Hyperactive Children Research Articles

The psychometric properties of the parenting scale for Spanish mothers with children aged between 2 and 7 years

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parenting Scale in a large sample of Spanish mothers. Design and methodsA two-stage cross-sectional study of the adaptation and cultural validation of the Parenting Scale in a Spanish-speaking environment. In Stage I, the Parenting Scale was translated and back-translated and its semantic, linguistic and contextual equivalence was assessed. In Stage II, the Spanish-language version was validated after its application to 662 Spanish mothers with healthy children aged between 2 and 7 years. Several factor structure models of the Parenting Scale were compared by confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also examined. ResultsThe model of Irvine et al. (1999) presented the best fit to our data. This model demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency and stability). The total score and each factor of the Parenting Scale correlated positively with perceived stress in mothers, difficulties in mother-child bonding and child hyperactivity, and negatively with child prosocial behavior. ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the Parenting Scale is a valid and reliable measure that can be used by healthcare professionals and scientists to assess dysfunctional parenting in Spanish mothers of children aged 2 to 7 years. Practice implicationsThis study will allow the use of the Parenting Scale in epidemiological and cross-cultural studies in a variety of applied contexts. Additionally, health professionals who work with families in Spain will have access to a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of mothers' parenting styles.

Meta-analysis of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Child Behaviour Problems.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a well-established treatment for behavioural, hyperactivity and oppositional-defiant problems in children. Previous meta-analyses are scarce, and they have tended to mix problems and measures. A meta-analysis study was conducted with all available studies on PCIT (1980 to 2020) to determine its specific efficacy and effectiveness for child behavioural problems. Selection from databases collected a total of 100 studies. The inclusion criteria were to compare PCIT in children with behavioural problems between 2 and 12 years of age; comparing groups and using standardized instruments. PCIT exhibited a significant mean effect size ( d = -0.87 [95% CI: -1.10, -0.63] versus control and/or treatment-as-usual groups, but the effect size was smaller and not significant in follow-ups ( d = -0.23 [95% CI: -0.49, 0.04]). The within-group studies, comparing versions of PCIT, also demonstrated a significant effect size ( d = -0.26 (95% CI: -0.43, -0.08), and in pre-post comparisons this effect was greater ( d = -1.40 [95% CI: -1.69, -1.10]). PCIT is an effective intervention for treating child behaviour problems such as disruptive, hyperactive, negative, and externalizing problems. It is supported by 40 years of experimental and clinical studies, and also by this meta-analysis.

Family Function and Child Adjustment Difficulties in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Study.

To estimate specific proximal and distal effects of COVID-19-related restrictions on families on children’s adjustment problems, we conducted a six-site international study. In total, 2516 parents from Australia, China, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America living with a young child (Mage = 5.77, SD = 1.10, range = 3 to 8 years, 47.9% female) completed an online survey between April and July 2020. The survey included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and family risk factors (parent distress, parent–child conflict, couple conflict, and household chaos) as well as a scale to index COVID-19-related family disruption. Our analyses also included public data on the stringency of national restrictions. Across the six sites, parental responses indicated elevated levels of hyperactivity, conduct, and emotion problems in children from families characterized by heightened levels of parent distress, parent–child conflict, and household chaos. In contrast, increased peer problems were more strongly related to COVID-19-related social disruption and stringency measures. Mediation models demonstrated that associations between COVID-19 social disruption and child difficulties could be explained by parental distress. Taken together, these results suggest that although the experience of the pandemic differed across countries, associations between COVID-19-related family experiences and child adjustment difficulties were similar in their nature and magnitude across six different contexts. Programs to support family resilience could help buffer the impact of the pandemic for two generations.

5.18 Understanding and Improving ADHD Symptom Recall: An Investigation of Temperament and Childhood Symptom Recall Over Time

Symptom onset before age 12 years is needed for an ADHD diagnosis. The current study aimed to examine symptom recall and avenues to improve this recall. This was accomplished through comparing retrospective recall of ADHD symptoms to actual past report of symptoms and examining retrospective report of temperament in relation to childhood ADHD symptoms. It is hypothesized that: 1) retrospective recall of ADHD symptoms will be significantly lower than actual past report; 2) higher levels of current symptoms will be associated with higher levels of retrospectively recalled symptoms; and 3) retrospective reports of temperament traits will be associated with childhood ADHD symptoms. Data were collected from 50 parents and 40 children (Time 2 age M = 13.63 years) who had previously completed a measure of ADHD symptoms (Time 1 age M = 10.72 years). Parents and children completed a retrospective recall of previous child ADHD symptoms, measures of current child ADHD symptoms, and a retrospective report of child temperament. Time 1 childhood ADHD symptoms were higher than Time 2 retrospective recall for both parent (attention F1,47 = 5.98, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.11; hyperactivity F1,47 = 3.71, p = 0.06, η2 = 0.07) and child report (attention F1,38 = 41.01, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.52); hyperactivity (F1,38 = 7.76, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.17). Current ADHD symptoms were the strongest predictor of childhood symptoms for parent and self-report of attention problems (t = 5.29, β = 0.66, p ≤ 0.001; t = 4.07, β = 0.50, p ≤ 0.001) and parent-reported hyperactivity (t = 5.70, β = 0.68, p ≤ 0.001). Reward dependence was associated with parent report of children’s childhood attention problems (t = 1.73, β = 0.27, p = 0.09) and hyperactivity (t = 2.03, β = 0.31, p = 0.05), as well as self-reported childhood hyperactivity (t = –1.20, β = –0.22, p = 0.24). Novelty-seeking was associated with parent report of children’s childhood attention problems (t = 1.28, β = 0.23, p = 0.20) and self-reported childhood attention problems (t = 2.12, β = 0.43, p = 0.04) and hyperactivity (t = 1.10, β = 0.22, p = 0.28). Parent and children underreport previous symptoms of ADHD. Assuming these findings can be replicated in a larger, more diverse sample, assessing child temperament, specifically related to motivational processes and reward seeking, may aid ADHD diagnostic processes.

The Relationship Between Child Labour and Hyperactivity

The physical aspects of child labour across the world have been explored to a vast context. Child labour's impact on health, education, economy, family were widely discussed, but the relationship between child labour and psychological health still remains an unexplored area. The present study explores the hyperactive aspect of child labour. Strength and difficulty questionnaire of Robert Goodman was used. The tool was applied to children in Delhi (n=1000) in the slums over a group of school going and child labour children between the ages of 7-14 years. The mean t-test value for child labour was 4.77 and that of school children of the same socioeconomic condition was 4.60. The results were almost the same probably because the same types of social problems exists for both the groups. Strong positive association between working children status and difficulty score was established (p&amp;lt;.001).

18.2 ASSOCIATION OF PRENATAL ACETAMINOPHEN WITH CHILD ADHD IS MEDIATED BY FUNCTIONAL BRAIN CONNECTIVITY BUT NOT BIRTH OUTCOMES

This presentation aims to evaluate associations of prenatal acetaminophen exposure measured in meconium with child ADHD, and to test birth outcomes and functional brain connectivity as potential mediators. Mothers were enrolled into this birth cohort study in Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada at their first prenatal care visit or delivery. Acetaminophen was measured in the meconium. A physician diagnosis of ADHD was determined at follow-up when children were 6 to 7 years old or from medical records. When children were 9 to 11 years old, resting-state brain connectivity was assessed with MRI, and attention problems and hyperactivity were assessed with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children Parent Report Scale. Associations between the meconium, acetaminophen, and outcomes were estimated with linear, logistic, and cox proportional hazards models. Birth outcomes and resting-state brain connectivity were tested as mediators of the association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and ADHD. Among 345 children included in the analysis, acetaminophen was detected in 199 meconium samples (57.7%), and ADHD was diagnosed in 33 children (9.6%). Detection of acetaminophen in meconium was associated with increased odds of ADHD (OR = 2.43; 95% CI, 1.41-4.21). Prenatal acetaminophen was associated with negative connectivity between frontoparietal and default mode network nodes to clusters in the sensorimotor cortices, which mediated an indirect effect on increased child hyperactivity (14% mediation; 95% CI, 1-26). Although prenatal acetaminophen exposure was associated with decreased birthweight by 128 grams (β = –128; 95% CI, –221 to –36), and 22% increased weekly hazard of delivery (hazard ratio = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06-1.40), birth outcomes did not mediate an effect on ADHD. Although unobserved confounding and confounding by indication are possible, these results warrant further investigation into adverse perinatal effects of prenatal acetaminophen exposure.

The association between hyperactive behaviour and cognitive inhibition impairments in young children

ABSTRACT Hyperactivity is one of the core features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and yet there is evidence that hyperactive behavior in children with ADHD is not ubiquitous and could be a compensatory response to high cognitive demands. No research has yet objectively measured hyperactive behavior in young children who are demonstrating early signs of ADHD or examined the role of emotional state on hyperactivity levels.The current study measured motor activity using actigraphy during baseline, cognitive inhibition (Flanker task), and emotion arousing (Impossibly Perfect Circles task) conditions in 95 children aged 4–7 years old with developmental difficulties, including emerging symptoms of ADHD. We examined the relationship between objectively recorded activity, parent-rated hyperactivity problems, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and cognitive inhibition task performance.Parent ratings of hyperactivity (but not inattention) symptoms were positively related to recorded hyperactivity, and this relationship was specific to activity measured during the cognitive inhibition task. Impaired cognitive inhibition performance was related to increased measured movement and this association was strongest in children who were rated as having the highest levels of hyperactive behavior.These findings confirm theoretically predicted associations between objectively recorded hyperactivity and impaired executive functioning and support the notion that hyperactivity in children emerges in response to high cognitive demands. The results encourage further investigation into the role of hyperactivity as a transdiagnostic dimension that can explain variation within and between different types of diagnostic classifications.

Educating Students with Special Educational Needs in the Context of Modern Neurosciences

The relevance of this topic resides in the fact that children with special developmental needs should have equal opportunities with other children in getting training and this means not only creation of technical conditions for unimpeded access of children with disabilities to secondary schools, but also specifics of the educational process to be built taking into account psychophysical abilities of physically disabled children. The article presents research results of domestic and foreign scientists, teachers and psychologists on education of students with special needs in the context of modern neuropsychology. It is the neuropsychology of children that allows us to get acquainted closer with peculiarities of children’s development and, accordingly, to correctly determine methods and principles of working with students. We considered disorders in the process of ontogenesis, which most often occur in children: speech delay, autism, hyperactivity, intellectual disabilities. All of them complicate social connections, which often leads to low self-esteem, especially with hyperactive children and students with speech impairments. Therefore, in the process of educating students with special needs, domestic scientists call for the use of neuropsychological correction, which is the basis of social protection of children with developmental problems and creates the most favorable conditions for their education and socialization. Methods of correctional work are aimed not only at overcoming some of the disorders, but at development of a harmonious personality.

Prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a significant neurodevelopment disorder among children and adolescents, with 5 % prevalence. Bone fractures account for 25 % of accidents and injuries among all children and adolescents. Considering the characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD, it is critical to examine bone fractures among these children. The objective of our meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodsWe completed a systematic review and meta-analysis using an electronic search of the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus. The search terms used were: “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder OR attention deficit disorder” and “bone fracture*.” We included studies examining patients 18 years or younger who were diagnosed with ADHD and tracked (prospectively or retrospectively) for five or more years. Effect size (es), using a random effects model, was calculated. We registered the review protocol with PROSPERO (CRD42019119527).ResultsFrom 445 records retrieved, 31 full text articles were reviewed and 5 articles met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The summary es revealed the prevalence of bone fractures among children and adolescents with ADHD to be 4.83 % (95 % CI: 3.07–6.58 %). The location of bone fractures, using a subset of data, showed a distribution of 69.62 %, 22.85 %, and 7.53 % in the upper limbs, lower limbs, and other anatomical regions, respectively. Another subset of studies revealed a 2.55-fold increase in the prevalence of fractures among the children with ADHD compared to their counterparts.ConclusionsAwareness of these findings is critical to physicians, parents, and policy makers to create safe environments and provide supports in order to optimize the health and safety of children and adolescents with ADHD.

Do Inattention/Hyperactivity and Motor Timing Predict Children’s Virtual Road-Crossing Performance?

The goal of this investigation was to examine how individual variation in inattention and hyperactivity is related to motor timing difficulties and whether children's performance on simple laboratory timing tasks is related to their performance on a virtual road-crossing task using a head-mounted virtual reality display system. Participants were a community sample of 92 9- to 11-year-old children. Parents completed questionnaires assessing their child's inattention and hyperactivity. Children completed two simple motor timing tasks (duration discrimination and synchronization-continuation) and crossed roads with continuous traffic in a head-mounted VR system. Higher parent-reported inattention and hyperactivity predicted poorer performance in the duration discrimination and synchronization-continuation tasks, but not the virtual pedestrian road-crossing task. Children with higher tap onset asynchrony in the synchronization-continuation task had poorer timing of entry into the gap in the virtual pedestrian road-crossing task. The findings provide further evidence that timing deficits are associated with individual differences in inattention and hyperactivity and that timing difficulties may be a risk factor for functional difficulties in everyday life.

Food intake and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A case_control study.

The purpose of present study was to determine and compare food intake in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy children. In this case-control study, 110 hyperactive children who had referred to Khatam Al-Anbia Clinic and Imam Hussein Psychological Center in Yazd were selected. In addition, for each case, two healthy controls homogenized in terms of age and sexes were enrolled from primary schools in Yazd, from the same urban region of the cases. After completing the general information questionnaires, height and weight were measured. The food intake of individuals was evaluated through a validated food frequency questionnaire comprising 186 items. As for quantitative and categorical variables, the independent t-test and chi-square test were used respectively, and the values were reported as mean and standard deviation. Independent T-test was used to compare food intake between the two groups. No significant difference was identified between body mass index and energy intake of the two groups. Hyperactive children proved to have a higher rate of physical activity than non-hyperactive children (p=0.001). Vitamin B12 and riboflavin consumption in hyperactive children proved to be significantly lower than that of the healthy group (p=0.02). Intake of refine grain in the case group was significantly higher compared to the control group (p=0.02). Healthy children consumed fruits and vegetable (p=0.02), low fat milk (p=0.003) and egg (p=0.01) more than children with ADHD. The present study revealed that hyperactive children consume less fruit and vegetables, low-fat milk and eggs as well as food sources containing B vitamins while consuming higher levels of refined grains. Future studies such as cohort and interventional types are needed to confirm these results.

PERAN GURU DAN ORANG TUA DALAM PENANGANAN ANAK DENGAN KECENDERUNGAN HIPERAKTIF USIA 4-5 TAHUN DI TKIT NURUL ILMI, NGEMPLAK, BOYOLALI

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of teachers and parents in handling hyperactivity child behavior aged 4-5 years. This study is also to know the importance of cooperation between teachers and parents in assisting hyperactive children. Descriptive qualitative methods is used in this study. The data collecting technique are observation, interviews and documentation. The results show that the importance of the role of the teachers in recognizing, understanding the characteristics of hyperactive children and accompanying the learning and socializing process of children in class based on emotional, cognitive, and social aspects. In addition, the role of parents in providing attention, affection, also learning assistance at home. As well as providing opportunities for children with hyperactive tendencies to interact with the environment. The pattern of cooperation between teachers and parents is also realized by always coordinating and providing information about children’s development. Puzzle games are given as a means to train children’s focus.

Implementation of the Social Story Method to Improve Social Interaction Skills for Hyperactive Students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This study aims to determine the implementation of the social story method to improve social interaction skills in hyperactive students at MI darusallam jogosatru. The social interaction of hyperactive children can be seen from the way students interact at school. This study uses experimental research because it influences the influence of the social story method on the social interactions of hyperactive students. The subjects in this study were hyperactive grade 5 students using a single subject design approach by observing hyperactive students and data analysis techniques using graphic analysis techniques. The result of this research is that the social story method can improve the social interaction skills of hyperactive students.

ADHS - Disorder concepts and the beginnings of pharmacotherapy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic

ADHS - Disorder concepts and the beginnings of pharmacotherapy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic Abstract. After sporadic references before 1900, the concept of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder became established in the 20th century. The hyperactive and inattentive child then became the focus of neuropediatrics in the wake of the encephalitis lethargica epidemic by clinical presentations of postencephalitic residual conditions. From these patients, physicians distilled a subgroup with an blank neurological history but impressive clinical symptoms. Child psychiatry, which emerged in the middle of the last century, studied these minimally brain-damaged patients, searching for both causes and therapies. The disorder concepts of Reinhart Lempp and Gerhard Göllnitz are significant contributions from the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR, respectively, which provide revealing insights into the establishment of pharmacotherapy with stimulants in the 1970s.

DETERMINATION OF SUNSET YELLOW AS A SYNTHETIC FOOD COLORANT IN CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS CONSUMED IN KATSINA METROPOLIS (NIGERIA) USING UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER

The use of Sunset yellow as food colorants in non-alcoholic drinks, beverages and confectionery is rising despite their problems upon consumption by humans. It is therefore, necessary to constantly monitor the concentrations of these dyes in our foods, beverages and confectionery because of their health-related issues that include hyperactivity in children and immune system compromise. For these reasons, the concentration of sunset yellow used as colorants was determined in ten different brands of confectionaries using the spectrophotometric method of analysis. A cross-sectional primary data was obtained through experimental procedures in ten different samples of confectionary products procured (Central Market Katsina, Nigeria). The results shown that the concentration for the two samples; E and I are 52.311±0.178 mg/L and 87.887±0.018 mg/L respectively were found to be above the acceptable permissible limit of 50mg/L, while for the remaining eight samples; A, B, C, D, F, G, H, and J are, 46.523±0.116 mg/L, 49.364±0.418 mg/L, 41.924±0.029 mg/L, 27.853±0.029 mg/L, 33.045±0.018 mg/L, 29.515±0.028 mg/L, 34.250±0.019 mg/L and 33.295±0.018 mg/L respectively are within the acceptable permissible limit of 50 mg/L in accordance to Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and council establishing a Union list of food additives. Therefore, the results justify the safe consumption of samples A, B, C, D, F, G, H and J but samples E and I are not safe for consumption due to their concentration levels found above 50 mg/L.

Фармакологічні властивості препаратів цинку

The review represents data about biochemical and physiological zinc properties, its pharmacological influence. Among the trace elements, zinc is one of the most used elements in biology and medicine. Zinc preserves molecular integration, influences the growth and division of cells, is included in some enzymes. Metallothioneins bind zinc with high affinity and serve as intracellular zinc reservoir. They may release free intracellular zinc when needed and mediate physiological zinc role, maintain zinc homeostasis in brain synaptic activity. Metallothioneins are strong radical scavengers that is why zinc plays the main role in oxidative stress. It is intracellular regulator, which influences apoptosis, osteogenesis, keratogenesis, provides intracellular support to proteins during molecular integration. It is a structural component in nucleonic acids and gene regulator proteins. Zinc deficiency has been detected in neurological and psychic diseases. Zinc supplement was effective in patients with stroke and brain injury. Zinc has a positive impact on memory and reduces hyperactivity in children. Zinc is involved in signals neurotransmission. Its deficiency in brain is connected with Alzheimer`s disease, depression, schizophrenia that is why it is used for the treatment of these diseases. Vitamin C is the zinc synergist in the treatment of neurological and psychic diseases as it has antioxidant properties, takes place in detoxication. Zinc plays the important role in autistic disorders in children and is included in the pharmacotherapy of this status. Zinc deficiency leads to liver diseases, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and gastrointestinal disturbances such as appetite loss, diarrhea, and anorexia. In chronic liver diseases, zinc corrects amino acids disbalance, capacity to synthesize albumin, metabolize ammonium. It was shown that zinc as a heavy metal has antimicrobial action in diarrheas, cholera and other gastrointestinal diseases. It was detected that zinc has antiviral effects in herpes diseases and diseases of upper respiratory ways. Conclusion. Zinc deficiency is connected with some autoimmune diseases such as asthma, eczema and other dermatological diseases. The supply of human organism with zinc and vitamins A, C, D and E is a promising approach because it is a cofactor of 118 proteins aimed at antiviral protection of the human body including interferon-1-dependent proteins against coronavirus. It was shown that zinc helps to inhibit «cytokine storm» characteristic of COVID-19, reduces chronic systemic inflammation and compensates for comorbid pathologies of cardiovascular system in patients with COVID-19. Zinc may influence other systems such as reproductive function, pregnancy, fetus, testosterone synthesis

SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS' PERSPECTIVES ABOUT EFFECTIVENESS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN PAKISTAN

Purpose of the Study: This research aimed to ascertain school psychologists' thoughts on the efficacy of behavioral treatment for kids with ADHD.&#x0D; Methodology: This research used a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews with chosen school psychologists were performed using a standard qualitative research approach. A purposive selection strategy was used to select a sample of fifteen school psychologists from Lahore for this Study. An interview guide comprised of 10 open-ended questions was designed based on the topics found in the literature research.&#x0D; Principal Findings: The majority of participants believed in the efficacy of counseling via behavior therapy for kids with ADHD, particularly in terms of screening, diagnosis, and intervention techniques. Additionally, they thought that without this, parents would be unable to modify the child's behavior. Additionally, they felt that using various treatments might minimize the child's hyperactivity and foster socializing and intellectual and social abilities.&#x0D; Applications of this Study: This research advises that school psychologists conduct seminars to raise knowledge about ADHD counseling efficacy. School psychologists must be employed in public and private special schools to collaborate with all stakeholders to guarantee adequate assistance for children with ADHD.&#x0D; Novelty/Originality of this study: This is the first Study examining the school psychologists' thoughts on the efficacy of behavioral treatment for kids with ADHD in developing economies like Pakistan for the first time.

Mothers\u2019 daily perceived stress influences their children\u2019s mental health during SARS-CoV-2-pandemic\u2014an online survey

BackgroundThe current situation caused by the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic is associated with serious losses for everyone and has been affecting social life, politics, the economy and the media worldwide. Preventive isolation and social distancing strategies have confronted families with a large number of different challenges. The current epidemic and quarantine restrictions have a verifiable influence on the emotional and social development of children and adolescents. During this ongoing situation children of parents, who already were mentally stressed, seem particularly at risk.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the role of maternal daily perceived stress on children’s mental health during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic.MethodsAn online “SARS-CoV-2-pandemic survey” was developed to assess children’s mental health since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To describe maternal perceived everyday stress, data from a longitudinal survey was utilized. Our survey includes elements and versions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale. We furthermore collected socio-demographic data. Due to our limited dependent variables we applied Tobit models for estimation.ResultsWe found a positive and significant effect of the maternal perceived everyday stress on children’s emotional problems during the pandemic. Furthermore, results provide empirical evidence for an increase of the children's hyperactivity level dependent on the mother’s perceived stress before the SARS-COV-2 crisis. We could not find significant effects for the relationship between mother’s perceived everyday stress and the children's behavioral problems.ConclusionsAnalyses illustrate the effects on children's mental distress during everyday life in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Future research needs to identify influencing factors with regard to political, economic and social restrictions, in order to prevent children’s mental health problems.

Post Brexit trade with the US

Post Brexit trade with the US

The effect of play therapy on behavioral problems, reduction of attention deficit and hyperactivity in children

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of play therapy on reducing behavioral problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and children. Methods: The present study was an experimental-design project (pre-test-post-test) with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all hyperactive primary school male students in an elementary school, among whom, a statistical sample in the fifth and sixth grades (mean age 11 years) 24 people were selected by purposive sampling using the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups and then the experimental group under 8 sessions of 1.5 hours with the cooperation of school counseling officials under play therapy training it placed. In order to collect data, Rutter Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (Parent Form) and Conners Grading Questionnaire were used to evaluate the subjects and the collected information was analyzed in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of data analysis showed that play therapy was associated with a significant effect on reducing behavioral problems and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in primary school children (F = 592.317; significance level = 0.001) and reduced behavioral problems and reduced the severity of hyperactivity symptoms. Conclusion: Due to the effectiveness of play therapy, this issue can be effective in reducing children's behavioral problems as well as improving the attention and hyperactivity of primary school children.