Hygrophoropsis Aurantiaca Research Articles

Extrapolating mycochemical profile of selected wild mushrooms (Sirumalai hills) with the commercial cultivates and strategizing their antidepressant efficacy

Mushrooms have a wide existence as food consumption by humans and has been appreciated for their medical attributes in adjuvant therapies. This study strategizes on a comparative mycochemical profiling among elected wild (Daldinia concentrica, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) collected from Sirumalai hills and prominent edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporous, Pleurotus ostreatus). The finest species is scrutinized for extricating its specific compounds by a Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. An in silico assay is conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the eluted compounds against depression inducing target and drug efflux proteins [Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and Permeability glycoprotein (P-gp)]. Agaricus bisporous excelled with an elevated mycochemical profile and a compatible antioxidant status. The molecular docking against the target proteins revealed Stigmast-5-EN-3-OL, (MAO-A) and 9-Hexadecenoic acid (P-gp) with minimum binding energy scores of −170.42/−116.6-kcal/mol. This investigation enumerates the therapeutic efficacy of edible mushrooms and establishes its vital nutraceuticals as an antidote against mental ailments.

Synthesis of Clitocybin A, B and C and their Biological Evaluation for Antioxidant Activities

Clitocybin A, isolated from the culture broth of mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, showed various biological activities such as cell death inhibition effects, anti‐wrinkle effects, aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition effects. In an effort to further develop this promising compound toward a potent antioxidant, we have modified the structure of clitocybin A by changing the number of free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety. In this paper, clitocybin A and its analogues, clitocybin B and C were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens in isoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues showed more potent radical scavenging activity than clitocybin B possessing one phenolic hydrogen. In inhibition of cellular DNA damage in H2O2treated cells, clitocybin C lacking free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety showed more potent activity than clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens.Among the tested compounds, clitocybin A only showed dose‐dependently HNE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 78.8 uM. The presence of free phenolic hydrogens inisoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues plays an important role in antioxidant activities.

Antiproliferative, Immunostimulatory, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts Derived from Mushrooms Collected in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia (Canada).

Wild mushrooms, while largely explored for their ecological significance, have not been systematically studied for their medicinal properties. This is the first report of biological activities of mushrooms from Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada. The 17 mushroom species in this study were collected from multiple locations on Haida Gwaii and were screened for antiproliferative, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Prior to screening, mushrooms were genetically identified and then sequentially fractionated into four crude extracts using 80% ethanol, 50% methanol, water, and 5% sodium hydroxide. We report here the strong antiproliferative and antiinflammatory activities of Amanita augusta, Phellodon atratus, Guepinia helvelloides, Chroogomphus tomentosus, Laetiporus conifericola, and Inocybe sp. In addition, A. augusta, G. helvelloides, and Inocybe sp. showed potent immunostimulatory activity. Two other species (Ganoderma tsugae and Pleurotus ostreatus) displayed strong immunostimulatory activity consistent with previous reports by others, suggesting that similar constituents are present in the same species from Haida Gwaii. For nine species (Russula paludosa, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, Tricholomopsis rutilans, Tyromyces chioneus, Hydnum repandum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Clavulina cinerea, P. ostreatus and Ramaria cystidiophora), we describe antiproliferative, immunostimulatory, and/or anti-inflammatory activities that have never been reported before. The new findings serve as a platform for future investigations into the potentially novel bioactive constituents of these mushrooms, as well as an incentive to further study a wider array of wild mushrooms for medicinal properties.

ROS Scavenging and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Clitocybin A Isolated from the Mycelium of the Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca.

Clitocybin A, an isoindolinone from Clitocybe aurantiaca, was investigated to assess its anti-wrinkle properties, through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and elastase inhibitory activities, procollagen synthesis, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, in human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N) cells. Clitocybin A exhibited no significant cytotoxicity up to 10 ppm in HDF-N cells, with cell viability and cell proliferation activity greater than 94.6% and 91.9%, respectively. Strong and concentration-dependent ROS radical scavenging activities of clitocybin A were observed following irradiation with UVB at 30 mJ/cm2. Furthermore, clitocybin A treatment of cells at 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm exhibited decreased elastase activity, in a concentration-dependent manner, by 1.97%, 6.6%, and 8.31%, respectively, versus the control group. The effects of clitocybin A on procollagen synthesis and MMP-1 expression were investigated. Clitocybin A treatment of cells at 1, 5, and 10 ppm increased procollagen synthesis, by 67.9%, 74.4%, and 112.9%, respectively, versus the control group. At these concentrations, MMP-1 expression decreased significantly following UV irradiation. Together, these findings suggest that clitocybin A may be an effective ingredient for use in anti-wrinkle cosmetic products.

A New Method for the Isolation of Ergosterol and Peroxyergosterol as Active Compounds of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca and in Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Isolated Ergosterol Peroxide.

In the present study, ergosterol peroxide and ergosterol were isolated for the first time from fresh fruit bodies of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (False Chanterelle). The substances were characterized mainly by spectroscopic methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT-45, DEPT-90, DEPT-135, 2D-NMR). In our study, a new specific thin layer chromatographic method was developed for determination of ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide in H. aurantiaca extract. The method is based on the separation of n-hexane extract on silica gel (Silica Gel G) TLC plates using the optimized solvent system toluene/ethyl acetate (3:1; v/v). The main advantages of the developed method are the simplicity of operation and the low cost. The in vitro study results revealed the antiproliferative properties of ergosterol peroxide against LS180 human colon cancer cells. The described effect was attributed both to altered mitochondrial activity and decreased DNA synthesis. Additionally, in the same concentration range the investigated compound was not toxic to CCD 841 CoTr human colon epithelial cells. The present study suggests that fruit bodies of H. aurantiaca have great potential for producing substances and extracts with potential applications in medicine.

Fermentation Process for Mass Production of Clitocybin A, a New Anti-Wrinkle Agent from Clitocybe aurantiaca and Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression

Fermentation Process for Mass Production of Clitocybin A, a New Anti-Wrinkle Agent from Clitocybe aurantiaca and Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression

The extinct, the extant and the excluded pt.1: Clavariadelphus and a teratological form of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

The extinct, the extant and the excluded pt.1: Clavariadelphus and a teratological form of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Clitocybin A, a Novel Isoindolinone, From the Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, Inhibits Cell Proliferation Through G1 Phase Arrest by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Cascade in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis. Clitocybin A, a novel isoindolinone, isolated from the culture broth of mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca has been reported to possess free radical scavenging activity. However, the antiproliferative effects of clitocybin A on VSMCs are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of clitocybin A on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB–induced proliferation of VSMCs and examined the molecular basis of the underlying mechanism. Clitocybin A inhibited DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. In accordance with these findings, clitocybin A blocked the PDGF-BB–inducible progression through G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle in synchronized cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen. In addition, clitocybin A inhibited the PDGF-BB–induced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) / Akt kinase. However, clitocybin A did not change the expression levels of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2, phospholipase C-γ1, and PDGF-Rβ phosphorylation. These results indicate that clitocybin A may inhibit VSMCs proliferation through G1 phase arrest by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Clitocybin B inhibits rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation through suppressing PDGF-Rβ phosphorylation

The increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the arterial wall is a critical pathogenic factor for vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Clitocybin B was reported to have either a potent free radical scavenging effect or effects that were isolated from the culture broth of mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of clitocybin B on VSMC proliferation and its possible molecular mechanism. Clitocybin B significantly inhibited the proliferation and the DNA synthesis of PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. In agreement with these findings, clitocybin B suppressed the PDGF-BB-induced progression through G0/G1 to S phase of cell cycle. Clitocybin B also down-regulated the expressions of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, cyclin E, CDK4, cyclin D1, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen in PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs. Clitocybin B significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phospholipase C-γ1, in the PDGF-BB signaling pathway. Clitocybin B suppressed the PDGF-Rβ activation in PDGF-BB signaling cascade. These results suggested that the inhibitory effect of clitocybin B on the proliferation of VSMCs may be associated with suppressing PDGF-Rβ phosphorylation. Thus, clitocybin B may be an effective antiproliferative agent for the prevention of atherosclerosis and restenosis.

Tocopherols composition of Portuguese wild mushrooms with antioxidant capacity

The antioxidant composition and properties of 18 Portuguese wild mushrooms ( Clitocybe alexandri, Cortinarius glaucopus, Fistulina hepatica, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, Hypholoma capnoides, Laccaria amethystina, Laccaria laccata, Lactarius aurantiacus, Lactarius salmonicolor, Lepista inversa, Lepista sordida, Mycena rosea, Russula delica, Russula vesca, Suillus collinitus, Suillus mediterraneensis, Tricholoma sulphureum) were evaluated, in order to contribute to the overall characterisation of these products. Their radical-scavenging capacity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation measured in liposome solutions was fully studied. Furthermore, the tocopherols composition was determined by HPLC-fluorescence. The analysed mushrooms contain powerful antioxidants such as phenols (0.51–7.90 mg/g) and tocopherols (0.02–8.04 μg/g). β-Tocopherol was the vitamer detected in higher amounts, while δ-tocopherol was not detected in the majority of the samples. All the species proved to have antioxidant activity being more significant for H. aurantiaca (EC 50 values lower than 1.35 mg/ml) due to the contribution of antioxidants such as phenols (7.90 mg/g) and tocopherols (0.02–1.94 μg/g). The ongoing research states the nutraceutical potential of all these unique species, making the information available for a better management and conservation of mushrooms and related habitats.

Study and characterization of selected nutrients in wild mushrooms from Portugal by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography

The present work aims at contributing to the documentation of the nutritional composition of wild mushrooms. Fatty acid and sugar profiles of 10 different Portuguese wild mushrooms were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index detector (HPLC/RID), respectively, the latter methodology being then completely validated. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein (24.32–76.63 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (10.35–55.48 g/100 g), and had low amounts of fat (0.36–2.63 g/100 g). The highest energetic contribution was guaranteed by Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca. The analysis of fatty acid composition allowed the quantification of 25 fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, oleic and linoleic acids, were predominant (17–61% and 20–54%, respectively). In the analysis of free sugars, all the compounds were separated in a period of time of 10 min; the method used proved to be sensitive, reproducible and accurate. Arabinose (1.53–7.66 g/100 g), mannitol (0.38–18.41 g/100 g) and trehalose (0.21–18.66 g/100 g) were the most abundant sugars.

Clitocybins, Novel Isoindolinone Free Radical Scavengers, from Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death and Cellular Senescence

High concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in damaging biological systems. We isolated clitocybin A from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca and then clitocybin B and C derivatives were synthesized from clitocybin A. IMR-90 lung fibroblast cells were pre-treated or post-treated with clitocybin A, B and C to the addition of 100 muM H(2)O(2). These compounds inhibited the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H(2)O(2)-induced cell death as judged by hypodiploid cell formation. The inhibitory effect of clitocybins on H(2)O(2)-induced cell death was comparable to that with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known ROS scavenger. The inhibition of H(2)O(2)-induced cell death by clitocybins was mediated by the reduction of caspase 3 and 9 activation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the degradation of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, which could be resulted in the prevention of cellular senescence. It suggests that clitocybins are novel compounds scavenging ROS and protect cells from apoptosis and cellular senescence.

A New Antioxidant, Clitocybin A, from the Culture Broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca

Clitocybin A (1), a new antioxidant, was isolated from the culture broth of Clitocybe aurantiaca. This compound was purified by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Its structure was determined as 4,6-dihydroxy-2-p-hydroxyphenyl-isoindol1-one on the basis of the UV, NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis. The compound 1 showed potent free radical scavenging activity against superoxide, ABTS, and DPPH radicals, and protective effect against cellular DNA damage induced by oxidative stress.

Distribution of iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium in macrofungi

Samples of wild growing ectomycorrhizal and terrestrial saprobic macrofungi (mushrooms) were collected from unpolluted areas and analyzed for their iron, cobalt, zinc and selenium content. Trace elements were determined using long-term instrumental neutron activation analysis. In total, 217 samples, including 87 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and 43 species of terrestrial saprobes, were examined. Distribution of trace element contents in ectomycorrhizal and saprobic macrofungi was investigated; results are thoroughly compared with previously published data. Doubtful literature data and ability of macrofungi to accumulate/concentrate investigated elements are discussed. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca was found to concentrate Fe and Russula atropurpurea was confirmed as an effective Zn-accumulating species. Distribution of Se in ectomycorrhizal species was obviously different from that in saprobic species; selenium contents were higher in saprobic species (mostly above 2 ppm).

The wood-decaying fungus Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca increases P availability in acid forest humus soil, while N addition hampers this effect

We evaluated the influence of the brown rot fungus Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca on P solubility in the humus layer of a podzolic forest soil. This fungus is known to exude large amounts of oxalic acid that may stimulate weathering of minerals and increase dissolution of humus, which in turn may increase P availability in the soil surrounding the fungus. Humus was inoculated using small wooden pieces colonised by the fungus. The presence of the fungus resulted in elevated concentration of PO4− in the humus solution. In a second experiment birch seedlings grown in the same humus were able to utilise the PO4− mobilised by the fungus to increase their internal P content. The factor determining this increased P uptake and the increased available P might be oxalate produced by fungus. The acid may directly dissolve P or change organic forms of P making it more susceptible to reaction with phosphatases. This fungal effect on P solubility diminished when N was added to the soil in the form of a slow release N fertilizer (methyl urea), or when a soil with a higher soil N concentration was used. We found a strong correlation between NH4+ concentration and total organic carbon in the soil solution at high NH4+ concentrations, suggesting the dissolution of humus as a result of the high NH4+ content in the solution. This study demonstrates that the wood-decaying fungus H. aurantiaca influences nutrient turnover in forest soil, and thereby nutrient uptake by forest trees. An intensified harvest of forest products such as whole tree harvesting may decrease the active biomass of the wood decomposers and may thereby change the availability of P and the leaching of N.

The concentrations and bioconcentration factors of mercury in mushrooms from the Mierzeja Wiślana sand-bar, Northern Poland

The total concentration of mercury was determined in 15 species of wild growing mushrooms, each represented by 15 specimens including underlying substrate, collected from the unpolluted area of the sand-bar Mierzeja Wiślana in the northern part of Poland in 1993–1994. Mercury was measured by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid in a glass system. The mushroom species examined showed a wide range of mercury concentrations, i.e. from 5.6 ± 2.1 μg/g dry wt. in Scleroderma citrinum to 1100 ± 240 μg/g in the edible Macrolepiota procera. No bioconcentration of mercury was observed in Xerocomus badius, Paxilus involutus, Russula queletii and Lactarius rufus. In Hygrophorius aurantiaca, Armilariella mellea and Amanita vaginata the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of mercury were close to one. Accumulation of mercury was slight in Oudemansiella platyphylla and Amanita citrica (BCF between 2.0 and 3.3 in the caps and 1.7 in the stalks) and high in Leccinum scabrum, Amanita muscaria and Macrolepiota procera (BCFs between 11 and 35 in the caps and 6.7–18 in the stalks). In the whole fruiting body of Polyporus melanopsuss and Scleroderma citrinum the BCF values of mercury were 4.4 and 0.083, respectively. There was a high correlation between the concentrations of mercury in the caps and stalks of Macrolepiota procera and in the underlying substrate ( P < 0.001), a slight correlation for Polyporus melanopsuss, and also for the caps of Leccinum scabrum, Oudemansiella platyphylla and Russula aeruginea and the stalks of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca ( P < 0.01) and L. scabrum ( P < 0.05). For the other mushroom species investigated there was no correlation between mercury concentration in the fruiting bodies and underlying substrate.

Formation and Structure of Sclerotia and Sclerotium-Specific Proteins in Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Formation and Structure of Sclerotia and Sclerotium-Specific Proteins in Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Formation and Structure of Sclerotia and Sclerotium-Specific Proteins inHygrophoropsis Aurantiaca

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca is a widely occurring wood decay basidiomycete. The material presented represents the first report of sclerotium production by isolates of this fungus in axenic culture. Anatomy of sclerotia and influence of certain nutritional factors on sclerotium production have been investigated. In liquid culture H. aurantiaca grew on a variety of nitrogen sources, but generally failed to produce sclerotia. Likewise, C:N ratio affected growth and colony morphology in liquid culture but failed to induce sclerotia. A significant effeet of C:N ratio on sclerotium number was observed with solid media containing glucose and ammonium chloride, with optimal production at C:N ratios of 2.0-3.5. Sclerotia consisted of a distinct melanized rind and a pseudoparenchymatous medulla. Medullary cells contained glycogen and numerous protein bodies. One dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed presence of sclerotium-specific proteins. Molecular weight estimates of major sclerotium-specific proteins were similar to those reported for other basidiomycetes and lower than reported values for ascomycetes. Future investigations of sclerotium-specific proteins may contribute to our understanding of the taxonomic placement of this fungus.

Pure Culture Synthesis of Pinus Resinosa Ectomycorrhizae with Scleroderma Aurantium

Numerous techniques and many variations on them have been reported for the synthesis of ec? tomycorrhizae in vitro (e.g., Chu-Chou, 1979; Danielson, 1984; Duddridge and Read, 1984a; Fortin, 1966; Molina, 1979; Palm and Stewart, 1984; Yang and Wilcox, 1984). Many of these techniques involve elaborate manipulations and exacting cultural conditions. In our study, lab? oratory procedures for the pure culture forma? tion of ectomycorrhizae were simplified as much as possible. We chose the gasteromycete Scleroderma aurantium (Vaill.) Pers. for testing because of its association with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) on a variety of sites that we sampled in Michi? gan's Upper Peninsula, and because of its vigorous growth in culture. The agarics, Cantharellula umbonata (Gmel.: Fr.) Sing. and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf.: Fr.) Maire in Martin-Sans, were chosen for similar reasons. Red pine was selected as test host because of its importance in the Lake States forest industry. Wide-mouth quart Mason jars, about one liter capacity, were used as synthesis vessels. The in? ner lids ofthe jars were inverted within the outer ring to prevent sealing and to allow gas exchange. The outer ring was screwed on until firm, and then loosened about one-quarter turn. As a rooting substrate, 250 ml of a vermiculite-peat mix? ture (10:1, v/v) were added to each jar. The peat used in this mixture was ground sphagnum peat moss. One hundred twenty-five ml of modified Melin-Norkrans (MMN) nutrient medium (Marx, 1969) were then added and the jars were auto? claved at 121 C for 45 min. The autoclaved jars were then stored for 2-7 da before planting. Red pine seeds were surface-sterilized in 30% H202 for 30 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water several times and plated on water agar. Three axenically germinated seedlings, 2-3 wk old, were planted in each jar. Jars were placed on a northeast-facing wi dow sill and seedlings were allowed to be? come established for 2-3 wk.

Growth of some wood and litter-decay basidiomycetes at reduced water potential

Of nine species investigated, only Schizophyllum commune grew at ψ below −4 MPa. Clitocybe aurantiaca Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca ) and Dacrymyces sp. were especially sensitive to water stress. Maximum growth for seven species occurred at −0.5 MPa or higher.