Toilet Hygiene Research Articles

Inpatient Care Service Experience Among Adult Patients Admitted to Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: Institution-Based Qualitative Study.

Acknowledging patients' experience with the care delivered in healthcare settings is crucial in ensuring the quality of healthcare service delivery. In Ethiopia, qualitative evidence of patients' experience with inpatient care services is limited. This study aimed to explore the experience of inpatient care service among adult patients admitted to Arba Minch General hospital, Southern Ethiopia from April 05-28, 2020. An institution-based qualitative approach was carried out among adult patients discharged from the study hospital. Thirty-one in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview guide were conducted and audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Data were coded, sorted, and themes were developed manually based on the thematic analysis. This study showed that kindness, respecting appointments, and treatment outcomes were the positive experiences highlighted by study participants. Participants reported a lack of drinking water, unpleasant toilet hygiene, lack of bedsheets, and absence of drugs as negative experiences. Therefore, the hospital administration should work on improving the problems mentioned by the participants of this study.

The Role of Learning in Nurturing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Toilet Hygiene Among Youth in Malaysian University

In Malaysia, the cleanliness of public toilets continues to be a challenge. A dirty toilet could become a site that spreads diseases and hurts the image of the country as a whole. Even though campaigns promoting good toilet hygiene practices have been ongoing since 1997, not much has been achieved from these campaigns. A good toilet hygiene practice requires knowledge and the right attitude among users. Therefore, early education is required to shape the public’s perception and influence their practice of toilet hygiene. Hence, this study selected the Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) theory to measure the factors influencing university students’ toilet hygiene practices. Moreover, the education factor was added to the model to see how the teaching and learning process affects the knowledge and attitude of youth. This study used the partial least squares (PLS) method and structural equation modelling (SEM) software to examine the selected factors. The results show that respondents level knowledge (87%), attitude (88%), practice (81%) and education (79%) on toilet hygiene are high. Moreover, education, knowledge, and attitude have a significant influence on the practice of toilet hygiene. This study has extended the KAP theory by adding education as a factor that influences youth’s knowledge and positive attitude towards toilet hygiene. The findings are useful for policymakers, higher education institutions, and public relations (PR) practitioners in their effort to improve campaign strategies to generate attitudal and behavioural change towards hygiene and cleanliness issues. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also included in this paper.

Experiences of Healthcare Workers of Hospitalised Individuals with covid-19 in Kano, Nigeria: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Background: Management of patients with covid-19 needing hospitalisation is challenging worldwide. However, little or no information has been gathered regarding the experiences of healthcare workers (hcw s) involved in the care of patients with covid-19 in poorly resourced settings. This study explored the experiences of hcw s managing hospitalised patients with covid-19 in a treatment centre in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: hcw s directly or indirectly involved in managing patients with covid-19 in one of the two treatment centres in Kano, Nigeria, were sampled based on being information-rich cases. The study participants were interviewed individually via telephone using a semi-structured interview guide. Data collection was stopped when content saturation was attained. Data was analysed using thematic synthesis. Results: Eleven hcw s, comprising two medical doctors, five nurses, a laboratory staff member, a community health extension worker, an environmental health officer and a cleaner, participated in this study. Four major themes were generated: (i) the profile and readiness of hcw s prior to being engaged to work in a covid-19 treatment centre, (ii) the experience of hcw s while working in the covid-19 treatment wards, (iii) challenges with working in covid-19 treatment wards, and (iv) post-treatment support for covid-19 patients. The participants had variable prior experience in managing patients with infectious diseases. Interventions offered were mainly antiviral therapy, nursing care, counselling, nutritional interventions and toilet hygiene. Challenges encountered included insufficient cooperation from patients, poor personnel welfare, lack of human resources/equipment and issues interfering with wellbeing (stigma). Conclusion: The studied population exhibited professional competence and success in managing hospitalised patients with covid-19 during hospitalisation, despite existing challenges.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF DECUBITUS ULCERS USING BRADEN SCALE

Purpose: Within the behavioral guidelines of hospitalized patients who need compensatory nursing care, an assessment of the risk of decubitus ulcers is recommended to be done at regular intervals, in schedule, and after each altered state. The goal of this research is to apply the BRADEN SCALE for assessment of the risk of decubitus ulcers occurring during a hygienic toilet in sick people who need compensatory nursing care. Material/Methods: An assessment of the risk of decubitus ulcers via using the Braden scale is applied in 120 hospitalized patients during a hygienic toilet. Treatment of decubitus ulcers I and II degree is being performed when the state of the skin and wounds that have already occurred are being established. For processing, analysis and graphic presentation of the results and data, the statistic program SPSS 20.0 is being used. Results: It's reported that 50, 83% of the respondents have got quite a risk of decubitus wounds occurring, 26,67% are at great risk, and 14,17% are at moderate risk. Only 8, 33% of all patients tested are at light risk. Conclusions: In all patients tested, a various degree of decubitus wounds occurrence, is reported. This defines the importance of the nurses' hygienic care and activities for the prevention of decubitus ulcers to occur. If the prevention measures of patients who have gotten in a risk group are not observed, every decubitus wound leads to a continuous stay in the hospital and also additional treatment and tests, which automatically prolong and raise the cost of hospital treatment.

MP02-09 TOILETING BEHAVIORS IN ADULT WOMEN WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A LARGE POPULATION SURVEY STUDY

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Non-neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction I (MP02)1 Sep 2021MP02-09 TOILETING BEHAVIORS IN ADULT WOMEN WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A LARGE POPULATION SURVEY STUDY Elisabeth Sebesta, Elizabeth Rourke, Roger Dmochowski, Melissa Kaufman, and W. Stuart Reynolds Elisabeth SebestaElisabeth Sebesta More articles by this author , Elizabeth RourkeElizabeth Rourke More articles by this author , Roger DmochowskiRoger Dmochowski More articles by this author , Melissa KaufmanMelissa Kaufman More articles by this author , and W. Stuart ReynoldsW. Stuart Reynolds More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001963.09AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are extremely prevalent in the female population. In female children, recurrent UTIs (rUTIs) have been linked to toileting habits including infrequent voiding, poor fluid intake, stool retention, and toilet hygiene, and often management targets such behaviors. However, the same association has not been made in adult women. In this study, we aimed to assess whether women with rUTIs report more unhealthy bladder and bowel habits. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a sample of 6,074 non-institutionalized, adult U.S. women recruited through online advertisement with ResearchMatch. Women completed validated questionnaires assessing demographic and clinical history, toileting behaviors (TB-WEB), urinary symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS), and bowel habits (ICIQ-BS). Subjects were excluded if they were pregnant, used a urinary catheter, or had a history of cystectomy, neurogenic bladder, or neurological disorder. Our primary comparison was between women who did and did not report a history of rUTIs (i.e. three of more UTIs requiring treatment in the last year). All statistics were performed in STATA, with p <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Of our sample, 324 (5.3%) reported a history of rUTIs. Age and race were similar between the two groups, with average age 40.8 ± 15 years. Comorbid conditions including diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and depression were more common in women with rUTIs. Women with rUTIs more commonly reported holding urine when away from home or busy, avoiding public toilets, and waiting to void until a strong urge and/or leakage. Additionally, women with rUTIs reported sitting to void less often when away from home, and more commonly crouch or hover over the toilet or squat on the seat both at home or away, although these differences were not significant. Finally, women with rUTIs more frequently reported constipation. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study, adult women rUTIs reported a higher prevalence of unhealthy bladder habits including limiting bathroom use and holding urine, constipation, and comorbid conditions. In the future it is worth considering whether modification such behaviors may be a target for management of these women. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e14-e15 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Elisabeth Sebesta More articles by this author Elizabeth Rourke More articles by this author Roger Dmochowski More articles by this author Melissa Kaufman More articles by this author W. Stuart Reynolds More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

International tourists’ Choices and satisfaction of small restaurants in thailand: the influence of food safety indicators

ABSTRACT Travelers’ increasing concern about restaurant-associated foodborne illness makes food safety very important to destination foodservice operators. While previous research has shed light on the impact of destination different restaurant service quality attributes on tourists’ satisfaction, there is a lack of research identifying the dimensions of food safety indicators driving tourist’s restaurant selection and satisfaction solely. This study aims to fill the gaps by developing a scale measuring 433 international tourists’ perceptions about hygiene standards in Phuket small restaurants. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four-factor model that influences tourists’ restaurant selection. These factors were: waitstaff’s appearance and personal hygiene, cleanliness of restaurant, toilet hygiene, and food safety information cues. Cleanliness of restaurant and waitstaff’s appearances and personal hygiene were two key factors influencing tourist satisfaction of small restaurants. The significance of restaurant hygiene quality has received less attention in tourism marketing literature, thus this study adds further importance by underlining its implication to the sustainable management of destination restaurants. However, this study suffered from several limitations, for instance, the study’s framework, the inability to generalize the results due to the research scope and context, and the concurrence of data collection with the COVID-19 pandemic which pave the way for future studies.

Infrastructural Developments in the Private Technical Educational Institutions

The study measures the effectiveness of infrastructure in private technical educational institutions. It is a descriptive research. A structured questionnaire has been used to collect the primary data. The sample size is 85 consisting of the faculty members of a well reputed institute in National Capital Region, Haryana, India. The sampling technique used is random probability sampling. The data analysis and interpretations has been carried out using Microsoft Excel (graphical representation) based on the frequency of responses, Correlation and Regression analysis techniques. The institute has a quality infrastructure as it is based on AICTE model to a large extent. The study concludes that the institute provides all the necessary and sufficient facilities to the faculty members like a well equipped and standardized communication cell, satisfactory recreational facilities, spacious &amp; well furnished faculty / staff rooms, facilities for doing their academic work, well equipped library, hygienic toilets, spacious parking facility, while the institute’s Wi–Fi facility needs to be well channelized for the faculty members.

Infrastructural Developments in the Private Technical Educational Institutions

The study measures the effectiveness of infrastructure in private technical educational institutions. It is a descriptive research. A structured questionnaire has been used to collect the primary data. The sample size is 85 consisting of the faculty members of a well reputed institute in National Capital Region, Haryana, India. The sampling technique used is random probability sampling. The data analysis and interpretations has been carried out using Microsoft Excel (graphical representation) based on the frequency of responses, Correlation and Regression analysis techniques. The institute has a quality infrastructure as it is based on AICTE model to a large extent. The study concludes that the institute provides all the necessary and sufficient facilities to the faculty members like a well equipped and standardized communication cell, satisfactory recreational facilities, spacious &amp; well furnished faculty / staff rooms, facilities for doing their academic work, well equipped library, hygienic toilets, spacious parking facility, while the institute’s Wi–Fi facility needs to be well channelized for the faculty members

Assessment of multi-dimensional poverty in Quang Ngai province

According to the multidimensional poverty line applied for the period 2016 - 2020, the quality of life of impoverished people in Quang Ngai province was dramatically low, forcing residents to face up to a serious shortage of basic social needs. Poverty in terms of their income was the main factor in the poverty structure of Quang Ngai province (generally over 90% of the total poor households). By 2020, the number of poor households who missed the criteria of hygienic toilets was the highest, accounting for 59.59% of the total number of poor households. The figures for the inaccessibility of the marginalized to basic needs were disproportionately high, with 40.64% people lacking telecommunications services such as telephones or the Internet, 40.59% using unhygienic water sources, 35.09% having a housing area per capita of less than 8 square meters and 33.53% living in temporary houses. The indicator with the least deficiency rate was the children’s schooling status and access to health services. However, the number of households whose members did not possess health insurance was extremely high, which might potentially bear the risk of households falling back into the poverty status when a member of the family gets a disease. Changes in multidimensional poverty show that although urban areas have a high rate of people escaping from poverty, the rate of households falling back to poverty status is also higher than that of rural areas; The rate of households falling into poverty in rural areas is much higher than that in urban areas. The Covid 19 pandemic and natural disasters which occurred in 2020 also significantly contributed to increasing the number of poor households. In order to reduce poverty and improve people's capacity to access basic social services, Quang Ngai province needs to pay attention to creating livelihoods, promoting the achievements of education universalization and the health insurance system, and improving the efficiency of investment in infrastructure on the basis of integrating the Target Programs.

Toilet hygiene—review and research needs

The goal of good toilet hygiene is minimizing the potential for pathogen transmission. Control of odours is also socially important and believed to be a societal measure of cleanliness. Understanding the need for good cleaning and disinfecting is even more important today considering the potential spread of emerging pathogens such as SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. While the flush toilet was a major advancement in achieving these objectives, exposure to pathogens can occur from failure to clean and disinfect areas within a restroom, as well as poor hand hygiene. The build‐up of biofilm within a toilet bowl/urinal including sink can result in the persistence of pathogens and odours. During flushing, pathogens can be ejected from the toilet bowl/urinal/sink and be transmitted by inhalation and contaminated fomites. Use of automatic toilet bowl cleaners can reduce the number of microorganisms ejected during a flush. Salmonella bacteria can colonize the underside of the rim of toilets and persist up to 50 days. Pathogenic enteric bacteria appear in greater numbers in the biofilm found in toilets than in the water. Source tracking of bacteria in homes has demonstrated that during cleaning enteric bacteria are transferred from the toilet to the bathroom sinks and that these same bacteria colonize cleaning tools used in the restroom. Quantitative microbial risk assessment has shown that significant risks exist from both aerosols and fomites in restrooms. Cleaning with soaps and detergents without the use of disinfectants in public restrooms may spread bacteria and viruses throughout the restroom. Odours in restrooms are largely controlled by ventilation and flushing volume in toilet/urinals. However, this results in increased energy and water usage. Contamination of both the air and surfaces in restrooms is well documented. Better quantification of the risks of infection are needed as this will help determine what interventions will minimize these risks.

Restoration of clean water supply and toilet hygiene reduces infectious diseases in post-disaster evacuation shelters: A multicenter observational study

After a massive disaster, many residents in affected areas are forced to temporarily stay in evacuation shelters. The exact impact of the state of resource supply and infrastructure in evacuation shelters on the health status of evacuees has not been sufficiently studied. Two weeks after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE), comprehensive surveillance related to the health status and hygiene level was performed for all evacuation shelters (328 shelters with 46,480 evacuees at the peak) in one of the most devastating medical zones after the tsunami hit the area (Ishinomaki City). The joint relief team regularly visited all evacuation shelters across the area to assess the situation of resource supply levels, infrastructural damage, rapid need of resources, and the health status of the evacuees. In this cross-sectional observational study, we evaluated the relationship between the resource supply levels and health status among evacuees in two time periods (days 14–19 and 20–25). Among the evaluated vital resources, clean tap water supply was among the most disrupted by the disaster, and was not fully restored in most shelters during the assessment period. The cross-sectional relationship between resource supplies and morbidity was inconsistent between the two assessment periods, reflecting the multifactorial nature of health status in evacuation shelters. The clean tap water supply level at the first assessment showed a strong negative correlation with the subsequent prevalence of respiratory or gastrointestinal infectious conditions at the second assessment. Restorations in the clean tap water supply and toilet hygiene correlated each other, and both correlated with a decrease in the prevalence of gastrointestinal infectious conditions. In conclusion, disrupted clean tap water supply and inadequate toilet hygiene after a massive disaster would jointly harm the health status of those in shelters. Prompt assessments using quick visual assessment and restorations of these key resources have validity with suppressed environmental health risks among evacuees.

Validation of a Malay Version of the Patient-Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation (PRWHE-MV)

INTRODUCTION: The Patient-Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) is a widely used measure of patient[1]reported disability, pain and appearance related to both hand and wrist disorders. It has been adapted cross[1]culturally worldwide but not in Malaysia. We performed a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the PRWHE into a Malay version (PRWHE-MV) with assessed reliability and validity in patients presented with hand and/or wrist disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PRWHE-MV was developed via translation and resolution of cultural discrepancies. A total of 83 patients (38 men, 45 women) with the mean age of 38 (SD 14) years and hand and/or wrist disorders completed both PRWHE-MV and the Malay version of Quick DASH during their first orthopaedic hand clinic follow up, and a second PRWHE-MV at 48 hours later. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reliability of the PRWHE-MV while Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency. We tested the validity of PRWHE-MV against the Malay version of Quick DASH by calculating the nonparametric Spearman’s correlation coefficient between these two measures. RESULTS: There was no major cultural problems during the forward and backward translation of PRWHE, except for a minor change owing to cultural discrepancy in toilet hygiene. The Cronbach alpha PRWHE-MV was 0.978 (SEM = 5.5) at baseline and 0.979 (SEM = 5.35) at the second assessment. For the test-retest reliability, ICC was 0.99. There was a strong direct correlation between the scores for the PRWHE-MV and the Quick DASH (r = 0.916, p&lt; 0.001). A majority of patients considered hand appearance somewhat important and were bothered in the past week. Their main concerns were gaining back normal hand function and subsequently returning to work. CONCLUSION: The PRWHE-MV showed high internal consistency, test-retest reliability and good validity in patients with hand and/or wrist disorders.

Impact of Agro Technology on Socio-economic Condition of the Farming Groups at Jagannathpur

Agriculture is being highly technologized today; to sustain production and gain higher yields, farmers have to be updated regarding available technologies. As the land area is decreasing, there’s always a challenge to increase production and earn profit. Therefore, technological innovations also change farmers’ socio-economic conditions. Considering this, an interview on three categories (landless, marginal, small) of 15 farmers was conducted at the Jagannathpur union of Kumarkhali upazilla under the Kushtia district to investigate the socio-economic status, problems in crop production, potentials, limitations of rural development and adoption extent of modern agricultural technologies. Outcomes expressed that, a major source of annual income (1,20,800 Tk) of landless farmers were from non-agricultural works; contrary, marginal (2,89,000 Tk) and small (3,89,200 Tk) farmers’ prime source of income was from agricultural origins. It was a positive sign that all categories of farm families spent a good sum of money for educating children immediately after food expenditure. All the farmers had drinking water, electricity and hygienic toilet facilities at their dwelling house. The problem confrontation index (PCI) of rural development was highest in lack of capital (36). Physical and social PCI was identified as limited natural resources (32) and reduction of croplands (28), respectively. Concerning technology adoption, 14% used biofertilizer, 12% followed a modern model of vegetable production, 12% collected quality seeds, 10% exercised mulching, 10% used perching and 10% imitated seed preservation techniques. Top PCI for crop production was high input cost (36) followed by lack of technical knowledge (34). Most of the respondents agreed that agricultural production directly contributes to food security (34), increased nutrition (32) and financial safety (30).

Improving Public Toilet Environment and Hygiene Practices in an Asian City: Voices From Hong Kong Residents.

Toilet hygiene is an important preventive measure for infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. This study explored public's opinions on improving toilet environment and hygiene practices in Hong Kong. A mixed-method approach was applied. We conducted 4 focus groups plus 3 individual interviews among the Hong Kong Chinese, followed by a questionnaire survey with 300 respondents recruited from various districts. Difference in response distributions between groups with different demographics was tested by Pearson χ2 test. Instead of advocating for advanced toilet facilities, respondents were mostly concerned about basic hygiene issues. Malfunctioning facilities resulting from poor toilet management, such as clogged toilets, stained facilities, and problematic flushing systems, were most cited as barriers to toilet hygiene practices. Three quarters of the survey respondents expressed concerns over worn and poorly maintained toilets, shortage of janitors, and cleansing supplies. However, respondents who were older (P < .001), less educated (P < .001), and had lower income (P = .001) were significantly more likely to find hygiene conditions in public toilets satisfactory. The findings reflected the substandard of the current provisions as a developed city in Asia. Enhanced efforts by the government to maintain basic toilet supplies and facilities is the key to improving public compliance to toilet hygiene practices.

Analysis of factors affecting students going to school toilets in a rural primary school in China

BackgroundSeveral factors may affect students going to school toilets, but a few studies have analyzed the reasons for students using toilets. This study aimed to use a structural equation model to understand the factors that impacted children’s toilet behavior.MethodsThis study was performed in 12 rural nonboarding primary schools (6 schools in the northern and 6 schools in the southern regions of China). All students of the third and sixth grades (761 students) were examined. A questionnaire on students’ toilet behavior was used. The questionnaire included 33 perceptual items based on 5 factors: toilet facilities, cleanliness, hygiene practices, peer relationship, and experience. The questionnaire also covered the frequency of voiding and defecating by themselves. The exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and pathway analysis were used to analyze the causes of students’ toilet behavior.ResultsA statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.300 indicated that cleanliness impacted the toilet frequency of students. The visual experience of the overall cleanliness of the toilet had the most significant impact on students’ toilet behavior (path coefficient, 0.81). Washing facilities and convenient handwashing had the least impact on toilet use (path coefficient, 0.52).ConclusionCleanliness was the primary consideration for students’ toilet use on campus. The visual experience of the overall cleanliness of toilets had the most significant impact when students used toilets. No pre-survey was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Using self-reported data might be associated with potential recall errors.

Relationship between household safe drinking water, hygienic toilet and prevalence of stunting for Chinese children aged 0 to 5 years old in 2013

To investigate the relationship between household drinking water, toilet status and the prevalence of stunting for Chinese children aged 0 to 5 years old in 2013. Data was extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. A total of 32 861 children aged 0 to 5 years old were selected from 165 townships(streets) of 55 counties(cities/districts) in 30 provinces. Caregivers were face to face interviewed to collect data, including demographic characteristics of children, mothers and household, main source of household drinking water and main type of household toilet. Height/Length of children was measured using a standard procedure. Height(Length) for age Z score(HAZ(LAZ)) was calculated using WHO Anthro Survey Analyser software(online version), and stunting was defined as HAZ(LAZ)&lt;-2. SAS 9. 4 was used to analyze. SURVEYFREQ procedure was used to calculate the coverage rate of safe drinking water, hygienic toilet, and the prevalence of stunting. SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure was used to analyze the relationship between household safe drinking water, hygienic toilet and prevalence of stunting for Chinese children aged 0 to 5 years old in 2013. A total of 32 861 children completed the study. The coverage rate of safe drinking water was 86. 9%. The proportion of water piped into household, a public tab and water from a protected spring or well was 49. 4%, 15. 9% and 15. 6%, respectively. The coverage rate of hygienic toilet was 56. 8%. The proportion of pour-flush toilet and pit latrine were 52. 1% and 4. 7%. The prevalence of stunting for 0 to 5 years old children was 8. 1% in China. The prevalence of stunting were 8. 1% for children aged 0-5 years old with safe household drinking water and 7. 8% for those without safe household drinking water. The difference was not significant(P=0. 882). The prevalence of stunting was 6. 6% for children aged 0-5 years old with hygienic household toilet and 10. 0% for those without hygienic household toilet. The difference was not significant(P=0. 069). There was no significant relationship between household sanitary condition and stunting for children aged 0 to 5 years old. Household sanitary conditions, including main source of household drinking water and the main type of household toilet may not be associated with the prevalence of stunting for children aged 0 to 5 years old in this settings.

Factors responsible for developing common oral antibiotic resistant to urinary tract infection (UTI) among the children

The present study is designed to access the factors responsible for developing recurring infection and antibiotic resistance among children with urinary tract infection (UTI). The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents are important to determine the level of awareness regarding antibiotic resistance; 16.1% children were between 1 to 5 years of age, 21.9% between 5.1 to 9 years, 29.9% between 9.1 to 12 years and 32.1% between 12.1 to 15 years of age who were suffering from UTI. Out of 137 children, 17.5% males were suffering from UTI and the rest 82.5% were females; it reveals that 34.3% children intakes less than 500 ml of water every day while 40.1% intakes 500 to 1000 ml of water, 21.1% children take about 1000 to 1500 ml of water and only 4.4% intakes more than 1500 ml of water every day. The present investigation showed that 50.4% of the children had a history of taking antibiotics while 29.9% did not know whether the child had a history of taking antibiotics and 5.8% has no history of taking antibiotic. Out of the 81 children who received treatment for UTI, 76.5% were fully cured after receiving antibiotic while 19.8% were not cured after taking antibiotic. Out of the 43 children who took the antibiotic on time, 79% took it for 1 to 3 days, 16.3% took it for 3 to 5 days and 4.7% took it for 5 to 7 days. Positive correlation found with male children, maintaining toilet hygiene and recurrent UTI.54.4% respondent used water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI and 92.8% respondent used other means excluding water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI (p&lt;0.05). The major factors for developing recurrent UTI and resistance to certain antibiotics are taking medicine from pharmacy, doing self-prescription, incomplete medication courses along with lack of hygiene and insufficient water intake. There should be rational use of antibiotic and culture sensitivity for urine should be a mandatory test before administering antibiotics for UTI. There is need to build awareness about antibiotic resistance through health campaigns.

Causes of changes in basic activities of daily living in older adults with long-term care needs.

To elucidate basic activities of daily living (BADL) changes, and the causes, in older adults with long-term care needs. This retrospective study utilised long-term care insurance (LTCI) certification survey data from 2010 to 2017 in City A. In decreasing likelihood of requiring assistance, BADL items were grooming, bathing, getting dressed/undressed, mobility, toilet hygiene, functional mobility and self-feeding. Cox proportional hazard regression indicated that age correlated with need for assistance for all BADL items. Male sex corresponded to needing assistance with BADL items other than grooming and functional mobility. Shared living corresponded to needing assistance with BADL items other than grooming and bathing. Visual acuity corresponded to needing assistance with grooming. The most significant result was using survival curves to visualise the changes in BADL items of older adults with LTCI. These findings could help develop rehabilitation programs to prevent the need for BADL assistance in older adults.

Psychometric Validation of the Toileting Behavior Questionnaire for Children With Autism

Abstract Date Presented 03/26/20 OTs often struggle to target toilet training in interventions, as there is currently no verifiable means to measure progress of the tasks associated with mastering the activities of daily living of toileting and toilet hygiene. This makes the pragmatics of reimbursement and goal writing difficult for many therapists. The purpose of this study is to validate an instrument that measures the developmental progression of toilet-training skills among children with autism spectrum disorder ages two to six years old. Primary Author and Speaker: Samantha Souza Additional Authors and Speakers: Lauren Little

P0243WOMEN WORKERS THAT DO NOT HAVE A WATER BOTTLE AT THE WORKPLACE HAVE HIGHER PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS AND INFECTION

Abstract Background and Aims Hydration and toilet behavior at work are associated with urinary tract symptoms (UTs) and infection (UTI) in women. We aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported hydration habits, water access and toilet adequacy at work with UTs and UTI in female workers from five dialysis clinics in Southern Brazil. Method All women employed were invited (n=258), and 69.4% (n=179) agreed to participate. For this analysis, we included female workers employed for at least 12 months who were not pregnant or breastfeeding in the last year. Weekly work shift varied from 30 to 42 hours, divided into five or six weekdays. Participants answered an online questionnaire comprising questions regarding UTs (burning feeling; frequent or intense urge to urinate; bloody urine; lower abdomen pain) and UTI episodes in the last year; usual daily beverage intake, usual urine frequency and color according to urine color chart; water access and toilet adequacy perception at work. Workers were divided into two groups according to the employee permission in having a water bottle (WB) at the workplace. Administrative and multidisciplinary staff are allowed (WB group) and nurse staff can not have (non-WB group) due to infection control regulation in dialysis rooms. Results We included 133 women (age=36.9±9.5 years old). Self-reported usual daily beverage intake= 6.6±2.9 cups/day (∼1320 ml); daily urine frequency= 5.1±2.1; urine color chart score= 3.0±1.2. At least one UTs was reported by 53% (n=70) and UTI episode by 34% (n=45) in the last year. Participants with UTs had a lower urine frequency (4.7±2.3 versus 5.5±1.7 times/day; P=0.03) and a higher urine color score (3.3±1.2 versus 2.6±1.1;P=0.002). Non-WB workers (N=66/49.6%) reported a lower beverage intake (6.0±2.6 versus 7.3±3.0 cups/day;P=0.01), had a higher prevalence of UTs (65% versus 45%; P=0.02) and UTI (42% versus 25%; P=0.04). Among non-WB participants, 47% considered that the distance to water supply from the workplace spot impairs adequate hydration, and 39% answered that the number of toilets available also as a barrier. A higher prevalence of UTs was reported by these subgroups that perceived environment infrastructure barriers (77% versus 54%; P=0.04 and 92% versus 47%; P&amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Non-WB who responded that toilet hygiene impairs hydration (11%) had a higher prevalence of UTI (86% versus 37%; P=0.03). No significant association between work environment perception and urinary problems was found in the WB group. Conclusion Lower urine frequency and darker urine color were associated with UTs in this population. Workers who do not have a water bottle at the workplace reported a lower beverage intake, higher UTs and UTI prevalence. Non-WB participants that perceived work barriers to adequate hydration had a higher prevalence of urinary problems.