Hyperglycemia Research Articles

Evaluation of Prothrombin and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease accompanied by high blood glucose due to a defect in insulin secretion, insulin activity, or both. High blood glucose levels may lead to serious damage to some organs of the body, mainly blood vessels and nerves. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in diabetic patients. 100 venous blood samples were collected from diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic in Sebha. Of them, 57 were males and 53 were females, and their ages ranged between 15-88 years. out of 100, 48 Were treated with insulin-regulating tablets and 52 Were treated with insulin injections. 34 blood samples were collected from healthy people (15 females and 19 males). They were used as a control group, aged between 14-55 years. 4 ml of venous blood was drawn, and 2 ml was placed in containers containing the anticoagulant sodium citrate to perform the PT and APTT. Place 2 ml of sample in tubes containing sodium fluoride anticoagulant to perform a fasting blood sugar (FBS). Place the tubes in a centrifuge at 3000 rpm to obtain plasma. The results showed the mean of PT in patients was (19.4 ± 3.6), the mean APTT was (35.9 ± 1.5) and the Mean FBS was (229.7 ± 80.39), whereas the mean PT, APTT, and FBS in control were (12.8 ± 1.6), (25.4 ± 2.1), and (91.9 ± 12.5) respectively. there was a significant increase of PT and APTT in patients compared to control (P<0.05), PT and FBS were higher in patients who used insulin injection with significant differences(P<0.05), while no significant differences were in APTT (P > 0.05). The present study observed a statistically significant increase in PT and APTT among patients compared to controls, it would be helpful to incorporate coagulation screening as a routine investigation for the better management of diabetic patients.

Various Analytical Methods for Analysis of Sitagliptin – A Review

Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl- peptidase inhibitor used to treat high blood sugar levels caused by type2 diabetes. Absorption of Sitagliptin is 87% orally bioavailable and taking it with or without food does not affect its pharmacokinetics. Sitagliptin reaches maximum plasma concentration in 2 hours. Now in this present analytical research world quality by design or design by expert technique is used to get improved method for method validation. This concise review work can guide an analyst to choose most appropriate method for a best analytical method development and validation. This assessment encompasses various analytical methods such as UV Spectrophotometry, High performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], Liquid chromatography – Mass spectrometry (LC-MS), High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Ultra performance liquid chromatrography (UPLC) for the estimation of sitagliptin in single and/or in combination.

Fabrication of Glucose Fluorescent Aptasensor Based on CdTe Quantum Dots.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels, which harms the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time. So, it is crucial to regularly control glucose concentration in biological fluids to check its targets, reduce unpleasant symptoms of high and low blood sugar, and avoid long-term diabetes complications. This study developed a simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective fluorescence system for glucose determination. The fluorescent Aptasensor was fabricated using cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) modified with thioglycolic acid and functionalized with thiol-glucose-aptamer through ligand exchange. The thiol-glucose-aptamer interacted directly with CdTe QDs, increasing fluorescence intensity. However, it decreased when the target molecules of glucose were introduced. The structural and morphological characteristics of the Aptasensor were confirmed by various analytical methods such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). According to the typical Stern-Volmer equation, the relationship between fluorescent quenching and target concentration was linear with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.13 ± 1.95 × 10-11 mol L-1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.05%. The Aptasensor demonstrated high specificity towards the target and stability over 28 days. Furthermore, it detected glucose in human serum and urine with a recovery rate of up to 99.74%. The results indicate that the fluorescent Aptasensor could be valuable in developing robust sensing technology for low-concentrated analytes.

A risk prediction model for unexplained early neurological deterioration following intravenous thrombolysis

Background and objectivesEarly neurological deterioration (END) post-intravenous thrombolysis significantly impacts the long-term prognosis of stroke patients. This study aimed to establish a rapid risk prediction model for unexplained END following intravenous thrombolysis.MethodsThis prospective study consecutively enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator intravenous thrombolysis at the Department of Neurology, Third People’s Hospital of Hubei Province, and Yangluo Hospital District between June 2019 and December 2022. Unexplained END was defined as an increase of ≥ 4 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score between admission and 24 h. A nomogram was developed and assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). The calibration was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test.ResultsA total of 211 patients (130 males and 110 patients aged < 65 years) were included, with 66 experiencing unexplained END. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified large arterial disease, transient ischemic attack, high blood glucose, high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, important perforator disease, and low the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT scores (APSECTS) as independent risk factors for END and established the nomogram used above indicators. The nomogram showed an AUC-ROC of 0.809 (95% CI 0.7429–0.8751), with a specificity of 0.862 and sensitivity of 0.712. The positive predictive value was 0.702, and the negative predictive value was 0.868. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (χ2 = 1.069, P = 0.169) indicated acceptable model calibration.ConclusionThis study successfully established a risk prediction model for END following intravenous thrombolysis and the model demonstrates good stability and predictive capacity. Further validation through a prospective, multicenter study is necessary.

Association between Bilateral Vertebral Artery Blood Flow Changes and Posterior Circulation Infarction in Patients with Severe Intracranial Stenosis

Plain Language SummaryThis study investigates the relationship between vertebral artery (VA) blood flow and posterior circulation infarctions (PCI), which are strokes in the back of the brain. VAs play a crucial role in supplying blood to this area. Using color duplex ultrasonography, we measured blood flow in 234 patients with severe VA narrowing (≥70%). These patients were divided into two groups: those who had experienced PCI and those who had not. We analyzed the correlation between blood flow in the VAs and various brain imaging data to understand the occurrence of PCI under different conditions. The findings showed that lower blood flow through the VAs was significantly associated with a higher risk of PCI, particularly in cases involving large artery atherosclerosis (a type of artery disease). However, this association was not observed in cases of branch artery occlusive disease. A detailed analysis revealed that for every 10 mL/min increase in blood flow, the risk of PCI decreased by 11%. This relationship also varied according to the patients’ blood glucose levels: patients with lower blood glucose levels showed a stronger link between increased blood flow and reduced PCI risk compared to those with moderate or high blood glucose levels. In conclusion, measuring the blood flow in the VAs can help identify patients at high risk of strokes in the back part of the brain. However, it is important to consider this measurement in combination with blood glucose levels to improve the identification of high-risk patients.

Lysosome-Targeted Polarity-Sensitive NIR Fluorescence Probe for Imaging Injured Lung and Liver in Diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high blood glucose. With the progress of diabetes, complications gradually appear, and various organs may be affected. However, due to the lack of noninvasive in situ detection probes, the diagnosis of organ damage caused by diabetes is significantly delayed, which will cause many complications that cannot be treated in time. Here, we report a BODIPY-based fluorescent probe SNL, which can be used to detect lung and liver damage caused by diabetes. By introducing methylpiperazine and extending the conjugated system, SNL can locate lysosomes and exhibit absorption and emission both in the near-infrared (NIR) region. In addition, SNL is sensitive to polarity and can be used for sensitive detection of lysosomal polarity changes. Unexpectedly, SNL targets and images the lungs and liver of mice. Subsequently, hyperglycemia-stimulated cell models and diabetic mouse models were successfully established, and SNL was utilized to reveal that polarity can be used as a diagnostic signal of diabetic complications. Notably, SNL for the first time confirmed the lung injury and liver injury caused by diabetes using the fluorescent probes method, providing a new approach for the diagnosis of diabetes complications.

Gerakan Sehat Bersama: Pemeriksaan Gula Darah Untuk Menunjang 9 Pilar Transformasi Kesehatan

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high body sugar levels, but the body does not utilize them. Based on data from 2023, 14% of Indonesia's population has diabetes. The spread of diabetes also penetrates rural areas, posing a threat to rural areas and threatening the health of rural communities, and Saentis Village is no exception. The program "Healthy Movement Together: Blood Sugar Checking to Support the 9 Pillars of Health Transformation" is a community service initiative that aims to increase public health awareness. Some people in Saentis Village have a history of diabetes. This activity aims to provide education and conduct initial screening for diabetes. The service method is carried out by collaborating between medical personnel, local government, and the community. The activity began by providing education about the dangers and early symptoms of diabetes and continued by conducting an initial diabetes screening by checking blood sugar. Ninety-six people attended this activity. Based on the results of the examination, it was found that as many as 17 people had high blood sugar levels, and as many as 14 people experienced hyperglycemia. Based on the results of the screening that has been carried out, it is known that there are people who are not aware of the importance of maintaining a lifestyle, so there are still 14.6% of people who have pre-diabetes conditions, so it is necessary to check HbA1C.

Edukasi Pencegahan Stroke pada Masyarakat Desa Cigugur Girang

Stroke patients could get sequelae, and it will decrease the patient’s quality of life. Stroke could be caused by comorbid diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Thus, stroke could be prevented by reducing the comorbid diseases. The prevention of stroke is necessary to be done in order to reduce stroke cases, especially in Bandung’s rural area. Villagers have limited access to health information and health services. In this community service, the methods we used were to screen the two risk factors of stroke (blood pressure and blood glucose ad random measurement) in Cigugur Girang Village, West Bandung area. The aim of this community service is to find comorbid factors of stroke and give education to people who have one or more stroke risk factors. The results of the blood pressure measurement screening showed that more than 40% of the residents of Cigugur Girang village had blood pressure above normal, and 5% of the population had blood sugar levels higher than normal. The risk factor for stroke in residents of Cigugur Girang Village mainly is high blood pressure. In this community service, people with high blood pressure were educated on how to maintain normal blood pressure and how to change their lifestyle. On the other hand, some participant has high blood glucose level. High blood glucose levels will develop into diabetes mellitus. In this education program, we gave information about the complications of high blood glucose, including stroke. Thus, this education program could increase community awareness to prevent stroke.

Optimized automated detection of diabetic retinopathy severity: integrating improved multithresholding tunicate swarm algorithm and improved hybrid butterfly optimization.

Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, damages the retina due to prolonged high blood sugar levels, leading to vision impairment and blindness. Early detection through regular eye exams and proper diabetes management are crucial in preventing vision loss. DR is categorized into five classes based on severity, ranging from no retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This study proposes an automated detection method using fundus images. Image segmentation divides fundus images into homogeneous regions, facilitating feature extraction. Feature selection aims to reduce computational costs and improve classification accuracy by selecting relevant features. The proposed algorithm integrates an Improved Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (ITSA) with Renyi's entropy for enhanced adaptability in the initial and final stages. An Improved Hybrid Butterfly Optimization (IHBO) Algorithm is also introduced for feature selection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using retinal fundus image datasets, achieving promising results in DR severity classification. For the IDRiD dataset, the proposed model achieves a segmentation Dice coefficient of 98.06% and classification accuracy of 98.21%. In contrast, the E-Optha dataset attains a segmentation Dice coefficient of 97.95% and classification accuracy of 99.96%. Experimental results indicate the algorithm's ability to accurately classify DR severity levels, highlighting its potential for early detection and prevention of diabetes-related blindness.

Associations between Global Diet Quality Score and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Various food quality indicators have been proposed as tools for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study investigated the association between global diet quality score (GDQS) and the risks of developing MetS and its components. In this secondary analysis, we included elective adult participants (n=4,548) from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary data were collected by a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined according to the Iranian modified National Cholesterol Education Program. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the incidence of MetS in association with GDQS. This study involved 1,762 men and 2,786 women with a mean±standard deviation age of 38.6±14.3 and 35.9±11.8 years, respectively. A total of 1,279 subjects developed MetS during the mean follow-up of 6.23 years. Incidence of MetS was associated with GDQS (hazard ratio [HR], 1; 0.90 [95% confidence interval, CI, 0.82 to 0.98]; 0.84 [95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91]; 0.80 [95% CI, 0.73 to 0.89]; P for trend <0.001) after adjusting for confounding variables. The healthy food group component of GDQS was related to MetS incidence. GDQS in the range of 12%-17% in the fourth quartile was associated with a decrease in incidence of MetS components. Both healthy and unhealthy food group components of the GDQS decreased the incidence of high triglycerides, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose. Higher GDQS was associated with a lower risk of the incidence of MetS or its components among Tehranian adults. Higher intake of healthy food group components and lower consumption of unhealthy food group components of the GDQS predicted lower MetS incidence and risk factors.

Erythrocyte Oxidative Status in People with Obesity: Relation to Tissue Losses, Glucose Levels, and Weight Reduction.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of reductions in various body mass components on the erythrocyte oxidative status and glycemic state of people with obesity (PWO). A total of 53 PWO followed a six-month individualized low-calorie diet with exercise, during which anthropometric, biochemical, and oxidative parameters were measured. The participants were divided into groups based on weight (W), visceral fat area (VFA), total body water (TBW), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) losses, as well as normoglycemia (NG) and hyperglycemia (HG). Weight reduction normalized glycemia and influenced erythrocyte enzyme activity. Regardless of the tissue type lost (VFA, TBW, or SMM), glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in all groups, accompanied by an increase in glutathione reductase activity. Lipofuscin (LPS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations decreased regardless of the type of tissue lost. The α-/γ-tocopherol ratio increased in those losing >10% body weight, >15% VFA, and >5% TBW. In the NG group, compared to the HG group, there was a decrease in glutathione peroxidase and an increase in glutathione reductase, with these changes being stronger in the HG group. The LPS and MDA concentrations decreased in both groups. Significant correlations were observed between glucose reduction and changes in catalase, retinol, and α-tocopherol, as well as between VFA reduction and changes in vitamin E, L-LPS, and the activities of L-GR and L-GST. This analysis highlights the complex interactions between glucose metabolism, oxidative state, and erythrocyte membrane integrity, crucial for understanding diabetes and its management. This study shows the significant metabolic adaptability of erythrocytes in response to systemic changes induced by obesity and hyperglycemia, suggesting potential therapeutic targets to improve metabolic health in obese individuals.

The Role of Melatonin in the Inflammatory Process in Patients with Hyperglycemia and Leishmania Infection.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes chronic high blood sugar levels, and diabetic patients are more susceptible to infections. American cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that affects the skin and mucous membranes, leading to one or multiple ulcerative lesions. Chronic inflammation and functional changes in various organs and systems, including the immune system, are the primary causes of both diseases. Melatonin, an essential immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective agent, can benefit many immunological processes and infectious diseases, including leishmaniasis. Although, limited reports are available on diabetic patients with leishmaniasis. The literature suggests that melatonin may play a promising role in inflammatory disorders. This study was designed to assess melatonin levels and inflammatory mediators in diabetic patients affected by leishmaniasis. Blood samples from 25 individuals were analyzed and divided into four groups: a control group (without any diseases), a Leishmania-positive group, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients with a combination of both diseases. This study measured the serum levels of melatonin through ELISA, while IL-4 and TNF-α were measured using flow cytometry, and C-reactive protein was measured through turbidimetry. This study found that patients with leishmaniasis significantly increased TNF-α and decreased melatonin levels. However, the group of diabetic patients with leishmaniasis showed higher melatonin levels than the control group. These observations suggest that TNF-α may influence melatonin production in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis, potentially contributing to the inflammatory characteristics of both diseases.

DiabSense: early diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using smartphone-based human activity recognition and diabetic retinopathy analysis with Graph Neural Network

Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is a chronic health condition caused by high blood sugar levels, and if not treated early, it can lead to serious complications i.e. blindness. Human Activity Recognition (HAR) offers potential for early NIDDM diagnosis, emerging as a key application for HAR technology. This research introduces DiabSense, a state-of-the-art smartphone-dependent system for early staging of NIDDM. DiabSense incorporates HAR and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) upon leveraging the power of two different Graph Neural Networks (GNN). HAR uses a comprehensive array of 23 human activities resembling Diabetes symptoms, and DR is a prevalent complication of NIDDM. Graph Attention Network (GAT) in HAR achieved 98.32% accuracy on sensor data, while Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) in the Aptos 2019 dataset scored 84.48%, surpassing other state-of-the-art models. The trained GCN analyzed retinal images of four experimental human subjects for DR report generation, and GAT generated their average duration of daily activities over 30 days. The daily activities in non-diabetic periods of diabetic patients were measured and compared with the daily activities of the experimental subjects, which helped generate risk factors. Fusing risk factors with DR conditions enabled early diagnosis recommendations for the experimental subjects despite the absence of any apparent symptoms. The comparison of DiabSense system outcome with clinical diagnosis reports in the experimental subjects was conducted using the A1C test. The test results confirmed the accurate assessment of early diagnosis requirements for experimental subjects by the system. Overall, DiabSense exhibits significant potential for ensuring early NIDDM treatment, improving millions of lives worldwide.

Efficacy of atrial fibrillation predictors including MVP ECG risk score compared between single or bilateral internal thoracic artery use

BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common complication after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG). Despite advanced treatment methods, primary prevention is crucial. Many factors have been investigated as markers for AF, but further research is required.CABG is currently superior to Primary Coronary Intervention (PCI) in some cases due to Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)- Internal Thoracic Artery (ITA) anastomosis. However, graft choice for non-LAD vessels is still controversial. Our study compared the incidence of arrhythmia between patients with single ITA or bilateral ITA (BITA).MethodsThe study included 84 isolated CABG patients. The patients were divided into two groups: single ITA and BITA. Patients who developed AF were recorded and compared.Results73.8%(n = 62) of the patients were male and 26.2%(n = 22) were female. While single ITA was used in 48.8%(n = 41) of the patients, BITA was used in 51.2%(n = 43). AF was detected in 15.5%(n = 13) of the patients. AF was observed in 5(12.2%) patients in the single ITA group and 8(18.6%) in the BITA group. 76.9%(n = 10) of the patients with AF rhythm had Diabetes Mellitus (DM)(p = 0.011). Biphasic P wave, length of P wave duration, and total Morpholog-Voltage-P Wave ECG (MVP ECG) score height were statistically significantly different.ConclusionsThe development of AF was similar in both groups. The presence of DM, high blood glucose levels, and ECG findings can detect a predisposition to postoperative AF. MVP ECG risk score is effective as an AF marker and can be used in surgical patient groups.

Research on evaluation indicators of healthspan for veterans: A single-center exploratory study.

To explore a definition of healthspan that based on actual situation of veterans is of significance for improving their health status and life quality. This was a retrospective study. Based on the medical data of veterans from the Chinese PLA General Hospital. Total of 1,421 subjects were enrolled to this study, among which 441 deceased cases were further analyzed. The indicators of healthspan of the subjects was calculated from four dimensions (the status of chronic diseases, physical function, social function and psychological function). The risk factors for death were analyzed in a population cohort from 2008 to 2021 (including 763 subjects, among which 372 were deceased). The average lifespan and adjusted healthspan of the subjects were 93.3 years and 75.1 years, respectively. The four dimensions of healthspan were: adjusted healthspan without chronic diseases was 76.3 years, social function-related healthspan was 88.8 years, physical function-related healthspan was 91.5 years, and psychological function-related healthspan was 92.7 years. By analyzing the cohort in 2008, it was inferred that the main risk factors for the death of veterans were poor nutritional status, renal function injury, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and aging. This study proposed four dimensions related to "healthspan" for Chinese veterans (adjusted healthspan without chronic diseases, physical function-related healthspan, social function-related healthspan, and psychological function-related healthspan). Besides, poor nutritional status, renal function injury, and high blood pressure were the most important risk factors affecting the death of veterans.

Association between cardiovascular health and serum vitamin D and its interaction with prediabetes and diabetes

BackgroundPrediabetes and diabetes are common and serious public health problems, and high blood glucose can lead to serious cardiovascular complications. The purpose of this article was to explore the link between CVH levels and the incidence of prediabetes and diabetes in people over 20 years old, and whether serum vitamin D status could alter this relationship. Materials and MethodsData, from six consecutive cycles of the NHANES database from 2007 to 2018 were combined, eligible participants were aged ≥20 years. After excluding missing data, a total of 19,992 subjects were enrolled in the study. Significant risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Exploring the interaction of VD and CVH on prediabetes and diabetes based on multifactorial regression analysis. ResultsThe prevalence of prediabetes among all participants was 36.15% and the prevalence of diabetes was 16.39%. CVH and vitamin D levels are influential factors in prediabetes and diabetes, and are negatively associated with the risk of developing prediabetes and diabetes. Compared with normoglycemia, poorer CVH and vitamin D deficiency only had a synergistic multiplicative interaction on the development of diabetes, and no significant interaction was observed for the development of prediabetes. Compared with prediabetes, poorer CVH and vitamin D deficiency still had a synergistic additive interaction on the development of diabetes. ConclusionsAlthough the cross-sectional study only determine the association and do not prove causality, the current results can be used to prompt people to improve their lifestyle and risk factors to prevent prediabetes or diabetes through higher CVH and adequate Vitamin D.

Dietary variety score and risk of metabolic syndrome incidence: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

PurposeThere are contradictions in the association between dietary variety and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The concept of dietary variety should be merged with other dietary recommendations including diet quality and proportion....

Hypochlorous Acid for Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats: Effect on MMP-9 and Histology.

People who suffered type 2 diabetes have impaired healing of wounds due to the large number of circulating inflammatory cells resulting from high blood sugar levels. The wound healing process involves various complex processes including the degradation of extracellular matrix, a process characterized by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Conventional management of diabetic wounds usually involves systemic blood sugar control and topical antimicrobial treatment, including hydrogen peroxide and povidone-iodine, which are known to be cytotoxic to the cells involved in the wound healing cascade. Finding a safe, non-toxic, and effecting wound cleansing still poses a challenge, and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) could act as a potential candidate. Unveiling an HOCl ion as an agent for diabetic wound management and MMP-9 as a marker for delayed diabetic wound healing. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Flow Diagram is used to find and select related, eligible literatures for the review. The authors used several databases such as Pro Quest, Scopus, Springer link and Science Direct. In addition, and to expand the data, the database on Google Scholar was also opened. Then, the compiled data are analyzed to form results and discussions to the research question. Five eligible articles passed the inclusion criteria and reviewed for data synthesis. From 5 pieces of literature, it was found that the use of HOCl ions can be a good choice of topical agent in the management of diabetic wounds and decrease the activity of MMP-9, which act as a marker for delayed healing of diabetic wounds. Topical agent, in this case HOCl ion, shows good results and can be used as an option in the management of diabetic wounds and MMP-9 can be used as a predictive marker in the management of diabetic wounds.

Risk Factor Profile for Cardiovascular Diseases Among Farmhouse Residents in Vijayapura District, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Cardiovascular illnesses are widely regarded as the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 17.9 million deaths every year. Rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular illness are among the conditions relating to the heart and blood vessels together, known as cardiovascular diseases. The main behavioural risk factors for heart disease and stroke include poor diet, inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption. In contrast, one of the significant environmental risk factors is air pollution. People may experience high blood pressure and high blood sugar due to obesity and overweight as risk factors. Objectives This study aims to find the risk factor profile for cardiovascular diseases among the farmhouse residents of the Vijayapura district, India. Materials and methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with the farmhouse inhabitants of the Vijayapura district. Using a prestructured proforma that included details on the sociodemographic profile and risk factors of the farmhouse dwellers, 450 sample participants were questioned. Five families within a chosenprimary sampling unit (PSU) were chosen randomly from a pool of PSUs that were picked using a probability proportional to size sampling technique. All characteristics were summarized descriptively. Results The study included 450 participants, 50.9% males and 49.1% females. The age range of 21.4% of the male participants was between 41 and 50, whereas 21.7% of the female participants belonged to the 41 to 50 age group. The study showed a proportion of them had the habit of alcohol consumption (5.8%), chewing tobacco (2%), and smoking (1.6%). Compared to female participants (1.3% vs. 1.3%), the majority of male individuals (4.8% vs. 7%) had hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Conclusion The findings of the current research indicated that the majority of farm inhabitants in the rural Vijayapura district were illiterate, belonged to a lower socioeconomic class, and had intermediate and behavioural risk factors for cardiovascular illnesses.

In silico Identification of Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase Inhibitory Potentials of Xanthones Isolated from African Medicinal Plants: An Integrated Computational Approach

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to pose a threat to the existence of the human race. The increasing number of diabetic subjects can be effectively controlled by targeting enzymes responsible for high blood glucose levels. Xanthones are a class of phytochemicals that possesses promising pharmacological potentials. Objective: This study identified fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors by exploring xanthones isolated from African medicinal plants through ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory methods. Methods: The study used ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory (B3LYP/6-3G (d,p) basis set) and ADMET methods to select lead compound that may be effective as fructose-I,6-biphosphatase inhibitor. Results: The ensemble docking results identified globulixanthone C (-10.0 kcal/mol), 1-Isomangostin (- 9.0 kcal/mol), laurentixanthone A (-9.0 kcal/mol), bangangxanthone A (-8.9 kcal/mol) and staudtiixanthone B (-8.8 kcal/mol) as potential inhibitors of fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. Molecular dynamics studies showed the xanthones established good binding mode and their binding energy ranged from -74.057 to 53.669 kJ/mol. Also, the electronic and ADMET studies of the xanthones elucidated their excellent pharmacological potential. Conclusion: The study identified xanthones as potential fructose-1,6-biphosphatase inhibitors. The ligands' binding energy and MMPBSA calculations supported their possible inhibitory property. Also, the ADMET properties estimated show the ligands as suitable drug candidates as fructose-1,6-biphosphatase inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation of the hit molecules is necessary to develop new FBPase inhibitors.