Hymenocardia Acida Research Articles

Sustainability, Population and Structure of Woody Species Composition of Taraba State Forests

Sustainability, population and structure of woody species composition of Taraba state forests were studied for future management strategies that allow a more sustainable use of woody species and a better conservation of forest ecosystems. The objectives of the study were to study the woody species dominance, important value index and population structure in different ecological zones of Taraba State forests. Data were obtained through woody species survey and the study area was stratified into three ecological zones and two protected areas. Five plots each measuring 50×50 m were sampled in each protected area and two protected areas were also sampled from each ecological zone. A total of 30 plots and 6 protected areas were sampled and all the woody species that occurred in the plots were also sampled. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Tables, percentages, frequency, ANOVA and LSD. A total of 3760 individual woody stands from 60, 34 and 32 species in Montane Forest, Southern and Northern Guinea Savanna respectively were recorded. Strombosia postulate, Pleiocarpa pycnantha, Pericopsis laxiflora, Hymenocardia acida and Ziziphus mauritiana were the dominance species while their corresponding rarest species were Goria sp, Afzelia africana, Elaesis guneensis, Combretum tomentosum and Ficus sur. Strombosia postulate and Pleiocarpa pycnantha were the dominant woody species with high important value indices in Montane forest zone as opposed to Pericopsis laxiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana which dominated the Southern and Northern guinea savanna respectively. The rarest species of Goria sp, Afzelia africana, Elaesis guneensis, Combretum tomentosum and Ficus sur in the study area could be connected to its usefulness as fodder species. The population structure of woody species was found to be very low in the middle diameter classes.The diameter class distribution resembles interrupted “U” shape indicating the removal of merchantable trees. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the protected areas and ecological zones due to the low dominance and important value indices. This needs appropriate management techniques to improve forest composition and structure in the study area for sustainability.

Effectiveness of binary combinations of Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder and Hymenocardia acida wood ash against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Poster

Combinations of botanicals could enhance biological activity against insects. This in turn, will reduce amount of botanical used in storage protection. In this issue, the bioassay was carried out on Sitophilus zeamais to assess the effectiveness of binary combinations of Hymenocardia acida wood ash and Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder regarding adult toxicity, progeny inhibition, and reduction of damage and germination ability. Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult (P? 0.0001). The higher mortality rate was achieved by the highest content (40 g/kg) of H. acida wood ash (94.66%) and 25PG75HA (94.59%) within 14 days of exposure. The combinations of P. glandulosus leaf powder with H. acida at different proportions produced different interactions. The combination made up by 75% of P. glandulosus leaf powder with 25% of H. acida wood ash produced synergistic effect whereas that made up by 50% of each of two powders had antagonistic effect in weevil mortality. The three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosus significantly reduced the progeny production. In term of inhibition of F1, the combination 25PG75HA revealed more effective than the two other. The grain damage and population increase were significantly reduced. In general, the non-infested maize grain had a good germination rate than the infested ones. The treatments did not have negative effect on seed germination. From These results, the two powders and their binary combinations could be used to reduce grain infestation by insect while taking in account the proportions of insecticidal powders implied in the combination.

Ameliorative Effect of Methanol Extract of Hymenocardia acida Leaves on Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity in Rats

Aim: This study evaluated the nephroprotective effect of methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves in rat model of gentamicin induced renal damage.
 Materials and Methods: Twenty- four (24) Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 150- 200g were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each; Group I served as the control and received normal saline, Group II- IV received gentamicin (40 mg/kg, i.p), Groups III and IV also received 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt., p.o methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves respectively for 15 days. Body weight measurement, serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes analyses and histopathological examination of kidney were carried out.
 Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in Serum urea, creatinine, decreased sodium and chloride ions, elevated serum level of potassium ion and pathological signs such as congestion, focal areas of inflammation, tubular necrosis, and glomerular atrophy. Administration of the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/ body wt significantly (p< 0.05) decreased Creatinine and urea levels, significantly (p< 0.05) increased sodium and chloride ion and significantly (p< 0.05) decreased potassium ion level when compared to the gentamicin- alone- treated group. Histopathological analysis also revealed a gradual reversal of the pathological features caused by gentamicin toxicity.
 Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract possesses nephroprotective potential.

Evaluation of Selected Nigerian Medicinal Plants for in vitro Antiprotozoal Activity

Background: Protozoal infection is endemic to the tropical regions of the world including West Africa, where high disease burden and associated deaths are reported annually. There is still a high reliability on traditional and herbal medication for the management of such diseases. Method: In this study, a total of 66 extracts of different polarity were prepared from 22 Nigerian medicinal plants belonging to 16 different families, and evaluated for antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. Results: Methanol extracts of the leaves and stem of Securinega virosa and Japtropha curcas showed strong antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values generally less than 20 µg/mL. Chloroform fractions of the leaves extract of Datura metel and Calotropis procera, hexane fractions of the whole plant of Hymenocardia acida with the leaves of Morinda lucida and the methanol fractions of the leaves and stem of Nymphea odorata showed significant activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei blood stage trypamastigotes with IC50 (µg/ml) values generally less than 5 µg/mL. No significant activity was observed in vitro against Leishmania donovani (promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in THP1 cells) except for the methanol and chloroform fractions of the extract from the leaves of Datura metel. Conclusion: This work partly supports the ethno-medicinal use of some of the selected medicinal plants and further research into the putative active constituents may be desirable. Keywords: Herbal medicine, L. donovani, leishmaniasis, malaria, P. falciparum, Protozoal, T. brucei brucei, trypanosomiasis.

Prevalence, management and ethnobotanical investigation of hypertension in two Guinean urban districts

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHypertension is an important public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, and in many African countries including Guinea medicinal plants are still widely used for its treatment. Materials and MethodsThe objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in two Guinean urban districts (Pounthioun and Dowsare), to describe its management and to collect information on traditional herbal remedies. A total of 316 participants entered the study, 28.2% (89/316) men and 71.8% (227/316) women. Of these, 181 were from Dowsare (50 men and 131 women) and 135 from Pounthioun (39 men and 96 women). The mean age of subjects was 40.8 ± 14.0 years (range18 − 88years), while the majority of subjects (63.3% or 200/316) were 45–74 years old. ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension was 44.9% (142/316): 46.4% (84/181) from Dowsare and 43.0% (58/135) from Pounthioun. Ethnobotanical investigations among hypertensive patients led to the collection of 15 plant species, among which Hymenocardia acida leaves and Uapaca togoensis stem bark were the most cited. Phytochemical investigation of these two plant species led to the isolation and identification of isovitexin and isoorientin from H. acida, and betulinic acid and lupeol from U. togoensis. ConclusionThe presence of these constituents in Hymenocardia acida leaves and Uapaca togoensis stem bark may at least in part support their traditional use against hypertension in Guinea.

Aeroallergens in North-Central Nigeria

Introduction and ObjectivesAeroallergens are airborne organic substances which are responsible for allergenic diseases in hypersensitive individuals. People are exposed to their allergens either directly or after their entrance into the interiors. The spatio-temporal pattern of aeroallergens and their relationship with weather variability in Abuja and Nassarawa, North-Central Nigeria was studied. Materials and MethodsAerosamples were trapped with modified Tauber-like pollen traps. Samples were collected monthly and centrifuged at 2500rpm for 5 min and subjected to acetolysis. Meteorological data were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Results and ConclusionAeroallergens concentration were unequivocally regulated by weather variables in both locations, indicating the possible use of aeroallergens especially pollen and spores as bio-indicators of weather variations and change. Aeroallergens encountered were fungal spores, pollen, diatom frustules, fern spores, algal cyst/cells in decreasing order of dominance. Among pollen group, Poaceae, Amarathaceae/Chenopodiaceae and Hymenocardia acida dominated. Spores of Smut species, Puccinia, Curvularia and Nigrospora were major contributors among aeromycoflora. Fungal spores morphotype dominated during the rainier months and were major contributors of the aeroallergen spectrum with those belonging to Deuteromycete preponderant. Aeroallergens which were previously identified as triggers of conjunctivitis, asthma, allergic sinusitis and bronchopulmonary allergic diseases were frequently present in both locations. Pollen prevailed more during the harmattan, influenced by northeast trade wind. Pollen component differed and was based on autochthonous source plants, indicating difference in sub-vegetational types.

Afforestation/Reforestation Based on Gmelina Arborea (Verbenaceae) in Tropical Africa: Floristic and Structural Analysis, Carbon Storage and Economic Value (Cameroon)

<p><em>The study was carried out in three selected plantations. Sampling was made infive 100x20 m<sup>2</sup> plots per site. Overall, 32 species, 36 genera and 17 families were surveyed. Hymenocardia acida, Combretum adenogonium, Daniellia oliveri, Entada africana, Terminalia macroptera, T. laxiflora, Lannea schimperi, Lophira lanceolata, Maytenus senegalensis, Ochna schweinfurthiana, Protea madiensis, Psorospermum senegalense, Piliostigma thonningii, Sarcocephalus latifolius and</em><em> </em><em>Securidaca longepedunculata</em><em> </em><em>were the most important species. The richness index ranged from 2.53±0.05-7.74±0.03. Shannon index was 3 in all sites.</em><em> </em><em>Density ranged from 98±2.01-253±10.23 stems/ha. Basal area was statistically significant among the sites (p<0.001). All sites were floristically similar (k>70 %). The vertical structure showed three types of figures; L shape, symmetrical bell shape and unsymmetrical bell shape. These structures confirmed a good regeneration of timbers in the sites.</em><em> </em><em>There was a positive correlation of the species dispersal in the sites (p<0.001). The amount of AGB was 23.50±0.38 t C/ha. The amount of C sequestration was</em><em> </em><em>86.28±16.57 t</em><em> </em><em>CO<sub>2eq</sub>/ha. The ecosystem service payments ranged between 258.87±24.88-8629.25±248.16 €/ha with the lowest values for CDM price and the highest for REDD+price.</em><em> </em><em>A financing of such projects is required in the frame of creating adaptation and attenuation measures to global warming effects.</em></p>

Effectiveness of binary combinations of Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder and Hymenocardia acida wood ash against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

BackgroundBotanicals are generally assumed to be more biodegradable, leading to less environmental problems. Combination of botanicals could enhance biological activity against insect pests. Hence, the amount of botanical used for the control of stored grain pests may be minimised. In this study, the bioassay was carried out on Sitophilus zeamais to assess the effectiveness of binary combinations of Hymenocardia acida wood ash and Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder. The quantities of mixed products were added to maize grains to constitute the contents of 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg. Then, the bioassays on toxicity within 1, 3, 7 and 14 days exposure, progeny production, population increase, grain damage and germination ability of protected grains were carried out.ResultsThe major compounds (pinene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, thymol, β-myrcene and 3-carene) of P. glandulosus leaf powder were monoterpenes. The major non-monoterpenic constituent was an oxygenated sesquiterpene, β caryophyllene oxide. The chemical analysis of H. acida ash showed that calcium (5800 mg/kg) and phosphorus (2782 mg/kg) recorded higher content than the other minerals. Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult (P < 0.0001). The higher mortality rate was achieved by the highest content within 14 days of exposure. The combinations of P. glandulosus leaf powder with H. acida at different proportions produced different interactions. The mixture of 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acida produced synergistic effect, whereas the mixture of 50:50 had antagonistic effect in weevil mortality. The three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosus significantly reduced the production of the progeny compared to the control. From the application of 5 g/kg (lowest content), the number of emerging adults was highly reduced. The combination 25PG75HA revealed to be more effective than the two other against F1 production. The grain damage and population growth were significantly reduced. In general, the non-infested maize grain had a good germination rate than the infested ones. The treatment did not have negative effect on seed germination.ConclusionsFrom our results, the two powders and their binary combinations could be used to reduce grain infestation by insect while taking into account the proportions of insecticidal powders implied in the combination.

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of ethanol leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Hymenocardia acida&lt;/i&gt; Tul (euphorbiaceae) in mice and chicks

Evaluation of anticonvulsant activities of ethanol leaf extract of &lt;i&gt;Hymenocardia acida&lt;/i&gt; Tul (euphorbiaceae) in mice and chicks

An assay of some thermal characteristics, chemical and phytochemical constituents of &lt;i&gt;Hymenocarida acida&lt;/i&gt; timber

Timber has always played an influencing role in human lives. The quality of timber and its behavior in response to fire depends on many parameters. As a result Hymenocardiaacidawood was studied in terms of thermal, chemical, physical and variable techniques. The results obtained were as follows: afterglow time 58.33sec, flame duration 271.67sec, flame propagation rate 4.4x10-2cm.s-1, ignition time 3.67sec, thermal conductivity14.37 x 102Umoh/cm, electrical conductivity 4.4x10-3Sm-1, ash content 0.95%, moisture content 12.67%, oven dry density 78.7x10-2g.cm-3, water imbibitions (at different time intervals: 30mins 11.1%, 5hrs 13.8% and 24hrs 22.3%), etc, These results showed it to be a good timber suitable for various construction purposes. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, resins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) of the sample showed the presence of some metals such as Na, K, Pb, Ca, As, Zn, Mg, and Cu in the decreasing order of their concentrations. The thin layer chromatographic analysis of the chloroform and chloroform-methanol extracts which gave three spots with Rf values of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 was further characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopic methods. The Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet spectra suggested a 1, 2, 3- trisubstitutedphenylamide with OH, CO and CN groups attached as the functional groups present. The chemical components analysis showed the presence of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and other constituents in their right proportion. The results provided the required information on the properties of Hymenocardiaacidawood. It also confirmed the efficiency of the wood for various construction purposes and its medicinal ability due to the presence of the secondary metabolites.Keywords: Timber, Hymenocardia acida, Functional group analysis, Phytochemical, thermal andchemical constituents

Diversité floristique et caractérisation structurale de la réserve forestière de Ouoghi en zone soudanoguinéenne (Centre-Bénin)

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the plant species and to characterize the vegetation of the Ouoghi forest reserve in the commune of Savè (Center-Benin). Method and results: Floristic and forest inventories were carried out through 144 relevés in according to the Braun-Blanquet method. A total of 246 plant species were identified. They belong to 178 genera and 63 families. Multivariate analyzes with the Community Analysis Package (CAP) software made it possible to individualize 3 vegetation formations comprising 8 plant groups. This is the shrub savannah with Prosopis africana and Pennisetum polystachion, the tree savannah with Hymenocardia acida and Pennisetum polystachion, the tree savannah to Vitellaria paradoxa and Pennisetum polystachion, the tree savannah to Pterocarpus erinaceus and Hyptis suaveolens, the woodland savannah with Daniellia Oliveri and Chromolaena odorata, the woodland savannah at Isoberlinia doka and Pennisetum polystachion, the woodland savannah at Daniellia oliveri and Andropogon tectorum and the tree flood savannah to Daniellia oliveri and Leersia hexandra. The floristic and structural parameters change from one group to another. Thus, the specific richness varies from 49 to 153 species and the diversity of families is between 22 and 49 with a predominance of Leguminosae. The density varies from 95 to 275 stems / ha, basal area from 2.35 to 8.44 m² / ha. Conclusion and application of results: The study evaluated the floristic diversity of the Ouoghi reserve. In addition, it indicated the need for its integral protection for its dynamics towards dry dense forest vegetation. Sustainable management of this site needs implication of local population.

In Vitro and In Vivo Study of the Gastrointestinal Absorption and Metabolisation of Hymenocardine, a Cyclopeptide Alkaloid.

Hymenocardine is a cyclopeptide alkaloid present in the root bark of Hymenocardia acida. In traditional African medicine, the leaves and roots of this plant are used to treat malaria, and moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity has been reported for hymenocardine. However, in view of its peptide-like nature, potential metabolisation after oral ingestion has to be taken into account when considering in vivo experiments. In this study, the stability and small intestinal absorption of hymenocardine was assessed using an in vitro gastrointestinal dialysis model. In addition, potential liver metabolisation was investigated in vitro by incubation with a human S9 fraction. Moreover, hymenocardine was administered to rats per os, and blood and urine samples were collected until 48 and 24 h after oral administration, respectively. All samples resulting from these three experiments were analyzed by LC-MS. Analysis of the dialysate and retentate, obtained from the gastrointestinal dialysis model, indicated that hymenocardine is absorbed unchanged from the gastrointestinal tract, at least in part. After S9 metabolisation, several metabolites of hymenocardine could be identified, the major ones being formed by the reduction and/or the loss of an N-methyl group. The in vivo study confirmed that hymenocardine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract unchanged, since it could be identified in both rat plasma and urine, together with hymenocardinol, its reduction product.

Spermatogenic and Haematological effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark on Aluminium-Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

This study was designed to determine the spermatogenic and haematological effects of aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Hymenocardia acida on Aluminium chloride-induced toxicity in male wistar rats. Thirty male albino Wistar rats were used and toxicity was induced using 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) AlCl3. The rats were distributed into six groups of five rats each. The drug and extract administration lasted for seven days, thereafter the animals sacrificed. The results indicated that oral dose of 100 mg/kg bw extracts of H. acida did not show any significant (p>0.05) change in testosterone levels when compared with both normal and negative control. Ethanolic extract showed non-significant (p>0.05) increase on Luteinizing hormone (LH) when compared with both normal and negative control group. Administration of AlCl3 caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), while the plants extracts caused a non-significant increase when compared with the negative control. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) increased significantly (p<0.05) in negative control, but decreased significantly in groups treated with aqueous and ethanolic extract of H. acida when compared with the negative control. Induction of AlCl3- toxicity caused a non-significant (p>0.05) alterations of most of the haematological parameters evaluated, but administration of the plant extracts was able to mildly ameliorate these effects (especially on RBC and Hb). The result of this study shows AlCl3 toxicity causes alterations of LH, FSH and TBARS, but aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of H. acida may possibly ameliorate the alteration. Also, AlCl3- toxicity mildly influences the synthesis of certain haematological indices, but the extracts may modulate some of this interference.

Spermatogenic and Haematological effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark on Aluminium-Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

This study was designed to determine the spermatogenic and haematological effects of aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Hymenocardia acida on Aluminium chloride-induced toxicity in male wistar rats. Thirty male albino Wistar rats were used and toxicity was induced using 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) AlCl3. The rats were distributed into six groups of five rats each. The drug and extract administration lasted for seven days, thereafter the animals sacrificed. The results indicated that oral dose of 100 mg/kg bw extracts of H. acida did not show any significant (p>0.05) change in testosterone levels when compared with both normal and negative control. Ethanolic extract showed non-significant (p>0.05) increase on Luteinizing hormone (LH) when compared with both normal and negative control group. Administration of AlCl3 caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), while the plants extracts caused a non-significant increase when compared with the negative control. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) increased significantly (p<0.05) in negative control, but decreased significantly in groups treated with aqueous and ethanolic extract of H. acida when compared with the negative control. Induction of AlCl3- toxicity caused a non-significant (p>0.05) alterations of most of the haematological parameters evaluated, but administration of the plant extracts was able to mildly ameliorate these effects (especially on RBC and Hb). The result of this study shows AlCl3 toxicity causes alterations of LH, FSH and TBARS, but aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of H. acida may possibly ameliorate the alteration. Also, AlCl3- toxicity mildly influences the synthesis of certain haematological indices, but the extracts may modulate some of this interference.

Biochemical Changes in Haematological and Liver Function Parameters in Intoxicated Male Albino Rats Treated with Hymenocardia acida Leaves Ethanolic Extract

In the current study, the biochemical changes in haematological and liver function parameters in Intoxicated Male Albino Rats treated with Hymenocardia acida leaves ethanolic extract on AlCl3-toxicity was investigated. Twenty albino rats assigned to four groups of five each were used. Exactly 100 mg/kg bw of the plant extract was administered to groups 3 and 4 for the experimental period of seven days. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture. Biochemical, haematological parameters and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined. The levels of all serum biochemical parameters measured (alanine transaminase (ALT), apartatate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Glucose, Potassium and total Biliribin) in the aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced (negative control) increased significantly (p 0.05) decreased some of these parameters. Furthermore, the leaves extract showed a slight moderation effect on selected haematological parameters. However, comparative effect of the leaves extract on the normal control and on the negative control show that the leave could possibly be toxic. This result show that the ethanolic extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves may possess mild ameliorative effect against aluminium chloride-induced toxicity and may also be toxic in male albino rats.

Extracts of Hymenocardia acida ameliorate insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells

Extracts of Hymenocardia acida ameliorate insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells

Effects of Ethanol Extract of Hymenocardia acida Leaves on Aluminium Chloride-Induced Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

Background: The current Study investigated the effects of aqueous extract of H. Acida leaves on Aluminium Chloride induced toxicity in male albino rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Biochemical and Haematological parameters were assayed in order to determine the toxic effect of AlCl3 and the ameliorative effects of the extract. Methods: Twenty (20) rats grouped into four (n=5) were administered AlCl3 and the aqueous leaves extract based on the experimental design. The animals were sacrificed after the experimental period of seven (7) days, blood was collected for assay of the biochemical and haematological parameters by cardiac puncture while the liver tissues were harvested and homogenised for the determination of Thiobarbituric acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). Results: ALT, AST, Bilirubin and Glucose levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) in groups treated with AlCl3 when compared to the normal control whereas treatment with plant extracts ameliorates the increase. The RBC, Hb, PCV and Platelet levels increased significantly (p<0.05) particularly in the groups treated with H. Acida aqueous extract when compared to the normal control. The TBARS level initially increased due to AlCl3 toxicity was decreased on treatment with aqueous plant extract. Conclusion: It can be concluded however that the extract demonstrated potentials in ameliorating deleterious effects of aluminium chloride intoxication. Hence, the extract showed mild toxicity level considering the parameters in question.

Cyclopeptide Alkaloids from Hymenocardia acida.

Four cyclopeptide alkaloids (1-4) were isolated from the root bark of Hymenocardia acida by means of semipreparative HPLC with DAD and ESIMS detection and conventional separation methods. Structure elucidation was performed by spectroscopic means. In addition to the known compound hymenocardine (1), three other alkaloids were isolated for the first time from a natural source. These included a hymenocardine derivative with a hydroxy group instead of a carbonyl group that was named hymenocardinol (2), as well as hymenocardine N-oxide (3) and a new cyclopeptide alkaloid containing an unusual histidine moiety named hymenocardine-H (4). The isolated cyclopeptide alkaloids were tested for their antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity. All four compounds showed moderate antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 values ranging from 12.2 to 27.9 μM, the most active one being hymenocardine N-oxide (3), with an IC50 value of 12.2 ± 6.6 μM. Compounds 2-4 were found not to be cytotoxic against MRC-5 cells (IC50 > 64.0 μM), but hymenocardine (1) showed some cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 51.1 ± 17.2 μM.

P4-34: Prevalence of HBP in urban area of Labé and therapeutic evaluation of phyto medicine with Uapaca togoensis and Hymenocardia acida

Objectifs Determiner la prevalence de l'HTA en zone urbaine de Labe, evaluer l'efficacite des trois phytomedicaments, evaluer la tolerance des trois phytomedicaments. Methodes L'etude a ete realisee en deux phases : la premiere a consiste en une enquete de prevalence pour determiner les patients hypertendus ; la deuxieme a permis de soumettre les patients hypertendus (volontaires) a l'evaluation ethnotherapeutique. L'etude de prevalence a porte sur 316 patients âges de 18 ans et plus residents en zone urbaine de Labe. Elle a ete realisee sur base d'interwiew selon une fiche d'enquete standardisee par le Centre de Recherche et de Valorisation des Plantes Medicinales de Dubreka. Concernant l'evaluation ethnotherapeutique, l'accord du Comite National d'Ethique guineen a ete obtenu avant le demarrage. Les phytomedicaments ont ete prepares a partir des deux plantes : Uapaca togoensis et Hymenocardia acida. Resultats La prevalence de l'HTA en zone urbaine de Labe a ete estimee a 27,52 % (87/316) avec une predominance feminine (75,86 %). L'evaluation de l'efficacite et de la tolerance de 3 phytomedicaments a base de Uapaca togoensis et Hymenocardia acida a ete realisee. L'evaluation clinique a trois bras a permis de relever une baisse faible a modeste de la PAS et/ou de la PAD chez 37 patients soumis aux traitements soit a Hymenocardia acida, Uapaca togoensis ou a l'association Hymenocardia acida et Uapaca togoensis. A l'issue de 14 jours de traitement, le phytomedicament a base de Hymenocardia acida a entraine des baisses plus importantes que le phytomedicament a base de Uapaca togoensis et a l'association Hymenocardia acida et Uapaca togoensis. Conclusion Les baisses les plus importantes ont ete observees au niveau du groupe soumis au traitement par H. acida. La tolerance a ete jugee bonne pour les trois phytomedicaments

Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease by Traditional Medical Practitioners of Gbonyin Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria

Ethnobotanical survey was conducted on plants used traditionally for the management of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Gbonyin Local Government Area (LGA) of Ekiti State, South Western Nigeria. The study was conducted to document some of the medicinal plants used in the management of SCD with the aim of identifying possible drug leads from the phytomedicine of the area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the use of herbal remedies for the management of SCD. A total of 32 respondents were interviewed in this study. twenty of them were males while twelve were females with the age range of 25 to 70 years. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 44 genera and 30 families were identified to be useful for the management of SCD. The most prominent among these plant families (genera) are Anacardiaceae (Anacardium occidentalis, Mangifera indica, Spondias mombin), Euphorbiaceae (Croton lobatus, Jatropha gossypifolia, Plukeneta conophora) and Fabaceae (Cajanus cajan, Pterocarpus osun, Cassia siamea) with three species each. Eighty percent (80%) of the 32 respondents interviewed said that their clients did not report any side effect and that the herbs were either collected from the forest (where available) or purchased from the herb markets. In all, the commonest plant species among the recipes given by the respondents according to their Use Mention Index (UMI) include: Elaeis guineense Jacq., Arecaceae (0.124); Khaya grandifoliola C.DC., Meliaceae (0.094); Carica papaya L., Caricaceae(0.094); Hymenocardia acida Tul., Phyllanthaceae (0.094); Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae (0.094); Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock, Asclepiadaceae (0.094) and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich., Annonaceae (0.094).The main method of preparation is by decoction and in most cases, the preparation is taken orally twice to thrice daily. All the plants identified in this work have been used by most of the herbalists and adjudged to be efficacious in SCD management. The study concluded that the medicinal folklore of the Ekiti State LGA covered by this survey indicated high potential for drug discovery for the management of sickle cell disease.Keywords: Ethnobotany, Sickle Cell Disease, Traditional Medicine, Gbonyin LGA, Medicinal Plants