Hygienic Requirements Research Articles

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА БИОУДОБРЕНИЙ В РОССИИ

The article examines the possibilities of the prospect of meeting the increasing demand for biofertilizers. It is determined that the trend of transition to a healthy lifestyle can cause an increase in demand for organic fertilizers and organic farming in general. The authors have suggested that sewage sludge may be a source of production of organic biofertilizers. As part of the confirmation of the hypothesis put forward, the authors carried out a chemical analysis of sewage sludge, the task of which was to identify the possibility of its processing and obtaining organic fertilizers. As part of the analysis, the nature of the effect of the fertilizers obtained on agricultural crops was revealed, which, first of all, allowed us to confirm the hypothesis put forward, and secondly, to calculate the financial parameters of the project for the production of organic fertilizers from sewage sludge to justify the economic feasibility of its implementation. The basis of the economic justification was the determination of the amount of costs necessary for the implementation of each stage of the project (the preparatory stage, including the formation of sets of documentation characterizing both the design parameters of the installation and the results of a comprehensive preliminary assessment of biofertilizer; the main production stage, including the approbation of the pilot drying instance and the formation of a set of documentation for the launch of a pilot production line) with production volumes 2.5 tons / day and a sales period of 24 months. As a result, it was concluded that the developed composition of the fertilizer complies with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 "Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans." The production of biofertilizer from sewage sludge can be quite successful, which was confirmed by the calculation of the economic indicators of the project (weighted average cost of capital, internal rate of return, discounted payback period, capital expenditures of the company.

ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ МИКРОБНОЙ КОНТАМИНАЦИИ МАСЛОЖИРОВОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ, ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННОЙ В ТОРГОВЫХ СЕТЯХ КРАСНОЯРСКА

The purpose of the study is to identify possible ways of microbial contamination of oil and fat products in retail chains in Krasnoyarsk based on the analysis of the taxonomic composition of contaminant microorganisms. During the analysis of samples of margarine and vegetable oil, bacteria belonging to the families Micrococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Bacillaceae and Paenibacillaceae were identified. In one sample of margarine, coliform bacteria were found in an amount exceeding the standards by more than 125 times; in other samples of oil and fat products, coliform bacteria were not detected. Based on cultural-morphological properties and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in margarine samples, Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura 1989, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens (Hedges 1922) Collins and Jones 1984, Kocuria varians (Migula 1900) Stackebrandt et al. 1995, Paenibacillus sp., Staphyloccocus pasteuri Chesneau et al. 1993 and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Winslow & Winslow 1908) Evans 1916 were identified. Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus megaterium de Bary 1884, Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil 1901 (Approved Lists 1980), Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 emend were identified in vegetable oil samples. Wieser et al. 2002. The ecological features of the isolated bacterial species suggest that the microbial contamination of the analyzed samples of vegetable oil is due to the introduction of soil bacteria from the air. Microbial contamination of the analyzed samples of margarine is due to both the introduction of bacteria from the air and non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements by personnel. This conclusion was made on the basis that margarine contaminating microorganisms are represented by both soil and human-associated bacterial species. Microorganisms-contaminants of vegetable oil are represented only by soil bacteria.

Bronchopulmonary pathology among egg poultry workers

Introduction. Poultry farming is one of the leading branches of agriculture, whose workers work under the influence of various factors that have a sensitizing, fibrogenic and toxic effect on the respiratory system. Materials and methods. As part of a cross-sectional study, the incidence of diseases of the respiratory system, medical and social factors of life, and the state of the respiratory system in one hundred thirty five egg poultry workers were studied. A hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labour process was carried out. The results of the study were statistically processed using the Statistica 10 software. Results. The air condition of the working area at the enterprise under study was established to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. A high incidence of chronic bronchitis and a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in egg poultry workers have been detected. With an increase in work experience, there is a decrease in the indices of external respiratory function and an increase in the level of allergic mood of the body of employees of the main occupationso. The use of smoking tobacco products is not a priority risk factor in the formation of diseases in workers of the main poultry farming occupations. Taking into account the results obtained it is planned to continue research on the study of working conditions that are risk factors for violations of the state of the respiratory system in egg poultry workers and the mechanism of their formation. Limitations. The study has regional (Saratov region) and occupational (poultry farm workers) limitations. Conclusion. The concentration of the dust in the air of the working area in workers in the main occupations of egg poultry does not exceed acceptable values. At the same time, a high incidence of chronic bronchitis was revealed, as well as a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in workers, which is associated with an increase in occupational experience. The results of the assessment of the state of the respiratory system determine the expediency of studying modern working conditions in egg poultry workers and their influence on the formtation of bronchopulmonary pathology.

Peculiarities of post-vaccination immunity to infections manageable by specific prevention means in schoolchildren

Introduction. Stable post-vaccination immunity and prediction of vaccination immunologic effectiveness are topical issues that require profound studies with their focus on the role in their formation that belongs to exogenous factors. The aim of this study was to establish pathogenetic peculiarities of the development of impairments of post-vaccination immunity to infections manageable by specific prevention in schoolchildren under combined exposure to chemical environmental factors as well as factors related to the educational process, lifestyle, and diet. Materials and methods. We analyzed laboratory test results and data obtained by questioning and analyzing diet records of one hundred eighty four children vaccinated against diphtheria, whooping cough, and measles. The children attended either a secondary school with standard educational programs (Reference Group) or a secondary school with profound studies of some subjects (Observation Group). Priority risk factors and etiopathogenetic peculiarities of the development of post-vaccination immunity impairments were identified by building one-factor logistic regression models and sequential modelling. Results. The schoolchildren from the School 2 had to study in an environment that did not conform to hygienic requirements to the management of the educational process; they did not consume biologically valuable foods in recommended quantities; their blood was contaminated with metals and aromatic hydrocarbons; they had high levels of digital activity but their physical activity was low. Given all this, intensity of their humoral post-vaccination immunity against diphtheria and whooping cough was 1.2–1.7 times lower than in the Reference Group. We identified determinants of advers effects produced on post-vaccination immunity development by the analyzed factors and determined their isolated and combined contributions to likelihood of a decline in intensity of humoral immunity to diphtheria (10–55% and 72%) and whooping cough (13–40% and 77%). We established pathogenetic peculiarities and marker laboratory indices of risk-associated impairments of post-vaccination immunity to diphtheria and whooping cough under combined exposure to the analyzed factors. Limitations. The study results were obtained without considering types of applied vaccines. Conclusion. The established pathogenetic aspects of risk-associated impairments of post-vaccination immunity to diphtheria and measles under combined exposure to the set of the analyzed factors are target ones for hygienic activities, prediction, and immunity correction.

Methodological approaches to hygienic assessment of safe distances when performing agricultural work using unmanned aircraft systems

Introduction. Methods and technologies for assessing and managing risk are becoming the basic mechanisms for ensuring the protection of the health in citizens and the environment from the harmful effects of environmental factors. This is explained by the presence of constant threats associated with the influence of these factors, including the use of modern methods of introducing chemicals during agricultural work. Agricultural unmanned aircraft systems (AUAS) designed to spray pesticides are increasingly being used around the world. The basis for the safe use of pesticides for the population is to minimize the possibility of their spread through the air and settling on the soil outside the treated area, which is ensured by compliance with hygienic requirements for equipment used in agriculture, application regulations, weather conditions during processing, and the size of the sanitary gap between the treated area and settlements, water bodies, etc. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the safe distances from areas of agricultural application of pesticides using AUAS to objects regulated in accordance with sanitary legislation (settlements, sources of household, drinking and cultural water use, etc.). Materials and methods. The demolition formed during the application of pesticides of various purposes using AUAS has been studied. The content of drugs carried away by air currents was monitored by measuring the concentration of the substance in the atmospheric air and deposited on the “blue ribbon” filters placed in Petri dishes outside the processing band. Results. The maximum concentrations of substances in the atmospheric air at all distances from the treatment site were below their hygienic standards for atmospheric air. There is a clear decrease in concentrations in air samples as they move away from the treated area and a nonlinear decrease in concentrations in sedimentation samples with the presence of weak local maxima. Limitations. A small sample of the studied substances, due to the limited time of the study, does not allow unambiguously identifying the patterns of drift formation depending on their physical-chemical properties, in particular volatility, molecular weight, etc. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate to the need to continue research for a reasoned correction or confirmation, proposed based on the results of the tests, of the safe distance (700 m) from the sites treated with pesticides to the facilities normalized in accordance with sanitary legislation.

Multivariate image analysis for assessment of textural attributes in transglutaminase-reconstituted meat

The control of sensorial textural attributes has high interest to the meat industry focused on the recovery of the value of meat by-products by developing reconstituted meat pieces with added sensory and nutritional values. Sensorial analysis of foods is still a quite subjective methodology, highly dependent of a well-trained team of inspectors, which is simulated by textural analysis in order to measure objective physical properties. This work presents a non-destructive and contactless experimental methodology to predict the physical properties of a reconstituted meat product, based on integrating multispectral imaging and multivariate image analysis (MIA). The experiment was based on reconstituting grounded meat with different concentrations of transglutaminase (0.1, 1, 3, 6 and 10 %), from which textural properties and multispectral imaging data were measured. Multispectral images (UV, VIS and NIR wavelengths) were processed with chemometric procedures to obtain the distribution maps and score images, from which different blocks of features were extracted to generate feature vectors (basic statistics and co-occurrence matrix) for each image. The obtained regression models built with these features predicted all physical properties of the meat with Q2 > 0.90, after feature selection using VIPs. These results evidenced the capacity of multispectral imaging, combined with chemometric procedures, to capture the variability of physical properties induced by transglutaminase in a derivate meat product. It could represent the base of a potential contactless application for a meat industrial inspection, where work environments have strong hygienic requirements.

The impact of distance learning on the health in schoolchildren (literature review)

Distance learning (Dl) is widespread in educational institutions. The COVID-19 epidemic has led to the transfer of only Dl to students in most countries of the world. However, the use of Dl is associated with a number of health risk factors. The purpose of the review is to study the impact of Dl on the health in schoolchildren. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU search engines. The initial search allowed identifying 21,745 reports, after an independent assessment by two experts, there are still 36 full-text publications containing original data on the impact on the health of schoolchildren. The analysis of the topics of publications allowed establishing all publications to be devoted to the study of the impact of Dl on the health of students during the COVID-19 epidemic, which does not allow differentiating the impact of Dl on health from the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. Most studies do not compare the detected changes in health status during traditional training. The main complaints of students during Dl were complaints of painful sensations in the eyes, decreased vision, headache, back and neck pain, sleep disorders, largely associated with hygienically irrational learning conditions. The revealed changes in mental status (anxiety, depressive manifestations) are largely determined not by the presence of Dl, but by the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. The transition to Dl also led to an increase in body weight in a number of students, a decrease in physical fitness. More pronounced changes in the state of health were noted in schoolchildren of junior classes. Conclusion. The identified adverse changes in the state of health in students can be minimized by the use of Dl in combination with traditional learning and compliance with hygienic requirements for its management.

Reconciling Sustainability and Hygiene in the Healthcare Sector

In the course of climate change, doctors will not only be confronted with heat-related consequences, but also with the emergence of infectious diseases caused by previously tropical pathogens in temperate climate zones.Fortunately, the topics of sustainability and climate change are also becoming increasingly important in discussions in the healthcare sector, which accounts for 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The topic of hygienically safe sustainability in healthcare facilities is highly complex due to the large number of possible adjustments, but also offers a great deal of potential.Numerous measures can be implemented without any restrictions in terms of hygiene requirements or occupational safety.It is not always the large investments that make their contribution to reducing CO2-emissions - many smaller measures can also be implemented without high costs, but with great sustainability potential. Similar to hand hygiene compliance, behavior modification by each individual plays a decisive role in the implementation of such projects. There is great practical savings potential, for example, in the indication-based use of disposable medical gloves, the hygienically safe handling of medication or the decision between reusable and disposable medical products, just to name a few items discussed in the article.

The impact of military actions on the contamination of grain fodder with micromycetes in the south of Ukraine

The most important condition for the development and efficiency of animal husbandry is the creation of a solid fodder base, as the level of animal productivity is determined by their feeding up to 50–80%. The use of grain from various crops as animal feed and in the food industry raises questions about its quality and compliance with sanitary and medical conditions. The study aimed to investigate the spread of molds and their contamination of animal feed with biotic contaminants in the south of Ukraine under martial law. The veterinary and sanitary condition of grain products was determined based on generally accepted organoleptic, toxicological, biological and microbiological studies. During 2023–2024, 75 feed samples (fodder grains: wheat, barley, peas, soybeans, corn, grain mixtures, mixed fodder, and bran) were analyzed in farms in southern Ukraine. It was found that 54.7% of the tested feed met sanitary and hygienic requirements, 45.3% had grain integrity and discoloration, and mixed fodder and bran had discoloration, flowability, odor, and lumps. An excess of the norm of infection by insect pests of pea grain B. incarnatus by 2.8 times, and wheat bran and feed by N. granella by 2.4 times, respectively. The damage of grain and grain products by micromycetes was detected, 69 field isolates were isolated, of which 49.3% showed low toxicity. The main pollutants were mold saprophytes in 2023 of the genus Aspergillus — 47.2%, Mucor — 30.5%, Penicillium — 16.7% and Rhodotorula — 5.6%, while in 2024 the composition of epiphytic mycobiota of feeds slightly expanded, Fusarium — 3.0%, Aspergillus — 18.2%, Mucor — 6.1%, Penicillium — 9.0%, Rhodotorula — 21.2%, Clodosporiums — 6.1%, Trichothotecium — 15.2%, Alternarias — 3.0%, Rhizopus — 6.1% of isolates were identified. In the south of Ukraine, before 2024, the most commonly identified molds were Aspergillus spp. (47.2–51.8%), but in 2024, the most commonly isolated molds were Rhodotorula spp. (21.2 %), Aspergillus spp. (18.2%) and Mucor spp. The species composition of molds isolated from feed in 2024 changed slightly and other representatives appeared that were previously isolated much less frequently — Rhodotorula spp. (21.2%), Trichothеcium spp. (15.2%), Cladosporium spp. (6.1%), Rhizopus spp. (6.1%) and Alternaria spp. (3.0%). Thus, the climatic conditions of a particular year or season, and artificial changes in the chemical and biological composition of soils (including military actions) do not affect the presence, but only the species diversity of micromycetes

Hygienic requirements regarding to population safety for cancirogenic factors of biological nature (a review)

Objective: to identify the main trigger mechanisms of carcinogenic factors of biological nature and develop, on their basis, preventive measures to prevent the development of cancer in the population. Methodology for writing a review. A review 50 scientific papers posted in the databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, CyberLeninka, eLibrary.ru were analyzed. The electronic search was carried out using a combination of keywords: "carcinogenic factors of biological nature", "viruses", "bacteria", "trematodes", "preventive work", "sanitary service", "oncological morality". The depth of searches in electronic databases and citation lists amounted to more than a 10-year period from 2013 to the middle of 2024. Conclusion. An analysis of the scientific literature showed that the trigger mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the formation of EIT caused by carcinogenic factors of biological nature lie in the ability of infectious pathogens to cause inflammatory reactions, turning into chronic infections that provoke the development of cancer among the infected population. Preventive measures, in the absence of specific vaccination, can be presented in the form of a set of preventive measures aimed at ensuring the sanitary, hygienic and anti-epidemiological well-being of the population.

«KEGOC» КОМПАНИЯСЫНДА ӨНДІРІСТІК ЖАРАҚАТТАНУДЫҢ АЛДЫН АЛУДЫ ТАЛДАУ

This article discusses the problem of occupational injury prevention at «KEGOC». The authors analyze the current situation and present their recommendations for improving the occupational safety management system. The main focus is on electrical safety, which includes protection measures against the effects of electric current, electromagnetic field, electric arc and static electricity. The article presents data on the most common ways of passing current in the human body and on the effects of electricity on the body. «KEGOC» strives to create working conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, and is actively developing, using modern technologies and striving to increase its value for all stakeholders. The company is also actively engaged in social responsibility, implementing energy efficiency projects and environmental programs. The authors pay special attention to occupational safety and industrial safety. In particular, they emphasize the need to create safe working conditions, minimize injuries, improve production and sanitary conditions, as well as reduce the impact of harmful and adverse factors. In this context, the use of a health and safety management system is mentioned, which covers all structural divisions and subsidiaries of the company. An important aspect is the conduct of a behavioral safety audit and the implementation of the «KEGOC» JSC program on the occupational safety and health management system in accordance with the international standard ISO 45001. It also mentions the annual and shift medical examinations of employees and the availability of special labor protection services in each branch of the company. The article discusses the results of the analysis of occupational injuries and concludes that there is a need for continuous improvement of the risk management system and the introduction of innovative approaches to achieve maximum efficiency in the field of occupational safety and industrial safety.

DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY SEPTIC TANKS

In many communities in Indonesia, there are still many areas where their homes do not have a toilet (water closet) that meets hygiene and health requirements. This is caused by many factors, including because there are still many people who live below the poverty line, both economically poor and poor in knowledge (human resources). Procurement of toilets (water closets) which also include a septic tank system with a minimum output that is environmentally friendly and of course cost efficient is very necessary to improve public health. Based on the description above, this research was created in order to provide procurement and development of efficient and environmentally friendly septic tanks. This research is very necessary because of the discovery of an efficient alternative material by using used drums which can be used as septic tanks in Lampung, but it has not deepened the issue of waste output that is safe for the environment. This research was carried out using a constructivist qualitative method with assistance from DIGILIB Digital Library & OPAC UB sources. is at Brawijaya University Malang, where the author is registered as a student in the environmental science doctoral program at Brawijaya University Malang.

Clinical signs and post-mortem lesions caused by clostridial enterotoxemia in rabbits

Enterotoxemia, accompanied by diarrhea and bloating, is still a matter of pressing concern to the rabbit farming. Clostridia bacteria are often isolated from the internal organs of rabbits that have died of an anaerobic infection. Clostridial infection, manifested in various forms, is a major problem for veterinarians. The following drivers contribute to the emergence of the infectious disease: malnutrition (insufficient fiber intake); non-compliance with hygiene requirements for animal handling; unsustainable use of antibacterial drugs; gastrointestinal congestion. All these drivers can disrupt healthy caecum microflora due to changes in the gastrointestinal environment. Low-fiber diets result in slow cecum motility, thus, delaying transit of the intestinal contents and eventually changing the microflora. Use of antibiotics together with stress make Clostridia accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, at the same time, reducing the number of microorganisms of other groups. The first signs of toxicoinfection are observed when rabbit kits are weaned from does. Clinical manifestation begins with bloating, weakness, inappetence, which ultimately lead to death. Observations have shown that the risk group includes rabbit kits weaned from the 35–77-day old does. Mortality was less reported in breeding stock and among replacement young animals. Autopsy revealed signs of enterotoxemia: serous-catarrhal gastritis, serous-hemorrhagic lymphonodulitis, degenerated kidneys, liver and heart muscle; passive congestion of lungs and pulmonary edema. Microbiological diagnosis revealed Clostridium histolyticum and Clostridium perfringens species known for their pronounced toxigenic profile, most often bacteria were found in the stomach, intestines and heart.

Systematic Layout Planning to Improve Facility Layout in Small and Medium Food Enterprise

The absence of a structured method for revamping current or introducing new production layouts in small and medium-sized enterprises may hinder the flexibility and competitiveness of the enterprise. This study aimed to assess the existing production layout and offer improvement recommendations for a small and medium-sized food enterprise in East Java, Indonesia. Data was obtained through interviews with the owner and observation at the production site. The research employed systematic layout planning, utilizing activity relationship charts and diagrams. The findings presented two alternative suggestions for the production facility layout, with the study recommending the second alternative based on an evaluation of criteria. The second proposed alternative exhibited a total material handling distance per week of 1,812 and a total material handling cost of 17,961.96 rupiah, lower than the first proposed alternative. The managerial implications of this study pertain to the construction of facilities with a focus on technical and hygiene requirements, the design and layout of buildings and rooms, and the requirements for machinery, equipment, and transportation to ensure product quality and safety.

Évaluation du dispositif Medpack® en médecine d’urgence préhospitalière

Introduction: The MEDPACK® workstation, which won the Lépine competition in 2018, was created with the aim of improving nursing practices in terms of hygiene and ergonomics in pre-hospital emergency care. With an adapted nomenclature, it aims to provide the majority of care by itself, thus lightening the intervention bag.Method: We carried out a monocentric observational prospective study from 23/06/2018 to 01/03/2019 in the 6 resuscitation ambulances of the Paris Fire Brigade. A self-administered data collection notebook was filled in by the nurses after each intervention. It included an assessment of the hygiene and ergonomics of care with MEDPACK®, as well as a list of the medical devices and medicines used in the intervention bag, in addition to those used in MEDPACK®.Results: Seventy-two percent of the nurses felt that their care was more in line with good hygiene practices, with 76% perceiving an ergonomic gain when using MEDPACK®. The MEDPACK® was used in 69% of Vascular Access Placement (VAPP) procedures, while the intervention bag was useless in 75% of procedures. When the bag was used, it was used in 34% of cases for intubation equipment and in 15% of cases for onboard biology equipment. Forty-eight percent of the materials in the intervention bag were used in less than 1% of the interventions.Discussion: The MEDPACK® enables pre-hospital emergency paramedical care to be carried out in a way that is more in line with hygiene requirements, with ergonomics more suited to this context. An adjusted nomenclature of MEDPACK® makes it possible to carry out a large proportion of interventions and to rethink the materials making up the intervention bag. A period of adaptation to its use is necessary to modify nursing practices in order to allow its acceptance and appropriation. Moreover, its nomenclature is modular, which is why it could be adapted to fields other than pre-hospital emergency care, such as private practice or disaster medicine.:The MEDPACK® enables pre-hospital emergency paramedical care to be carried out in a way that is more in line with hygiene requirements, with ergonomics more suited to this context. An adjusted nomenclature of MEDPACK® makes it possible to carry out a large proportion of interventions and to rethink the materials making up the intervention bag. A period of adaptation to its use is necessary to modify nursing practices in order to allow its acceptance and appropriation. Moreover, its nomenclature is modular, which is why it could be adapted to fields other than pre-hospital emergency care, such as private practice or disaster medicine.

Implementing an Internal Audit: Evaluating Hand Scrub Compliance in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Aseptic protocol adherence and sterilization are the most important factors in a patient's satisfactory recovery after surgery. The standard hand scrubbing procedure helps control infection and keeps the surgical site clean by adhering to aseptic principles. Methods Thirty-six young residents and house officers participated in this prospective audit after ethical clearance was obtained. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard criteria were adhered to both before and after the intervention. Participants were observed in the surgical operation theatre (OT) without prior notice to ensure hand hygiene compliance before surgical procedures. The intervention included a video presentation as well as a live demonstration. Results Only 64.41% (n=23) of residents and house officers followed the recommended standard hand hygiene procedures before the intervention. This percentage rose to 93.92% (n=33) following the intervention, suggesting a noteworthy improvement. Conclusion Significant changes in the acceptance rates for the essential requirements of hand hygiene were observed after the evaluation in the second cycle. Adhering to WHO guidelines for procedures will help reduce the risk of infections and promote awareness of asepsis in practice.

Quality of cow’s milk as a raw material in the dairy industry from the Pelagonian region in North Macedonia

This scientific work provides a comparison and analysis of the quality and hygiene requirements of raw cow’s milk obtained from individual producers of large and small farms in three regions of Pelagonia in accordance with the Rulebook on requirements for quality, safety and hygiene of milk. The examinations include analysis of the parameters of the chemical composition, determination of the number of somatic cells and total number of bacteria from milk samples taken throughout the year from small and large farms. The best results (p<0.05) for the protein content are observed in the milk coming from small and large farms from the Southern part of the Pelagonia region, compared to the Northern part of the Pelagonia region and Prilep region. The amount of dry fat-free matter in the milk from small farms in all three regions did not show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results for the lactose content of milk from all three examined regions are within the limits of the Rulebook for raw milk. A significant difference (p<0.01) was found for the content of somatic cells in small farms. It is noteworthy that small farms deviate significantly from the safety and hygiene requirements outlined in the Rulebook, primarily due to the hygiene practices concerning dairy cows. The results obtained will be valuable for the dairy industry, as they will identify weaknesses among domestic producers. Professional services will implement measures and activities to help farmers meet EU standards in milk production. Additionally, these findings will provide a significant basis for establishing strategies in this agricultural sector.

Legal responsibility in agricultural relations

In modern conditions of modernization of state agricultural policy, the role of agricultural law, subject of legal regulation, protection of the interests of the entities of agricultural sector, and ensuring food security of the republic is increasing. The goal is to study the features of agricultural legal relations, identifying main problems associated with the application of legal liability. Analysis of the state, use of rules and norms of agricultural legislation and development of measures aimed to support, stimulate, and protect the rights of agricultural producers in Kazakhstan. The methods are based on materials from domestic and foreign scientists, scientific publications, and changes in legislative regulations. A comparative analysis and assessment of legal relations in agro-industrial production were used. Results - the state of affairs is considered and important issues of application of legal responsibility in the context of lawful actions and its features are identified. Various types of violations of legal obligations are analyzed: non-compliance with land use rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental standards - illegal use of pesticides, abuse of antibiotics in raising livestock, violation of environmental standards that can pollute water or damage the soil. Conclusions - the authors propose a number of effective measures to improve legal behavior in agricultural entities: strengthening control by the state law enforcement agencies, creating more effective punishment mechanisms, increasing awareness of participants in agricultural legal relations, which will prevent unfair practices and will promote conservation of natural resources and environment. Agricultural law presupposes land, property, labor, financial, and management relations in agriculture. This contributes to organizational, production and economic activities of agricultural production entities in accordance with the goals of entrepreneurship in agricultural sector.

Алматы қаласының қатты тұрмыстық қалдықтарын жинау, шығару және жою жүйелерінің экологиялық қауіпсіздігін бағалау

The main purpose of the work: assessment of the state of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental safety to the systems of collection, removal, disposal of solid household waste in Almaty. An analysis of the collection, destruction, disposal of solid household waste was carried out according to the accounting documents of the Department of Ecology and Environment of the KSU (municipal state institution) of Almaty. The pollution of the city by solid household waste has a significant impact on the environment, environmental pollution, environmental safety of public health. The practical significance of the work done, the use as educational material in the field of environmental protection and life safety and the publication of educational and methodological guidelines for this work. A phased introduction of separate waste collection is being carried out on the territory of the city district. For this purpose, 63 containers have been installed on container sites of multi-storey residential buildings, as well as in places of mass recreation of the population, such as beaches and parks. After sorting, 11.48% of secondary raw materials can be obtained in the waste sorting complex.

Identifikasi Kualitas Fisik dan Kimia Air Sumur Gali di Wilayah Produksi Terasi di Dusun Jor Desa Jor Kecamatan Jerowaru Kabupaten Lombok Timur

This research aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of dug well water in the area where shrimp paste (terasi) is produced at Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency. The research method used was experimental, focusing on parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, and hardness based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) guidelines. Three sampling points of community dug well water were selected with sampling conducted twice, considering the sampling points based on the distance between the dug wells and the shrimp paste production area being less than 10 meters, and due to the absence of proper wastewater disposal systems at the shrimp paste production site. From the results of the examination of the physical and chemical water quality around the shrimp paste production area in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency, it was found that several parameters met the requirements according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning the Standard of Environmental Health Quality and Health Requirements for Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Bathing. Parameters such as temperature, pH, and TDS met the standards. However, the examination revealed that the hardness of the dug well water exceeded the standard in one out of the three sampling points. Specifically, samples A and B met the standard for hardness, whereas sample C did not meet the standard because it exceeded the established quality standard of 500 mg/l.