 75.07%), respectively. The RC significantly (p < 0.001) ameliorated the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins alterations in hyperlipidemic rats without toxicity.Discussion and conclusion: Herein, the RC presented the higher amounts of phenolics and flavonoids comparing with the hydromethanolic extract. Additionally, the RC showed as the majority compounds, dicaffeoylquinic and cinnamic acids, and the flavonoids epicatechin and gallocatechin. Furthermore, the RC demonstrated a beneficial effect against hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, demonstrating its potential therapeutic effect on these risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.

Chungtaejeon, a Korean fermented tea, prevents the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed a high-fat atherogenic diet

ObjectiveHypercholesterolemia is one of the well-established risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-atherogenic effect of Chungtaejeon (CTJ, a Korean fermented tea) aqueous extract on proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vivo and in vitro. MethodsThe authors used high-fat atherogenic diet (HFAD) to induce hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats in in vivo animal experiments and used HASMCs for in vitro cell experiments. For the in vitro cell experiment, the proliferation of asms was evaluated using the MTT assay. Similarly, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in HASMCs was measured using gelatin zymography. Antimigratory activity of CTJ was revealed using the wound-healing model and Boyden's chamber assay. In the in vivo experiment, CTJ was administered in three different doses for 20 d from the initiation of the HFAD. After 20 d, the serum lipid profile and total lipid contents in liver were measured. ResultsTreatment with CTJ for 24 h dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and migration of HASMCs and expression of MMP-2 in HASMCs. The oral administration of CTJ at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total serum cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol of HFAD-fed rats. ConclusionCTJ possessed strong antiproliferative, antimigratory, as well as lipid-lowering activities. Thus, CTJ can be considered as a therapeutic option in the treatment of high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis.

Antioxidant and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Campomanesia adamantium O. Berg Root.

Campomanesia adamantium O. Berg, popularly known as guavira, has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine for reduction of serum lipid. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of Campomanesia adamantium root aqueous extract (ExCA). Phenolic compounds were quantified in the ExCA and gallic and ellagic acids were identified by HPLC. ExCA showed efficiency in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, with IC50 similar to butylhydroxytoluene control, and protected the erythrocytes against lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, reducing generated malondialdehyde. Hyperlipidemic Wistar rats treated daily by gavage during eight weeks with ExCA (200 mg/kg of body weight) showed reduced serum level of total cholesterol and triglycerides, similar to normolipidemic rats and hyperlipidemic rats treated with simvastatin (30 mg/kg of body weight) and ciprofibrate (2 mg/kg of body weight). Moreover, the treatment with ExCA also decreased malondialdehyde serum level in the hyperlipidemic rats. The body weight and organ mass were unmodified by ExCA in hyperlipidemic rats, except an increase of liver mass; however, the hepatic enzymes, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, were unchanged. Together, these results confirm the potential value of Campomanesia adamantium root for lowering lipid peroxidation and lipid serum level, improving risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases development.

Regulation effect of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on blood lipids in Wistar rats with hyperlipidemia.

BackgroundAspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a promising drug candidate for treatment of inflammation, pain and fever and prevention of cardiovascular diseases with less side effects. The experiment will be conducted to investigate the efficacy of AEE on curing hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. The rats were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia.ResultsCompared with the model group, the results showed that AEE at 54 mg/kg dosage could significantly decrease the hyperlipidemia indexes including triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TCH) (p < 0.01), increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p < 0.05) for five weeks drug administration. Meanwhile, simvastatin had same effect on hyperlipidemia indexes such as TG, LDL, TC, but no significant increase in HDL.ConclusionAEE was effective against hyperlipidemia and had better anti-hyperlipidemic effect than its component, acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin, ASA), eugenol and integration of ASA and eugenol. Under the experimental circumstance, the optimal dose of AEE to cure hyperlipidemia is 54 mg/kg for five weeks in Wistar rats.

Assessment of Hypolipidaemic Effect of Leptadenia Hastata Leaves in Albino Rats

This study was designed to determine the effect of Leptadenia hastata leaves on serum lipid profile and glucose in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Sixteen adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of four rats each. Group 1 was the hyperlipidemic group (positive control), Group 2 was the hyperlipidemic supplemented with L. hastata leaves group, Group 3 was the normolipidemic supplemented with L. hastata leaves group and Group 4 normal group fed on normal diet (negative control). The changes in the serum lipid profile and glucose were monitored after three weeks. The result of the serum lipid analysis showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with concurrent significant (p<0.05) increase in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol in hyperlipidemic group treated with L. hastata leaves (group 2) compared with the hyperlipidemic group (group 1). Serum glucose level was also significantly higher in hyperlipidemic group (p<0.05) compared with other three groups. The result of this study suggests possible hypolipidemic effect of L. hastata leaves.