Hyperactive Behavior Research Articles

Protocol of a monocentric, double-blind, randomized, superiority, controlled trial evaluating the effect of in-prison OROS-methylphenidate vs. placebo treatment in detained people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (BATIR)

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by difficulty paying attention, poor impulse control, and hyperactive behavior. It is associated with several adverse health and social outcomes and leads to an increased risk of criminality and recidivism. Worldwide, ADHD is thus highly prevalent in prisons. However, ADHD treatment has been neglected in such environments. Stimulant medications such as osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) are first-line treatments in the general population, but they are under-prescribed in prisons due to concerns about abuse, even though such claims are not empirically supported. This project aims to compare the efficacy of a 3-month in-prison OROS-MPH vs. placebo treatment on the severity of core ADHD symptoms and relevant in- and post-prison outcomes.MethodsThis study is a phase III, double-blinded, randomized, superiority, controlled trial of OROS-MPH vs. placebo. After randomization, the participants will receive 3 months of treatment with OROS-MPH or placebo (1:1 ratio) while incarcerated. Upon release, all participants will be offered the treatment (OROS-MPH) for 1 year but will remain blinded to their initial study group. The study will be conducted at the Division of Prison Health, Geneva, Switzerland, among incarcerated men (n = 150). Measures will include (1) investigator-rated ADHD symptoms, (2) acute events collected by the medical and prison teams, (3) assessment of the risk of recidivism, (4) medication side effects, (5) medication adherence, (6) study retention, (7) health care/prison costs, and (8) 1-year recidivism. Analyses will include bivariable and multivariable modeling (e.g., regression models, mixed-effects models, survival analyses) and an economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis).DiscussionWe expect that early identification and treatment of ADHD in prison will be an important public health opportunity and a cost-effective approach that is likely to reduce the vulnerability of incarcerated individuals and promote pathways out of criminal involvement. The study will also promote standards of care for people with ADHD in prison and provide recommendations for continuity of care after release.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT05842330. Registered on June 5, 2023.Kofam.ch SNCTP000005388. Registered on July 17, 2023.

Predicting child externalizing behavior ratings in Head Start: Investigating the impact of child and teacher influences

One of the primary goals of early education is to promote overall school readiness, especially for children most at risk for educational challenges. However, there is a persistent disparity in equitable access to high quality early learning environments. This is due in part to children being suspended or expelled for displaying challenging behaviors even though for many children, some of these behaviors may be developmentally appropriate. The effects of exclusionary discipline can have long-term implications for their overall emotional and social development. Racial and gender-based disparities in school discipline begin as early as preschool. Some of these disparities can stem from disproportionality in teachers’ perceptions of children's behaviors. The ways in which teachers perceive and subsequently respond to preschoolers’ behavior have significant implications for children's experience in the classroom and are an important link in understanding decision-making pathways related to preschool expulsion. The goal of the present study was to examine factors that might predict teacher perceptions (i.e., ratings) of child externalizing (hyperactive and aggressive) behaviors. This study analyzed secondary data from a nationally representative study of Head Start. Findings indicated there were differences in how teachers rated children's externalizing behaviors based on child's sex and race. Further, a teacher's field of study, beliefs about family engagement, and attitudes toward Developmentally Appropriate Practices significantly predicted their ratings of children's aggressive and hyperactive behaviors. Policy recommendations are discussed.

Особливості соціальної роботи з дітьми з гіперактивною поведінкою в умовах воєнного стану

The article explores the challenges of raising children with hyperactive behaviour in wartime conditions. It highlights the main factors that have a negative impact on such children during war. The concept of a 'hyperactive child' is explained, and the article clarifies the main aspects of interacting with a child with hyperactive behaviour to maintain their positive emotional state. It has been concluded that social work plays a crucial role in the comprehensive treatment of children with hyperactive behaviour, as it has a significant impact on the development of their personality.

The Population of Children with High Risk of ADHD and The Mother’s Sociodemographic Profile in Surabaya

Objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with several symptoms in the form of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. There are no official data regarding the prevalence of ADHD in Indonesia, and data in regards to ADHD prevalences are limited to several studies. This study aims to give perspective on the prevalence of children’s ADHD risk in Surabaya. Methods: This study was conducted at three elementary schools in Surabaya. All students between grades 3 to 6 were invited as participants in this study, with the forms being filled out by their mother. The risk of ADHD is measured with SPPAHI. Additionally, we also collected the mothers’ sociodemographic data. Result: Among the 358 mothers, there were 54 mothers (15,1%) who had children with ADHD symptoms, as evidenced by a questionnaire score on the Hyperactive and Impulsive Child Behavior Assessment Scale (SPPAHI) >30. Conclusions: Further research and examination are required to properly diagnose ADHD in children.

Rehmanniae Radix Preparata ameliorates behavioral deficits and hippocampal neurodevelopmental abnormalities in ADHD rat model.

Abnormal hippocampal neurodevelopment, particularly in the dentate gyrus region, may be a key mechanism of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we investigate the effect of the most commonly used Chinese herb for the treatment of ADHD, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP), on behavior and hippocampal neurodevelopment in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Behavior tests, including Morris water maze (MWM) test, open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) test were performed to assess the effect of RRP on hyperactive and impulsive behavior. Hippocampal neurodevelopment was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, Golgi staining and Nissl staining approaches. Regulatory proteins such as Trkb, CDK5, FGF2/FGFR1 were examined by Western blot analysis. The results showed that RRP could effectively control the impulsive and spontaneous behavior and improve the spatial learning and memory ability. RRP significantly reduced neuronal loss and increased the number of hippocampal stem cells, and promoted synaptic plasticity. In addition, FGF/FGFR signaling was upregulated after RRP treatment. RRP can effectively reduce impulsive and spontaneous behavior and ameliorate hippocampal neurodevelopmental abnormalities in ADHD rat model.

NALCN Channels Are Not Major targets of Gα o or Gα q Modulation in the C. elegans Egg-Laying Behavior Circuit.

Sodium leak channels (NALCN) are regulators of cell membrane potential. Previous studies in mammalian neurons and C. elegans have shown that Gα q and Gα o signaling antagonistically modulates NALCN activity to regulate neuron excitability and neurotransmitter release for behavior. Here, we test whether NALCNs mediate the effects of Gα q and/or Gα o signaling in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit. We find that while gain-of-function NALCN mutants exhibit hyperactive egg-laying behavior, NALCNs are not required for the effects of Gα q or Gα o signaling for egg laying. These results show that NALCNs are not major effectors of G-protein signaling for C. elegans egg-laying behavior.

A57: A Study on the Correlation Between Basic Motor Skills and Attention, Parent-Child Relationship and Behavior

Purpose: In the Curriculum Standards of Physical Education and Health for Compulsory Education (2022 Edition) newly issued by China in 2022, basic motor skills are included in the curriculum, requiring students to learn, practice and experience mobility skills, control skills, manipulative skills, and other basic motor skills. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between basic motor skills and pupils' attention, parent-child relationship, and behavior, and to provide a theoretical basis for its further implementation. Methods: In this study, 45 primary school students from Malu Primary School, Jiading District, Shanghai, with an average age of 9.76 years old were randomly selected, including 36 male students and 9 female students. Their parents all signed informed consent. All 45 participants participated in the test of gross motor development-3rd edition (TGMD-3), and 30 parents completed the Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), 34 subjects filled in the Family Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRT), and 31 subjects conducted the d2 Test of Attention. SPSS was used to analyze the correlation between the test scores of basic motor skills and the attention, parent-child relationship, and behavior. Results: Pearson correlation analysis showed that elementary school students' basic motor skills and attention were moderately correlated (r mobility skills and error of omission =-0.406, P < 0.05, r mobility skills and total error =-0.358, P < 0.05, r control skills and error of omission =-0.428, r control skill and total error =-0.490, P < 0.01, r control skill and correct mark =0.403, P < 0.05, r motor skill total score and error omission =-0.454, P < 0.01, r motor skill total score and total error =-0.468, P < 0.01, r motor skill total score and correct mark =0.379; The basic motor skills of primary school students were moderately correlated with ambivalence parent-child relationship (r control skills and marker correct =-0.390, P < 0.05, r motor skill total and marker correct =-0.391, P < 0.05). There was a high correlation between the manipulative skills and the hyperactive behaviors of the girls in primary school (r=0.917, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results show that primary school students' basic motor skills and attention, parent-child relationship and behavior have a certain correlation, among which the correlation of control skills is more prominent.

Hearing loss in juvenile rats leads to excessive play fighting and hyperactivity, mild cognitive deficits and altered neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex

BackgroundIn children, hearing loss has been associated with hyperactivity, disturbed social interaction, and risk of cognitive disturbances. Mechanistic explanations of these relations sometimes involve language. To investigate the effect of hearing loss on behavioral deficits in the absence of language, we tested the impact of hearing loss in juvenile rats on motor, social, and cognitive behavior and on physiology of prefrontal cortex. MethodsHearing loss was induced in juvenile (postnatal day 14) male Sprague-Dawley rats by intracochlear injection of neomycin under general anesthesia. Sham-operated and non-operated hearing rats served as controls. One week after surgery auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements verified hearing loss or intact hearing in sham-operated and non-operated controls. All rats were then tested for locomotor activity (open field), coordination (Rotarod), and for social interaction during development in weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 after surgery. From week 8 on, rats were trained and tested for spatial learning and memory (4-arm baited 8-arm radial maze test). In a final setting, neuronal activity was recorded in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). ResultsIn the open field deafened rats moved faster and covered more distance than sham-operated and non-operated controls from week 8 on (both p < 0.05). Deafened rats showed significantly more play fighting during development (p < 0.05), whereas other aspects of social interaction, such as following, were not affected. Learning of the radial maze test was not impaired in deafened rats (p > 0.05), but rats used less next-arm entries than other groups indicating impaired concept learning (p < 0.05). In the mPFC neuronal firing rate was reduced and enhanced irregular firing was observed. Moreover, oscillatory activity was altered, both within the mPFC and in coherence of mPFC with the somatosensory cortex (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHearing loss in juvenile rats leads to hyperactive behavior and pronounced play-fighting during development, suggesting a causal relationship between hearing loss and cognitive development. Altered neuronal activities in the mPFC after hearing loss support such effects on neuronal networks outside the central auditory system. This animal model provides evidence of developmental consequences of juvenile hearing loss on prefrontal cortex in absence of language as potential confounding factor.

IMPLEMENTASI TERAPI MUSIK TERHADAP PERILAKU HIPERAKTIF ANAK AUTIS DI RA IT THOYYIBAH KERASAAN KECAMATAN PEMATANG BANDAR KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN

This research discusses the implementation of music therapyas an intervention approach for hyperactive behavior in early childhood. Focusing on the effects of music therapy on improving emotional balance and managing impulsivity, this study involved a number of early childhood participants who had been diagnosed with hyperactivity.The research methodology involved an experimental design with a control group and a treatment group receiving structured music therapy sessions over a specified period. Behavioral data is observed and recorded before, during and after the intervention, while also taking into account emotional responses through special evaluation tools.The research results show that music therapy can have a positive impact on increasing focus of attention, reducing levels of impulsivity, and increasing emotional balance in children who experience hyperactivity. These findings provide an important contribution to the understanding of the potential of music therapy as a non-pharmacological method in managing hyperactive behavior in early childhood, providing new insight into a holistic therapeutic approach in addressing neurobehavioral challenges in early developmental stages.

Recent record of Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustellidae) from Kerala part of the Western Ghats, India and an insight into the behaviour and habitat preferences

We report a recent record of the elusive Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra from Kerala, through a direct observation in the higher reaches of the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary within the Western Ghats, southern India. Field observation involved the sighting of two Eurasian Otters in a rocky-torrential stream in March 2020. The otters displayed a hyperactive foraging behaviour, searching among submerged rocks and crevices, followed by occasional dives. They seemed particularly interested in areas where water rushed with force, avoiding locations with low water flow or shallow pools. The observation site, at 1,275 m altitude in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala region, featured wet evergreen vegetation, transitional sholas (stunted evergreen forests), and riparian patches along a stream characterised by rapid water flow, boulders, and fallen trees. This habitat, as observed by others, was also indicative of Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus suitability, suggesting potential resource partitioning between the two otter species. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about the preferred habitat of Eurasian Otters in the Western Ghats and emphasizes the need for comprehensive research on the taxonomy, distribution, population status, and behaviour of these possibly sympatric species of otters, the Asian Small-clawed Otter and the Eurasian Otter. Such studies are crucial for the conservation of both these species, which face threats from habitat loss, sand mining, hunting, and population decline. Preserving and restoring riparian vegetation in the higher reaches of the Western Ghats is essential for their protection within this biodiversity hotspot.

Abnormal patterns of sleep and waking behaviors are accompanied by neocortical oscillation disturbances in an Ank3 mouse model of epilepsy-bipolar disorder comorbidity

ANK3 is a leading bipolar disorder (BD) candidate gene in humans and provides a unique opportunity for studying epilepsy-BD comorbidity. Previous studies showed that deletion of Ank3-1b, a BD-associated variant of Ank3 in mice leads to increased firing threshold and diminished action potential dynamic range of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and absence epilepsy, thus providing a biological mechanism linking epilepsy and BD. To explore the behavioral overlap of these disorders, we characterized behavioral patterns of Ank3-1b KO mice during overnight home-cage activity and examined network activity during these behaviors using paired video and EEG recordings. Since PV interneurons contribute to the generation of high-frequency gamma oscillations, we anticipated changes in the power of neocortical EEG signals in the gamma frequency range (> 25 Hz) during behavioral states related to human BD symptoms, including abnormal sleep, hyperactivity, and repetitive behaviors. Ank3-1b KO mice exhibited an overall increase in slow gamma (~25-45 Hz) power compared to controls, and slow gamma power correlated with seizure phenotype severity across behaviors. During sleep, increased slow gamma power correlated with decreased time spent in the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. Seizures were more common during REM sleep compared to non-REM (NREM) sleep. We also found that Ank3-1b KO mice were hyperactive and exhibited a repetitive behavior phenotype that co-occurred with increased slow gamma power. Our results identify a novel EEG biomarker associating Ank3 genetic variation with BD and epilepsy and suggest modulation of gamma oscillations as a potential therapeutic target.

Validation of the Arabic strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Qatar

BackgroundThe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening questionnaire to identify children and youth’s emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer issues, and prosocial behaviors. The objective of this study was to validate the SDQ-Arabic against trained clinicians’ diagnoses for the first time in a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) country by examining its ability to discriminate between clinically referred and community youth samples, and to differentiate between major categories of diagnoses within a clinically referred youth sample.ResultsWe recruited two samples of 13–17-year-old Arabic-speaking youth and their parents in Qatar: a clinically-referred sample from a child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) outpatient clinic and a stratified, representative school sample. Survey data, including the SDQ-Arabic, were collected as well as the clinical diagnoses given by the youths’ clinicians for the clinically referred sample.Using both areas under the curve and traditional analyses of variance, the SDQ-Arabic differentiated between the clinically referred and community samples of Arabic-speaking youth. In addition, the SDQ-Arabic differentiated between the main diagnoses in the clinically referred sample.ConclusionThe current study extends the validity of the SDQ-Arabic. The SDQ-Arabic, which had previously been validated in Arabic-speaking Levantine countries in the region, continues to demonstrate strong predictive value in a GCC sample. Implications for mental health screening are discussed.

Maternal postpartum depression symptoms and early childhood hyperactive/aggressive behavior are independently associated with later attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms

Attention deficit/hyperactivity behaviors in children are often unnoticed until they reach school age; however, evidence suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tends to develop at an earlier age. Recent studies also indicate that perinatal maternal mental health is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring. This study examines the association between maternal postpartum depression, early hyperactive/aggressive behavior, and later ADHD symptoms. This longitudinal cohort study used data from health checkups and surveys. Mothers with a postpartum Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score ⩾ 9 were considered as having postpartum depression symptoms. The presence of early hyperactive/aggressive behavior was determined based on 3-year-old children’s health checkup data. The ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) answered by the caregivers of 182 sixth-grade children was used for the analysis. ADHD-RS scores were significantly higher in children with early hyperactive and/or aggressive behavior (p = .002) and for children of mothers who had postpartum depression symptoms (p < .001). Early hyperactive/aggressive behavior did not mediate the predictive association of maternal postpartum depression symptoms with ADHD symptoms in sixth grade. ADHD symptoms in the sixth grade were independently associated with childhood hyperactive/aggressive behavior at age 3 and maternal postpartum depression symptoms.

TNFR1 signaling converging on FGF14 controls neuronal hyperactivity and sickness behavior in experimental cerebral malaria

BackgroundExcess tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperinflammatory experimental cerebral malaria (eCM), including gliosis, increased levels of fibrin(ogen) in the brain, behavioral changes, and mortality. However, the role of TNF in eCM within the brain parenchyma, particularly directly on neurons, remains underdefined. Here, we investigate electrophysiological consequences of eCM on neuronal excitability and cell signaling mechanisms that contribute to observed phenotypes.MethodsThe split-luciferase complementation assay (LCA) was used to investigate cell signaling mechanisms downstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) that could contribute to changes in neuronal excitability in eCM. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was performed in brain slices from eCM mice to elucidate consequences of infection on CA1 pyramidal neuron excitability and cell signaling mechanisms that contribute to observed phenotypes. Involvement of identified signaling molecules in mediating behavioral changes and sickness behavior observed in eCM were investigated in vivo using genetic silencing.ResultsExploring signaling mechanisms that underlie TNF-induced effects on neuronal excitability, we found that the complex assembly of fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) and the voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channel 1.6 (Nav1.6) is increased upon tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) stimulation via Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). On account of the dependency of hyperinflammatory experimental cerebral malaria (eCM) on TNF, we performed patch-clamp studies in slices from eCM mice and showed that Plasmodium chabaudi infection augments Nav1.6 channel conductance of CA1 pyramidal neurons through the TNFR1–JAK2–FGF14–Nav1.6 signaling network, which leads to hyperexcitability. Hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons caused by infection was mitigated via an anti-TNF antibody and genetic silencing of FGF14 in CA1. Furthermore, knockdown of FGF14 in CA1 reduced sickness behavior caused by infection.ConclusionsFGF14 may represent a therapeutic target for mitigating consequences of TNF-mediated neuroinflammation.

Biological Factors As Predictors Of Hyperactive Behaviour Among Pupils In South East Nigeria

This study investigated the extent biological factors predict hyperactive behaviours of pupils in South East, Nigeria. The study adopted a correlational research design. Two research questions and two null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance, guided the study. The research questions and hypotheses sought to establish the extent of relationship that exists between biological factors and hyperactive behaviours of pupils. The sample for the study consisted of 1,566 (713 males and 853 females) respondents drawn through multi-stage sampling procedure from 3915 (1857 males and 2058) primary five pupils with hyperactive behaviour in 5477 public primary schools in South East, Nigeria. The data obtained through the administration of the instruments were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient to answer research questions. Linear regression was used to test null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed the following findings: Biological factors to a very highly positive and significant extent predicted hyperactive behaviours of pupils in the South-East Zone of Nigeria. Biological factors predicted 82.10% of the variance observed in hyperactive behaviours of pupils; there was no significant gender difference in the relationship between biological factors and hyperactive behaviours of pupils. Gender predicted only 11.4% of the variance observed in the relationship between biological factors and hyperactive behaviours of pupils. Among the educational implications was that the study could provide supportive frameworks from which one can assess how the pupils explore the environment and master the challenges within that environment. It was thus recommended that Educational psychologists, school counsellors and teachers should provide primary school pupils with hyperactive behaviour and their parents information from this study; which would help them understand the primary components of biological approach to hyperactivity and the impact of hyperactivity in the exploration of the environment of pupils with hyperactive behaviour.

Challenges and Coping Strategies of Parents in the Education of their Children with Autism

The education of children with autism presents unique challenges for parents, as they play a crucial role in facilitating their children’s learning and development. This research paper investigated the various challenges faced by parents in the education of their children with autism. It also explored the coping strategies they employ to overcome their challenges. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study identified key challenges that parents encounter in their educational journey, such as Communicating with their children, dealing with their children’s hyperactive behavior, Supporting financially their children’s therapy. The coping strategies employed by parents were diverse and multifaceted. Some parents sought support through formal channels, use of non- verbal languages, and research intervention of autism. Additionally, parents reported adopting adaptive parenting practices which refer to the techniques to enhance their children’s learning experience. The findings of these researchers were able to pinpoint the difficulties parents of autistic children faced when trying to educate their child and what coping strategies they employ.

PERMAINAN FLASHCARD BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PERILAKU HIPERAKTIF PADA ANAK TUNAGRAHITA DI SLB ASY SYAFI’IYAH CILANGKAP

Hyperactive behavior is one of the behavioral deviations that can be reduced with a social approach, one of which is through games. One game that can be used to reduce this behavior is a flashcard game as a means of channeling pent-up emotional energy caused by environmental restrictions on behavior. Purpose this community service to determine the effect of flashcard games on the hyperactive behavior of mentally retarded children. This community service was carried out at SD Tunagrahita SLB Asy-Syafi'iyah for grade 1 students in February - March 2023. There were 6 participants in this community service. Evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention by means of interviews using the ACTRS form. Participants were selected based on the criteria for experiencing hyperactivity aged 6-8 years in good health and permitted by their parents. The intervention was given 5 meetings with an intensity of once a week for 60 minutes. There was a change in 1 child, during 5 meetings, it showed that providing flashcard games had an effect on reducing hyperactive behavior. Conclusion: Flashcard games had an effect on the hyperactive behavior of mentally retarded children in grade 1 elementary school for the mentally retarded SLB Asy-Syafi'iyah in 2023. Conclusion: Flashcard games have little effect on the hyperactive behavior of mentally retarded children in mentally retarded elementary school class 1 SLB Asy-Syafi'iyah in 2023.

Mannose‐labeled nanoparticle exclusive delivery of antagomirs to microglia alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease pathobiology

AbstractBackgroundUnder normal conditions, amyloid (Aβ) is released extracellularly by neurons as a neuroprotective molecule while healthy microglia ingest and degrade Aβ to maintain a balance between production and clearance. One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the presence of plaques composed of aggregated, fibrillar amyloid beta (Aβ) that usually precedes the deposition of Tau. Aggregated Aβ can be degraded within healthy microglia largely by autophagy. Most vacuoles containing Aβ acquire the autophagy marker LC3 in primary WT microglia but not in AD microglia. It is still unclear why microglia in the AD brain fail to clear Aβ. Microglia in human AD brain sections and in the 5XFAD (AD) mouse model congregate around Aβ plaques and express high levels of miR‐17 which we found targets autophagy effectors.MethodWe examined the effect of targeting microRNA miR‐17 in vitro and in vivo using designed mannose‐labeled nanoparticles for the delivery of antagomirs exclusively to microglia.ResultIsolated primary microglia from adult AD mouse fail to degrade Aβ in comparison to wild‐type (WT) microglia. The expression of autophagy effectors Nbr1, Atg5 and Atg7, which are targets of miR‐17, are significantly reduced in AD mouse microglia (CD11b+) and not in CD11b− fraction which contains astrocytes and neuronal cells. This is the first report of significant increase of miR‐17 in the microglia of AD humans and mice. The increased expression of miR‐17 in AD microglia reduces the expression of autophagy effectors leading to defective autophagy in AD microglia. We show that reducing the expression of miR‐17 using specific antagomir (Anti‐17) in AD microglia in vitro, is sufficient to significantly improve their ability to degrade Aβ. Importantly, we successfully injected live AD mice with Anti‐17 enclosed within mannose‐labeled nanoparticles (Man‐NPs) which specifically target the mannose receptor mainly expressed on microglia. This delivery method significantly and explicitly reduced the elevated expression of miR‐17 in microglia, reduced the expression of Aβ in the brain and reduced hyperactivity behavior in live AD mice.ConclusionTogether, we describe Man‐NPs for the delivery of antagomirs specifically to microglia. We show that targeting miR‐17 in microglia is sufficient to prevent AD pathobiology.

ANALISIS DAMPAK PELAYANAN KONSELING DALAM MENGATASI PROBLEMATIKA TERHADAP PENYANTUNAN ANAK YATIM PIATU

The aim of this study was to reduce bullying among young people through the use of role-play techniques in group supervision. The research method is descriptive or qualitative. Data was collected through observation and interviews with informants. The sample used was 2 teenagers, consisting of 1 girl and 1 boy. This research is motivated by an understanding of group leadership and its goals, an understanding of role playing techniques and their goals, and the use of role playing techniques in group leadership. The results of the study used role play techniques to guide teachers into the roles of victims and bullies when facing bullying in the school environment. In the case of youth bullying, more attention should be paid to maintaining the mental health of individuals in their daily activities. bullying is based on hyperactivity, done on purpose and with a specific purpose. This hyperactive behavior can be classified as bullying when the behavior has reached the psychological side of the person or victim. So this bullying is behavior that is intended to hurt someone who is done by the bully intentionally. This bullying is called intentional behavior because the behavior is planned or organized and has a specific purpose, namely to frighten or even make the victim feel traumatized. The technique of group counseling services is a role play. Role playing is an activity in which two people switch roles to practice speaking and listening. This technique is suitable for communication and interaction between individuals through group leadership. This role-playing technique invites students to role-play or dramatize certain situations, ideas, or characters.

Developmental trajectories of hyperactive behavior in children from low-income families: A latent variable growth model analysis

Developmental trajectories of hyperactive behavior in children from low-income families: A latent variable growth model analysis