Hygienic Norms Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SANITARY AND HYGIENIC NORMS OF HOUSING PIGS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT PARATYPICAL FACTORS

Introduction. The relevance of the work is determined by the implementation of the method of multi-parametric assessment of the microclimate of premises for pigs by the method of continuous automatic registration. The purpose o f the research was to conduct a comparative assessment of indoor pollution with carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and fine dust based on various paratypical factors. Research methods. Analytical, zootechnical, physical, ethological and biometric research methods are applied. Research results. A comparative assessment of the sanitary and hygienic norms for housing pigs in brick premises on concrete and slotted floors in machines was carried out. It was determined that during the periods of the year, the average daily CO2 and NH3 air pollution in pig houses with concrete and slotted floors in the machines were close to the normative values of MPC. The volume concentration of methane was 1.9-3.4 times higher in the premise with a slotted floor in the machines, which is associated with the features of the technology of the self-alloying system of manure removal. According to the calculations of the correlation between the temperature and the relative humidity of the air outside and inside the premises, a probable mostly positive connection was determined. The locomotor activity indices of young pigs were 9.6-12.4 % higher on the slatted floor, but they were inferior in the food activity index by 6.4-16.2 % to peers kept on the concrete floor. The variance analysis determined the probable influence fi=0.784) of the method of housing pigs on solid concrete and slotted floors in machines on the variability of the volume concentration of methane. It was also found out that the period of the year likely influenced the variability of air temperature, volume concentration of carbon dioxide, ammonia and mass concentration of fine dust in the room fi= 0.799; 0.794; 0.352 and 0.439, respectively). Conclusions. The average daily volume concentration in the air of carbon dioxide and ammonia in pig houses by periods of the year approached the normative values of the MPC. The volume concentration of methane was higher in the premise with a slotted floor, which is related to the features of the technology of the self-alloying manure removal system. The probable influence of the method of housing pigs on the variability of indicators of relative air humidity and volume concentration of methane wasdetermined. The probable influence of the period of the year on the variability of air temperature indicators, volume concentration of carbon dioxide, ammonia and mass concentration of fine dust has also been proven. Key words: measuring and computing complex, microclimate parameters, comparative assessment, premise for pigs, paratypic factor

Nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the level of occupational noise emitted by automotive harvesters during coffee harvest. For the evaluations, three self-propelled harvesters were used: Case-IH® model Coffee Express 200, with cabin; Korvan® model 9200, without cabin; and Oxbo® model 9220, with cabin. Data were collected using a noise dosimeter model DOS-700. Noise levels were assessed for the operator and assistant of each harvester. Five repetitions were performed for the operator and assistant, with each repetition consisting of 2 h of evaluation. Results obtained were compared with the action level and exposure limit of the Regulatory Norms (NR) 15 and Occupational Hygiene Norms (NHO) 01. The action levels of the NHO 01 (82 dB) and NR 15 (80 dB) regulations were exceeded for the operator and assistant in the three evaluated harvesters. Regarding the exposure limit (85 dB), the level was exceeded for the operator of the Korvan® and Case-IH® harvesters in accordance with NHO 01. In the NR 15 regulation, the exposure limit was > 85 dB for the operator of the Korvan® harvester. For the assistant, all harvesters emitted noise levels > 85 dB based on both the NHO 01 and NR 15 regulations.

CONTENTS OF THE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR SELECTION OF LAND PLOTS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE REGIONAL LANDFILL OF SOLID NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LUTSK CLUSTER OF VOLYN REGION)

The need to introduce resource-saving technologies and environmental protection policies both at the international and regional levels, the rapid growth of the Earth's population in recent centuries and the associated processes of industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agricultural production, the increase in the need for energy resources and, accordingly, the increase in the amount of waste, which pollute the environment, further complicates the task of substantiating the locations of new waste disposal facilities and evaluating existing ones. The constituent elements of the ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste are highlighted using the example of Lutsk waste management cluster of Volyn region, which solves the above problems. The mechanism makes it possible to determine promising land plots for the location of the regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste landfills. With its help, one can choose the number of alternative sites required by the specific task. It takes into account primarily the interests of the community, sanitary and hygienic norms, it is economically attractive and preserves territories valuable for the environment. The ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste consists of five stages. They include the evaluation of the territory according to economic, ecological, social and sanitary criteria. The elements of the mechanism in the form of five stages are performed separately and sequentially. Since the mechanism for greater visibility and practical use was developed on the example of a real territory, which is identified with the territory of modern Lutsk district of Volyn region, a plot of land was chosen, which is the most optimal for the disposal of waste from this territory. Further actions in the development of this mechanism and its practical value are given. Key words: ecological and economic mechanism, land plot, regional landfill, waste, Lutsk cluster, rejection criteria, distance matrix, competitive criteria.

Вплив холеретичної терапії на активність експресії мікроРНК-378f та м’язову оболонку стінки жовчного міхура

Functional disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi in children remain relevant due to their significant percentage in the structure of diseases of the biliary system. One of the options for choleretic therapy is the use of ursodeoxycholic acid. Purpose - to study the effectiveness of choleretic therapy, namely ursodeoxycholic acid, in children with functional disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi by determining the activity of microRNA-378f generation and the impact on the cells of the muscular layer of the gallbladder wall. Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 70 children with functional disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi. To determine the level of expression of microRNA-378f in the serum used the method of real-time polymerase chain reaction. The experimental part of the study was performed on 30 mice. Ultrastructural analysis was performed according to a standard scheme using a transmission electron microscope. Results. Positive dynamics of gallbladder contractility and significant increase in the expression of microRNA-378f in the serum was observed in children with functional disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi after a course of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy (p<0.05). After exposure to ursodeoxycholic acid, the mitotic indices of leiomyocytes of the bottom wall and body of the gallbladder were significantly histologically determined compared to intact mice (р˂0.01); there was a probable increase in the nuclear activity of fibroblasts due to decondensation of chromatin and an increase in the number of nuclear pores (p˂0.01); significant increase in the number of Kahal interstitial cells in the muscular layer of the gallbladder of mice was observed (p˂0.01). Conclusions. In children with functional disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi during choleretic therapy under the influence of ursodeoxycholic acid there is an increase in decreased contractility of the gallbladder and the level of expression of microRNA-378f in serum. The use of ursodeoxycholic acid causes leiomyocyte hyperplasia and their intracellular ultrastructural changes, increased fibroblast nuclear activity, and an increase in the number of interstitial Kahal interstitial cells of the gallbladder muscle in experimental animals. These morphological changes are likely to increase the contractile function of the gallbladder. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the institution mentioned in the work. Informed consent of the children’s parents was obtained for the research. The maintenance of experimental animals was carried out in accordance with the sanitary and hygienic norms of the vivarium of the specified institution and was carried out with the permission of the commission on biomedical ethics. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Stocking density as a possible etiological factor in the development of keel “bubbles” in turkeys

A significant increase in demand among the population for turkey meat makes turkey farming one of the most competitive and economically profitable agribusinesses and the fastest growing segment of poultry farming. The investment attractiveness of growing turkeys increases annually by 20–30 %, and the profitability is from 20 to 25 %. Consumer demand, which ensures a constant sales market, sufficient fodder base, availability of labor resources, and several other factors became prerequisites for the transformation of turkey farming from small homestead enterprises into large industrial complexes, which, as a rule, implement intensive production technology. The desire of the owners to increase profits, using the minimum amount of production space for this purpose, quite often leads to the violation of established sanitary and hygienic requirements, which regulate the density of poultry planting per 1 m2 of area. An increase in the number of animals or birds in a specific territory leads to a deterioration of the body's physiological state and a decrease in resistance. It is also the cause of the emergence and development of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious etiology. With the intensive technology of growing turkeys, there is a rapid growth of muscle tissue, in particular, the sternum, which is much more likely to be injured due to a high density of planting, which can be one of the etiological factors of the formation and development of keel "bubbles."The research was carried out at “Indykat” LLC and “UPG-Invest” LLC, which are located in the village of Kadubivtsi and village Mamaivtsi, Chernivtsi region, as well as the “Dobrobut” MPP of the village. Berezdivtsi of the Lviv region on turkeys of the Big-6 breed, in which the density of planting turkeys was different. To establish the dependence of the number of cases of damage to the bird by the keel "bubbles" on the density of its landing on 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days of cultivation, an examination of the entire flock was carried out, which included an examination and palpation of the sternum. During the final period of both females and males rearing, the number of lesions was determined based on the post-mortem examination of the carcasses. It was established that in all experimental farms, the density of poultry housing was more significant than the established sanitary and hygienic norms. The slightest deviation from the regulated indicators, which ranged from 16.7 to 37.5 %, in all age groups, was in the form of LLC “UPG-Invest”, and the largest, from 30.2 to 39.4 %, was in the MPP “Welfare”. The pathology of the keel in turkeys in the form of “bubbles” was clinically manifested from the 61st day of their rearing. The most minor incidence, which ranged from 5.2 to 13.9 %, was in the age group of 61–90 days, increased with age and, in the period from 91 to 120 days, ranged from 15.4 to 20.9 %, and from 121 to 150 days – from 18.4 to 23.9 %. According to such indicators, the average incidence of the indicated age groups in experimental poultry farms was 10.3, 17.4, and 20.6 %, respectively. The least affected (13.1 %) was the poultry at UPG-Invest LLC, where the stocking density exceeded the maximum permissible values by only 0.7–1.2 birds/m2, and the most (18.9 %) was at the MPP farm “Dobrobut”, in which the density of accommodation was more significant than the established sanitary and hygienic standards by 1.3–2.6 birds/m2.

Determination of acute toxicity of antiprotozoal drug “Avizuril”

Chickenpox is an intestinal disease that disrupts growth and suppresses the immune system, leading to high mortality, which researchers estimate is more than $ 3 billion annually in poultry. However, a significant problem of modern animal husbandry and especially poultry farming is the emergence of resistance in Eimeria to almost all coccidiostats. It is possible to prevent and prevent the emergence of drug resistance only by rotating the drugs with different active substances. For this purpose, 3–4 different drugs are used in the cultivation of animals and poultry. The goal of the work. In connection with the above purpose of the study was to determine the toxicity of the new antiprotozoal drug “Avizuril”. Depending on the amount of Avizuril administered, the mean lethal dose (DL50) and the main parameters of acute toxicity were determined using the methods of G. Kerber (1931) and G. Pershin (1939, 1950). To determine the toxicity of the drug used male and female white rats aged three months, weighing 180 ± 9.0 g. For feeding animals used feed according to a unified diet. Toxic effect of the drug “Avizuril” on experimental rats is observed at a dose of 1200 mg/kg. Based on the data on the calculation of the average lethal dose of the drug “Avizuril” when administered into the stomach by G. Kerber (1931), it was found that the DL50 for white rats is 1570 mg per 1 kg of animal weight. At autopsy, rats that died from acute poisoning were noted hyperemia and edema of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, congestion in the lungs, heart and liver, enlargement of the spleen. At the next stage of research, the subtoxic dose of Avizuril was determined. Observations of animals showed that 1–3 hours after oral administration of the drug in a subtoxic dose in laboratory animals showed suffocation and depression of the central nervous system. Most of them died during the first day. Subsequent observations of the surviving animals showed that their motor response was suppressed for the next 24–72 hours. In studies of acute toxicity of the drug “Avizuril” it was found that when administered intragastrically to white rats DL50 for white rats is 1570 mg per 1 kg of animal weight. Studies of the effect of the subtoxic dose of the drug “Avizuril” when administered orally on the general functional parameters of experimental rats noted suffocation and depression of the central nervous system, the death of most animals during the first day. Subsequently, the behavior of the surviving animals was characterized by suppression of motor reactions during the next 24–72 hours, decreased motor activity, agitation, reactivity and aggression, movement disorders, decreased response to touch and pain. According to the Sanitary and hygienic norms and SOU 85.2-37-736: 2011 according to the toxicity class the drug “Avizuril” in the concentration of 2.5 % when administered to the stomach of white rats belongs to the third class of danger (moderately dangerous compounds). In the future, it is planned to study the allergic properties of the drug “Avizuril”.

Effect of Silver Water Produced by an Engineered Device Designed to Food Industry

Hygienic norms in the food and beverages production systems should be permanently monitored to prevent contamination with pathogens which could cause diseases in humans and animals. As regards the industrial scale of food and beverages production, the maximum extension of the shelf life is an essential task. Peracetic acid (CH3COOOH) is frequently applied in sanitation procedures of production piping and product tanks, but if it is not rinsed well, could drastically affect organoleptic characteristics of the products. Silver water (containing Ag+) could replace the use of peracetic acid. A device for efficient production of silver water is constructed. The silver content of the water produced is determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, UV-Vis and IR spectral analysis. It is found that minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg silver content inhibited the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 200060) growth (24 ± 1 mm mean inhibition zone) on a similar rate as 30 μg kanamycin (27 ± 1 mm). Bacterial (Escherichia coli ATCC 47093) growth inhibited by 1.5 μg silver content (18 ± 1 mm) is comparable to 10 μg ampicillin (17 ± 1 mm) but not to 30 μg kanamycin (35 ± 1 mm).

Influence of constructive features of cowshed on the formation of microclimate and qualitative indicators of milk

The state of the microclimate in the light-frame, reconstructed cowshed and milking parlor with a loose-box method of keeping a dairy herd in the spring was studied; the influence of different conditions and parameters of the microclimate on milk quality was investigated. It was found that the temperature in the reconstructed cowshed with forced milking in the hall by the milking machine «Yalynka» averaged 14.27 ± 2.105 ° C, while in the milking parlor the temperature was slightly higher than 16.38 ± 1.335 ° C. In the light frame cowshed the temperature was 12.24 ± 1.380 ° С, and in the milking zone of cows with the robotic installation almost without deviation 12.14 ± 1.715 ° С. Humidity and speed of air movement in the compared rooms was within the hygienic norms. Microbiological indicators of bacterial air pollution in both rooms correspond to hygienic norms, but in the reconstructed cowshed the number of colony-forming units in 1 m3 was higher. The largest number of colony-forming units in 1 m3 was recorded in the air of the milking parlor where the UDE-8 "Yalynka" unit is located due to insufficient ventilation, high humidity and temperature. Dispersion of the tiny drops from the cows udder in the air and other body limbs, equipment and fences when washing the milking parlor with water under pressure. In a light frame cowshed with free milking with a robotic unit at the ALC "Terezyne", the acidity of milk was 16.4 ± 0.64 ° T; the purity degree was according to the standard of the first group, the temperature 30 minutes after milking was 4.2 ± 0.57 ° C; microbial contamination of milk was on average 233.4 ± 8.64 thousand CFU / cm3; the titre of colon bacillus group was about one; the number of somatic cells was 376.9 ± 29 thousand / cm3, which ultimately corresponded to the highest grade according to DSTU 3662: 2018. When milking by the UDE-8 "Yalynka", the acidity of the obtained milk was 18.6 ± 0.42 ° T; the degree of purity according to the standard corresponded to the first group, the temperature 30 minutes after milking was 5.8 ± 0.71 ° C; microbial contamination of milk averaged 292.3 ± 12.3 thousand CFU / cm3; the titre of colon bacillus group was about one; the number of somatic cells was 465.7 ± 19 thousand / cm3, which ultimately corresponded to the first grade according to DSTU 3662: 2018. Therefore, the maintenance of the dairy herd in both light-frame and reconstructed premises allows to form a sufficiently comfortable sanitary and hygienic conditions. The increase in microbial contamination of milk obtained from cows in the milking parlor by UDE- 8 "Yalynka" is the result of insufficient operation of the ventilation system of the milking parlor and improper implementation of certain elements of preparation of animals for milking. Key words: light-frame cowshed, microclimate, milking parlor, milk quality.

Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality.

Strict norms about hygiene may sometimes have health benefits but may also be a burden. Based on research in the United States, it has been suggested that women traditionally shoulder responsibility for hygiene standards and therefore tend to have stricter views on hygiene. However, there is little systematic research on sex differences in hygiene norms at the global scale. We set up two hypotheses: (1) Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men is a global phenomenon. (2) The size of this sex difference varies across nations with the level of sex equality. We examine these hypotheses using data from a recent international survey (N = 17,632). Participants in 56 countries were asked for their views of where it is not appropriate for people to spit and in which situations people should wash their hands. As a measure of sex equality, we use an existing country-level measure of attitudes to equality between the sexes, available for 49 nations in the study. Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men are observed almost everywhere, but there are a few exceptions (most notably Nigeria and Saudi Arabia). The size of the sex difference in hygiene norms varies strongly with the level of sex equality, but in a non-linear way. The sex difference is most pronounced in moderately egalitarian countries with the highest recorded difference being in Chile. In more egalitarian parts of the world, more sex equality is associated with a smaller sex difference in hygiene norms. In the less egalitarian parts of the world, the opposite relation holds. We offer an interpretation in terms of what different levels of sex equality mean for the content of sex roles.

Exporting Mongolian Beef to China: The Opportunities and Challenges

Mongolia is a nomadic country. Due to the small population, large land area, and geographical location, the country has mainly focused on animal husbandry as one of the sources of income for the local people and foreign currency of the country. Beef exports play an essential role in Mongolia’s economy. However, due to several constraints that hinder export growth, Mongolia cannot export its agricultural products to its full capacity. One of the main challenges for Mongolian beef exporters is identifying key destination markets for their products and the know-how to access them. This article discusses the export of Mongolian beef to China, focusing on the potential of Mongolian beef cattle and its economic importance, the overall situation of Mongolian cattle products in the Chinese market, and the opportunities and market expansion challenges in China. This study is characterised as qualitative and quantitative research of an exploratory and descriptive nature, using bibliographic research. According to the findings, it became evident that Mongolia still has low participation in the Chinese market despite the opportunities in the Chinese market. However, with internal improvements and adjustments in policies, there is exponential growth potential in the sales of Mongolian beef to the Chinese market. Thus, Mongolian beef exports can be improved with more stress on value-added products and their marketing strategy based on consumer-oriented processing and packaging, expanding (or) changing export destinations, market promotion and brand image, adopting international hygienic standards norms and diversification of livestock products.

The pandemic and its impact on occupational health and safety among mechanical engineering industries in India

Workplace health and safety has been of paramount importance for any nation and the stakeholders- authorities, employers and workers – must have reasonable sensitization for the same. During the COVID 19 pandemic, lots of policy formulations and regulations had to incorporate within the industries for the health and welfare of the workers. The “new normal” will take some time for adjustments, challenges and implications to be implemented effectively and consistently. Certain processes in the workplace, especially in the mechanical engineering companies, are likely for high close contact incidences. Special situations pertaining to workers’’ health, like crowded accommodations, travel risks as well common canteens, all need to be reconsidered for providing safer environment to the workers, as far as the current pandemic is concerned. This requires coordinated efforts from all the stakeholders within the mechanical field through subconscious acceptance of the norms of safety and hygiene at all levels.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ САМООРГАНИЗАЦИИ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ

The subject of the article: the willingness of students to comply with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules aimed at maintaining health, working capacity during long-term continuous educational activities. The object of the article: selforganized/self-managed independent work of students of a technical university in an educational environment. The purpose of the work: to identify the attitude of students to mandatory and conscious compliance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules in the process of performing strenuous long-term self-organized independent educational and cognitive activity. Methodology of the work: analysis of the fundamental theoretical and methodological provisions of modern pedagogical science in the field of management and self-organization of independent work of students, aimed at developing interdisciplinary valiological modules, in order for students to master technical areas of preparation of sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, compliance with them when performing long-term continuous educational and cognitive activity. The results of the work indicate the need for students to form an engineering profile of readiness for conscious and full compliance with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules in the implementation of educational and cognitive selforganized independent activity already in the first year. The field of application of the results is practical pedagogical activity aimed at the formation of readiness for compliance by students of a technical university with sanitary and hygienic norms and rules in the process of continuous long-term educational and cognitive self-organized independent activity. It is advisable to develop valeological modules of basic disciplines in technical areas of training based on the principles of interdisciplinarity, health care, reflexivity, regulation and feedback, effective organization of intellectual labor. Conclusion: the formation of the readiness of future technical specialists in compliance with sanitary and epidemiological norms and rules in the process of continuous long-term mental work contributes to increasing the level of valeological culture, maintaining health, productive efficiency, and preventing the development of various diseases.

Microbiological characteristics of fish reared in purified wastewater from an abattoir

Wastewater from abattoirs in some countries is disposed of into water bodies without adequate removal of contaminants. Therefore, the use of wastewater in fish production could pose a serious risk for humans, fish and other aquatic organisms due to possible transfer of pathogenic bacteria in aquatic culture environments. The aims of the present study were to assess the levels of individual microorganisms in different tissues of common carp and to determine any correlation with the season of sampling and the type of analysed sample in common carp reared in an integrated production system that used purified water from an abattoir. A fish pond was filled mostly with purified water from an abattoir, but also partly with well water. Carp fingerlings were stocked in the earthen fishpond in March and reared in ambient conditions. Fish were collected in the spring and autumn of the following year and the microbiological quality was assessed. Carp fillets with skin, gills and digestive tract samples were collected individually under aseptic conditions. All analyses were performed according to standard procedures. The levels of all the examined bacteria in the fish were under prescribed hygiene norms. Also, Listeria spp., sulphite-reducing clostridia and Staphylococcus aureus were not found in the samples. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were not isolated from the samples. The hygienic quality of the fish produced in purified waste water from an abattoir was acceptable, and the common carp meat was safe for human consumption.

MONITORING THE OUTBREAK OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AT THE ACADEMIC MEDICAL OFFICE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE (USAMV) IN CLUJ-NAPOCA

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease, a zoonosis, of bacterial origin and global spread, caused by Leptospira spp, which may have acute or chronic manifestation. OBJECTIVES: The present study checks the evolution of a few cases of leptospirosis in students from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. MATERIAL AND METHOD: For the current study we have used the data recorded in the medical fi les of students after anamnesis, the objective clinical exam, the epidemiological investigation, establishing the diagnosis of leptospirosis, treatment and monitoring of the case until recovery. Establishing the diagnosis of leptospirosis, analysing the initial symptoms, showcasing the complications, studying the epidemiological enquiry, showcasing the role of primary prevention and of keeping with the hygienic norms labour safety. RESULTS: The first case of leptospirosis first appeared with general symptomatology three days after coming into contact with the infected animal. The epidemiological enquiry after diagnosing the first case of human leptospirosis led to the identification of 80 cases of direct contacts. They were monitored for 21 days at the students’ medical office of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The first four cases appeared three days after contact with the infected animal and had general symptomatology (fever, acute asthenia, cephalalgia, myalgia, abdominal discomfort). Of the 12 cases confirmed through specific serology testing (IgM specific), one was infected indirectly from another confirmed human case. The first diagnosed case presented renal and haematological complications 5 days after infection and 2 days after the beginning of the specific treatment; it needed hospitalisation and the evolution under treatment was favourable. All confirmed, probable and possible cases received treatment with antibiotics including 200 mg doxycycline per day for at least 10 days. The evolution under treatment was favourable. There were no violent cases or fatalities. The confirmed cases did not wear the appropriate safety equipment upon contact with the infected animal. CONCLUSIONS: Upon students’ and vets’ contact with a dog earlier diagnosed with leptospirosis, 12 cases of human leptospirosis were confirmed. After the epidemiological enquiry, 80 direct contacts were identified. All suspect cases were monitored and handled by the medical staff of the students’ medical offi ce; the cases with specific symptomatology confirmed through IgM specific testing were advised to go to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in time. One diagnosed patient presented haematuria, anuria, renal and haematological complications, but under proper treatment the evolution was favourable. There were no violent cases of fatalities. Abiding by the labour safety regulations, cleaning and disinfecting measures, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration are essential in preventing and solving cases.

ATTITUDE OF FAMILY DOCTORS TO PREVENTION OF EYE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

The aim of our study was to analyze the results of a survey conducted by family doctors, family pediatricians with clarification of their attitude to the prevention of visual impairment in children.
 Materials and Methods. Results of a sociological survey conducted among family doctors and family pediatricians in Ukraine (504 questionnaires). Methods of sociological research and medical statistics were used.
 Results and Discussion. Almost all family doctors recognize that preventive work should be the main in their practice (92.86±1.15)%, however, the available equipment of the workplace in more than half of family doctors (52.38±2.22)% does not allow preventive examinations of visual functions in children. Only a quarter (25.4±1.94)% of family doctors consider their workplace fully equipped for full primary care. High awareness of family physicians about risk factors (95.63±0.91)%, hygienic norms of visual load in childhood (79.37±1.80)%, is combined with the fact that only 18.25±1.72)% of family doctors in daily practice conduct preventive diagnostic ophthalmological examinations of children, having sufficient knowledge and skills to conduct them. Their preventive work is limited to oral information about the possible risk of diseases and eye injuries (92.06±1.20)%. Most doctors recognize the need for regular vision testing in children and support the introduction of a state prevention program for the preservation of vision from childhood (98.41±0.56)%.
 Conclusions. The results of the study suggest a lack of ability of primary care to solve the problem of preventing the growth of ophthalmic pathology among children. The algorithm of preventive intervention, based on organizational, diagnostic, treatment-and-prophylactic measures, should first of all be focused on cooperation of family doctors, family pediatricians, pediatric ophthalmologists and paramedics of medical and educational institutions in order to timely identify risk factors for effective management formation of visual functions in children of different ages.

Quality control of butter

The most common problem among ready-made foods is the adulteration of butter, which is replaced by margarine or vegetable spreads. Milk and other dairy products made from raw milk are not left out. The production and sale of low-quality, counterfeit products poses a direct threat to human health and affects the competitive environment among producers. As a result of research, it should be noted that the raw milk market is not fully saturated, so improving the quality of cream production and processing of milk products, namely butter, competition for suppliers, microbiological improvements, as well as improvements to plants and systems – remains relevant. During the analysis, some physicochemical parameters of butter were studied, namely: acidity of the fat phase, mass fraction of moisture and fat. The acidity index was within the norm, although it differed in all samples: the lowest was found in sample № 1 (1.1 °K), and the highest was in sample № 2 (1.6 °K). As for such an indicator as the content of table salt and the content of fat and pH of plasma, the oils Sweet cream “Selyanske”, 72,6 % TM “Svoya Liniya”, Sweet cream, 73.0 % LLC “Eney”, “Poltavske”, 62.5 % LLC “Techmolprom” do not meet the requirements of DSTU 4399:2005. The mass fraction of fat in butter brands PJSC “Dubnomoloko” and “Pryvat-Fud” – was lower than indicated on the package, by 1.4 % and 2.6 %, respectively, and brands “Svoya Liniya”, LLC “Eney” and Techmolprom LLC on the contrary – by 18.0 %, 18.4 % and 12.5 % more. According to the results of microbiological studies, it was found that the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms, yeasts, fungi and bacteria of the Escherichia coli group in the studied samples of butter of all brands does not exceed the permissible norms. This fact testifies to the relative “purity” of the raw material from which the butter was made, as well as to the observance of veterinary and sanitary and hygienic norms during the production and storage of butter. Summing up the research, it should be noted that, despite the identified physical and chemical shortcomings of all samples of butter, preference should be given to sour cream butter “Selyanske”, 73.0 % of PJSC “Dubnomoloko” and “Selyanske” sweet cream, 73.0 % “Privat- Fud”, as none of them exceeded such indicators as fat content and plasma pH of oil, which may indicate the absence of impurities in vegetable fats in this product.

‘Everyone’s Annoyed’: Leveraging Uncertainty in the Smell of Others

A growing literature illuminates the limits of claims made on the basis of sensory perception in scientized, rationalized, and bureaucratic contexts. How to understand exceptions to the rule – cases where claims based on sensory experience are taken at face value, even without corroborating evidence? Here, I focus on one such exception, in which citizen complaints about the smell of a small shantytown functioned successfully as both demands and justifications despite a lack of the kinds of instrumentally and technologically enabled corroboration that the literature would suggest are necessary to strengthen such claims. I show how complaints slotted neatly into a specific cultural structure, an olfactory cosmology in which ‘bad air’ that endangers health can be identified by smell and requires ongoing management and amelioration, and where adherence to hygienic norms is required for full moral citizenship. The case suggests ways that the apparent weaknesses of olfactory claims might allow them to be uniquely weaponized in social and political life, and shows how such claims can exploit shared norms, values, and meanings to enroll others in the demand for action.

Self-preserving Behaviour of Georgian Population During the Period of Covid-19 Pandemic

The following papers deals with self-preserving behaviour in the period of a global problem — COVID-19 pandemic. Positive self-preserving behaviour determines the level of health of an individual and, consequently, of a society. In the period of the pandemic we have witnessed an increased interest toward self-preserving behaviour. Apart from observing private hygiene or hygiene norms and social distancing, there were no other protective mechanisms during the process of the research, and vaccination has not yet begun. As a result of the urgency of the issue, the staff s of Institute Demography and Sociology Ilia State University under the guidance of professor A. Sulaberidze have conducted a sociological research in October 2020, “Awareness of the corona virus pandemic’s impact on the social-economic situation of Georgian population and self-preservative behaviour”, in four regions of Georgia. Th e regions were selected based on the level of the coronavirus’s proliferation. Respondents were selected using the method of random sampling. We interviewed 500 respondents with the help of pre-composed questionnaires. Th e following research is one of the attempts in Georgia to study self-preserving behaviour under the circumstances of the pandemic and it shows us to what extent the population’s self-pre-serving behaviour is directed toward defense against the coronavirus. One of the main functions of a state is to prevent the spread of diseases and protect its population from harmful infl uence of environmental factors. In this regard, the state has implemented signifi cant measures; however, they are not suffi cient as the joint eff orts of the state and each citizen determine the robustness of a country’s population as well as the scope of a pandemic’s proliferation. Our goal is to evaluate the eff orts of the citizens, as for our objectives, we aim to ascertain the factors which seem auspicious and adverse for the mentioned eff orts. Th e analysis of the research’s results outlined important diff erences between genders with regard to evaluating one’s own health and selfpreserving behaviour. Th e researchers had also shown that men value their health more highly and take care of it less. Th is tendency is immutable even when self-preserving behaviour signifi cantly determines not only the possibility of one’s own infection, but also of those surrounding us. Women respondents are more prone to observe every recommendation of epidemiologists than men. Th e level of population’s awareness is high with respect to the symptoms of the infection as well as recommendations for self-protection and the existing infection situation in the country. Th e dissimilar levels of infection between various regions gave us varying indicators of awareness. Th e higher the infection rate, the higher the awareness rate. Th e respondents’ health condition signifi cantly determines the population’s attitude toward the coronavirus infection. Self-assessment of one’s health condition has an impact on the level of fear caused by the pandemic. Th e respondents with chronic ailments are more liable to express fear than those who evaluate their health highly. Th e perception of the risks associated with the coronavirus infection is diff erent in terms of sexes. Compared to men, women, on average, perceive the coronavirus threat and its subsequent problems more emotionally and give a lower assessment to their health condition. Th e population’s fear of the pandemic is exacerbated by the fact that this viral infection has not been adequately studied yet and we are not aware of its future repercussions or complications. Therefore, those respondents who are fully healthy also express justifi able apprehension. Th ere emerged a proportionate connection between the level of following the epidemiologists’ re co mmendations and perception of the threat of the COVID infection. The more seriously people perceive the mentioned threat, the more eager they are to fulfi ll the epidemiologists’ recommendations.

Intensive animal farming operations and outbreaks of zoonotic bacterial diseases in Ukraine

In Ukraine zoonoses are a permanent threat to human health, some of them are bacterial diseases associated with farm animals. Complete avoidance of outbreaks of bacterial zoonoses is not possible but it is appropriate to study them to reduce the risks of transmission of zoonosis pathogens from industrial farms to the human population and the environment. The article highlights the results of a literature review on the potential role of industrial livestock farms in the spread of major bacterial zoonoses in Ukraine. About half of all of the country’s farmed animals are kept on farms using industrial technology; more than half of the establishments are classified as medium and large. The technology of keeping animals on such farms contributes to the development of diseases of obligate hosts caused by fecal bacteria. The systematic search and selection of literary sources, which are relevant to the topic of the study were carried out. The vast majority of analyzed publications are published in Ukrainian in local peer-reviewed scientific journals. An analysis of open-access official statistics from the state authorities of Ukraine was also conducted. The authors analyzed statistics and scientific papers published over the last 10–15 years discussing the outbreaks of food-borne zoonoses among humans and the studying their pathogens (Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli (STEC strains), Listeria spp.) on industrial livestock farms. The main source of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. distribution are industrial poultry, including broilers and chickens, respectively. The STEC strains E. coli carriers are various types of farm animals, including cattle and pigs. The majority of infections documented in Ukraine are cases of salmonellosis in humans and animals. Despite reports of a significant prevalence of campylobacteriosis, colibacillosis and listeriosis in livestock farms, their association with outbreaks of food-borne zoonoses in humans remains poorly understood. The concept of an industrial livestock farm involves a permanent presence of a risk of outbreaks of bacterial zoonoses and their rapid spreading to the human population. This is due to concentrated maintenance of animals, standardized feeding, the priority of achieving the highest productivity of animals and economic indicators. Under such conditions, disturbance of hygienic norms and technologies significantly increases the risk of bacterial zoonoses on industrial farms. It is important to enforce the continuous control of the level of microbial pollution of farms, animal health, hygiene of milk production and processing, meat, eggs, etc. Farms have a negative impact on the ecological welfare of the surrounding territories. The problem of spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterial zoonoses is a very serious one. Efforts for the formation of a national system of epidemiological supervision over bacterial zoonoses, comprising epidemiological, epizootological, ecological, microbiological, serological and molecular genetic monitoring, as well as the development on this basis of effective prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures are relevant and necessary.

SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION ON NORMATIVE ISSUES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SANITARY AND HYGIENIC EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DEMANDS IN PHARMACY ESTABLISHMENTS DURING COVID DISEASES IN THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

Protecting safe working conditions involves the use of ineffective and reliable means of preventing industrial injuries and occupational diseases, technologies, equipment and others. It is natural that the fields, technological processes, etc., are characterized by their specifics and the safety rules should be different for them. In pharmacies, laboratories, training and scientific research laboratories, warehouses, production equipment are subject to daily cleaning. Cabinets in storage rooms should be cleaned as needed, but at least once a week. Wet cleaning of the pharmacy, laboratory/ factory (floor and equipment) before starting work. Only dry cleaning of laboratory / production using disinfectants is not allowed. Waste and rubbish should be collected in special containers with a moving lid and should be removed at least once a day. Hand-washed sinks, toilets and garbage containers should be cleaned, rinsed and disinfected daily. Personnel are required to follow the rules of personal hygiene and industrial sanitation, to carry out the relevant personnel to perform food, smoking, as well as storage of food, tobacco and personal medicines in pharmacies, training and scientific research laboratories and departures. Pharmaceutical establishments do not comply with the hygienic norms of the internal and external environment, physical, chemical and biological factors of the labor process. The facility also does not take into account psychosocial factors related to safety (stress, communication, post-traumatic stress, etc.); Most pharmaceutical establishments (50-60%) do not have a fire board with appropriate equipment, evacuation exit and scheme. Also has no person responsible for the matter; Disobsibility and specialist protection/separation facility prior to pandemic were minimal (increased by 99%) during pandemic; The state should create an appropriate legislative and institutional framework; We think this will help transform the existing department into an effective labor inspectorate. The possibility will be created of the institutional capacity of its independence and efficiency, and the law will also provide guarantees for the individual independence of inspectors. Also, the bill should directly refer to the Labor Inspectorate as the body responsible for law enforcement.