Hygienic Studies Research Articles

A Study of Respiratory Hygiene Among Patients With Respiratory Manifestations in a Selected Primary Healthcare Setting in India.

Tuberculosis is the second leading infectious killer disease, mainly transmitted through undiagnosed presumptive and inadequately treated pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases in the community. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to respiratory hygiene and sputum disposal methods and to estimate the proportion of presumptive PTB cases among patients with clinical features of respiratory manifestations. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 adult patients with respiratory manifestations at an urban health centre in Goa using a validated, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire by interview method. Among 80 study participants, 10 (12.5%) presumptive PTB cases were found. The knowledge regarding the exact cause and transmission of tuberculosis was 55% (44) and 72.4% (58), respectively. Around 32.5% (26) of participants were not following cough etiquette and they studied only up to middle school. Regarding the attitude towards ideal sputum disposal methods, more than three-fourths (81.3%, 65) of the responses were towards unsafe sputum disposal methods. There is a need for health education regarding proper respiratory hygiene and sputum disposal methods, especially among patients with low educational and socio-economic groups.

Examining the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on women’s health: A survey-based study of menstrual hygiene, pregnancy, and postpregnancy care in the Gonds Tribe of Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Gonds tribe, indigenous to the Sonbhadra region in Uttar Pradesh, India, faces unique challenges and disparities in women’s health, particularly in the domains of menstrual health, pregnancy, and postpregnancy care. This study aims to shed light on the demographic patterns of these critical aspects of women’s health among the Gonds tribe, providing valuable insights for healthcare interventions and policy development. Aim: This study explores the demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting Gond women’s health, focusing on menstrual hygiene and life stages before, during, and after pregnancy. Methodology: We collected data on menstruation wellness behaviors, pregnancy experiences, and postpregnancy care by conducting an extensive survey among Gonds women in the Sonbhadra area. In addition, focus groups and qualitative interviews were used to acquire greater knowledge of the socioeconomic and social factors impacting these health-distinctive characteristics. Result: The Chi-square test shows no significant link between age group and menstrual hygiene product use. Young women (under 18) mostly use cotton cloth (56%). Women aged 18–49 prefer cotton cloth (53.2%). Women 50+ use cotton cloth (43.2%), cotton (29.7%), and sanitary napkins (27%). Marital status affects product use and cycle regularity. Cultural beliefs and education influence healthcare decisions. Menstrual hygiene mainly involves cotton cloth (45%) and cotton (26.1%). Conclusion: In conclusion, our analysis uncovers key insights: Marital status, healthcare access, education, cultural beliefs, and reproductive health practices influence community healthcare decisions. These findings inform tailored interventions to enhance health outcomes and equity.

80 ЛЕТ НА СЛУЖБЕ ЗДОРОВЬЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ РЕБЁНКА В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ

The article discusses the history and mission of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Child Development, Health and Adaptation" (Director – E.N. Pristupa, Doctor of Sciences in Pedagogy, Professor), which was founded in November 1944. The article describes the main stages of the Institute's development, its scientific achievements and contributions to the study of child physiology, school hygiene, preschool education, physical education and hospital pedagogy. The main areas of the Institute's research are presented, including studies of children's morphophysiological development, the development of methods and standards for assessing and improving children's physical and mental health, and the methodological support of innovative approaches to health protection and child development in the educational environment. The article presents in chronological order the main scientific and practical achievements of the Institute, including research on functional development of children, cognitive activity, telemetric recording of heart rate and respiratory parameters, physiological bases of pubertal stages of children, and the development of scientific bases of physical education in educational organizations. The article also highlights the modern research of the Institute. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the significance of the Institute of Child Development, Health and Adaptation as a recognized center of innovation that significantly contributes to the development of science and education, and the role of the Institute in the creation of a healthy and successful society.

Hygiene and Sanitation Implementastion Study (Sleman Market Unit 1 Case Study)

Pasar Unit I Sleman merupakan pasar yang cukup ramai dengan aktivitas jual beli sehingga potensi penularan penyakit antar pengguna pasar dapat terjadi. Penting untuk menerapkan lingkungan pasar yang sehat agar permasalahan yang timbul dari kegiatan di dalamnya dapat diminimalisir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan higiene sanitasi dan kondisi air bersih untuk keperluan higiene sanitasi berdasarkan parameter yang ditentukan. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif dengan mengamati kondisi lingkungan pasar berdasarkan parameter lokasi, kondisi bangunan, sarana sanitasi, PHBS, dan keamanan, serta uji laboratorium terhadap tiga sampel air bersih dengan parameter seperti warna dan bau, tingkat kekeruhan, derajat keasaman ( pH), kandungan logam besi (Fe), daya hantar listrik (DHL), total padatan terlarut (TDS) dan kandungan O2 terlarut. Peraturan dasar yang digunakan adalah Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 17 Tahun 2020 tentang Pasar Sehat, dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 32 Tahun 2017 tentang Baku Baku Air untuk Keperluan Higiene Sanitasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasar Unit I Sleman dinilai sebagai pasar sehat sedang dengan nilai 83,78%. Air bersih untuk higiene sanitasi ketiga sampel dalam kondisi baik yaitu jernih dan tidak berbau, kandungan Fe ketiga sampel 0,5 mg/lt, kadar pH 6,5, DHL dibawah batas maksimal 250 µs/ cm, nilai TDS dibawah 1000 ppm, dan kadar O2 terlarut < 4 mg/lt.

Hygienic assessment of occupational conditions and schedule of railway employees

Introduction. Railway transport is one of the leading branches of the national economy, though more than 50% of the railway employees have to undergo some occupational hazards [1]. In recent years, with the introduction of new technologies, significant changes have occurred in the rolling stock. Up to date research on the hygienic assessment of occupational conditions and schedule of railway employees is needed. The purpose of the study is to investigate the occupational conditions and schedule of railway employees, and to identify the principal occupational hazards. Materials and methods. The materials of the special assessment of the occupational conditions at workplaces in the divisions of the South-Eastern Directorate of Traction, as well as the results of the proper hygienic studies, including railway employees inquiry on occupational hazards (n=300). The analysis of the occupational conditions was carried out according to Guide No. 2.2.2006–05. Results. According to the results of an objective assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, the main occupational hazard is high work intensity. The second most important factor is noise. Profound hygienic studies show that such occupational hazards as vibration, electromagnetic field (EMF), dust, etc. should be paid more attention. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to their volume. The data of the special assessment of the occupational conditions and production control were used for the period of 2019–2023, the sample size of the respondents was 300 employees (2022). Conclusion. According to the results of an objective assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, the main occupational health risk factor is high work intensity accompanied by a shift work schedule. The second most important factor is noise. The results of the questionnaire are generally consistent with the results of the special assessment of occupational conditions of railway employees, but also indicate other occupational hazards the employees to undergo including vibration, gas and dust contamination, exposure to electromagnetic fields, the level of which generally meets the requirements of hygienic standards. The ranking of the railway employees was carried out, occupations at risk of developing general pathological syndromes were identified.

A Comparative Study of Household Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Covariates Across Socioeconomic Strata

Background: Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are essential for a healthy and productive life. High-quality access to these services reduces disease occurrence and spread in communities. Developing countries, including Pakistan, face significant challenges in providing these facilities. This study aims to highlight WASH-related service disparities in Pakistani households based on socioeconomic strata. Methodology: A stratified random sampling strategy was used, with a sample size of 1200 households based on the PDHS 2019 special survey. Descriptive analysis and chi-square tests were conducted to assess the association between wealth quintiles and WASH access. Results: The study found that 82.4% of households had access to improved sources of drinking water. Only 4.8% of households in the lowest quintile had access to improved drinking water sources. Water unavailability for at least one day per week was 13% higher among the lower quintiles. Forty-four percent of households using improved sanitation facilities belonged to the two highest strata, while poorer households predominantly used unimproved sanitation facilities. Conclusion: Lower-quality WASH access is more prevalent among lower wealth quintiles, increasing the risk of disease and infection. Further research is needed to inform policymakers and develop plans to reduce inequalities in access to WASH services.

EFFICACY OF OPTIMIZED REMINERALIZING THERAPY IN POST-COVID-19 PATIENTS: EVALUATION OF RESULTS

Data from Ukrainian researchers confirm that the prevalence of dental caries, even among young people, remains too high, reaching 95-98%. Fortunately, dental caries is reversible in the early stages of the disease, and it is possible to slow down the demineralization of enamel and dentin by inhibiting the formation of biofilm and the action of protective factors of saliva. The most interesting macronutrients that attracted our attention during the study were calcium and phosphorus, which play a key role in the mineralizing function of saliva and are the main structural elements of enamel hydroxyapatites. The results of our study indicate that the enamel mineralization processes are disturbed in patients with COVID-19. To correct the identified disorders and prevent the occurrence and development of carious lesions, we applied an improved algorithm of prophylaxis of dental enamel diseases using remineralizing therapy. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the optimized method of remineralization by studying the dynamics of dental parameters in patients after 6 and 12 months. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, 84 patients were monitored and divided into two equivalent groups: the main group, which included 42 patients who used our proposed preventive method, and the comparison group, which also consisted of 42 patients who were prescribed conventional preventive measures. Research results and discussion. The results obtained after one year of observation of patients with COVID-19 showed significant effectiveness of our proposed method. The increase in caries intensity in the main group after 6 months was 0.39±0.06, and after 12 months 0.44±0.06, while the corresponding index of the comparison group was higher both after 6 months (0.58±0.07) and after 12 months (0.78±0.05). Decrease in caries intensity allowed to establish a significant improvement in oral health in patients in all subgroups. The most significant values were observed after 12 months (66.67%, 37.18%, 28.21% for each subgroup, respectively). The study of oral hygiene using the OHI-S index showed the following results: after 12 months, the patients of the first and second subgroups had corresponding values of 0.67±0.05 and 0.69±0.06, which, according to the interpretation, referred to good hygiene; the patients of the third subgroup were distinguished by the transition to satisfactory hygiene (1.17±0.09) from the initial data of unsatisfactory hygiene (2.46±0.08). Evaluation of enamel resistance according to the TER test revealed a significant migration of indicators towards high and medium resistance: it should be noted that enamel caries resistance in patients with a history of severe form underwent significant changes and decreased to 6.48±0.24 points (from baseline 8.63±0.38), while in patients diagnosed with mild to moderate severity was 2.52±0.19 points (from baseline 4.15±0.22) and 4.68±0.25 (from baseline 6.29±0.31). Conclusions. The results of the analysis of patients' examination during one year of Tooth Mousse gel application for the prevention of dental caries with the use of individual mouth guards confirm the effectiveness of the conducted measures among patients with COVID-19 of different severity.

Risk factors and integrated assessment of health disorders in teachers of rural comprehensive schools

Teaching is an occupation with high stress levels and extremely poor health indicators, which tend to decline as working records become longer. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors able to cause health issues in teachers of rural comprehensive schools and to determine the significance of clinical and laboratory indices as early indicators. The work uses the results of hygienic, clinical and laboratory studies aimed at assessing health and working conditions of teachers employed at comprehensive schools in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Sanitary and hygienic conditions in classrooms of rural comprehensive schools were assessed in conformity with the Guide R 2.2.2006-05. Medical check-ups resulted in 255 various somatic diseases diagnosed in 70 teachers, overall, 3.64 diseases per one examined teacher. Laboratory tests revealed elevated hemoglobin levels in 20.00 % of the examined female teachers and low ones in 8.57 %. Erythrocytosis was established in 64.29 % of the examined teachers. We also established some slight changes in hematocrit levels, which were elevated in 4.29 % and low in 8.57 % of the examined teachers. Accordingly, in case hemoglobin levels were low, erythrocyte indices MCV and МСН went down as well in 30.00–32.86 % of the female teachers. The number of workers with elevated glucose and cholesterol levels went up as their work records grew longer (the correlation coefficients were 0.94÷0.98). Examination of microflora found in the upper airway mucosa revealed clinically significant contamination, which was mostly represented by cocci bacteria, the most significant microorganisms being Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus spp and β-hаemolytic streptococci. Our integrated study has shown that working conditions at workplaces of teachers in rural comprehensive schools do not conform to safety standards as per work hardness and work intensity (intellectual, emotional and sensory loads). The study results confirm high importance of diagnostic methods as indicators of health issues in teachers employed at comprehensive schools. Preventive measures aimed at protecting teachers’ health in rural areas should consider peculiarities of pathomorphosis that determines their health status.

Факторы риска и комплексная оценка нарушений здоровья педагогов общеобразовательных школ в сельской местности

Teaching is an occupation with high stress levels and extremely poor health indicators, which tend to decline as working records become longer. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors able to cause health issues in teachers of rural comprehensive schools and to determine the significance of clinical and laboratory indices as early indicators. The work uses the results of hygienic, clinical and laboratory studies aimed at assessing health and working conditions of teachers employed at comprehensive schools in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Sanitary and hygienic conditions in classrooms of rural comprehensive schools were assessed in conformity with the Guide R 2.2.2006-05. Medical check-ups resulted in 255 various somatic diseases diagnosed in 70 teachers, overall, 3.64 diseases per one examined teacher. Laboratory tests revealed elevated hemoglobin levels in 20.00 % of the examined female teachers and low ones in 8.57 %. Erythrocytosis was established in 64.29 % of the examined teachers. We also established some slight changes in hematocrit levels, which were elevated in 4.29 % and low in 8.57 % of the examined teachers. Accordingly, in case hemoglobin levels were low, erythrocyte indices MCV and МСН went down as well in 30.00–32.86 % of the female teachers. The number of workers with elevated glucose and cholesterol levels went up as their work records grew longer (the correlation coefficients were 0.94÷0.98). Examination of microflora found in the upper airway mucosa revealed clinically significant contamination, which was mostly represented by cocci bacteria, the most significant microorganisms being Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus spp and β-hаemolytic streptococci. Our integrated study has shown that working conditions at workplaces of teachers in rural comprehensive schools do not conform to safety standards as per work hardness and work intensity (intellectual, emotional and sensory loads). The study results confirm high importance of diagnostic methods as indicators of health issues in teachers employed at comprehensive schools. Preventive measures aimed at protecting teachers’ health in rural areas should consider peculiarities of pathomorphosis that determines their health status.

208d - Occupational hygiene studies in the informal sector in Ghana: roadside mechanics shop activities and artisanal & small-scale mining activities

208d - Occupational hygiene studies in the informal sector in Ghana: roadside mechanics shop activities and artisanal & small-scale mining activities

The influence of production factors on the formation of the health of workers in the production of synthetic rubbers, preventive measures

The petrochemical industry, which includes, along with the production of basic chemicals for the production of rubber, occupies one of the leading places in terms of potential chemical hazards to the health of workers. The high prevalence of CNID among workers of petrochemical industries is an important socio-economic problem. The issues of reducing the incidence of chronic non-communicable diseases, including those related to working conditions, the protection and preservation of the health of workers in petrochemical industries dictate the need to develop preventive measures. The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases in synthetic rubber production workers. Clinical and hygienic studies have been carried out in the production of synthetic rubber. Harmful production factors were assessed at 80 workplaces based on the materials of a special assessment of working conditions and production control data. The health status of 674 employees was studied according to the results of periodic medical examinations. The surveyed workers were represented by apparatchiks (33.2 %), locksmiths for the repair of technological equipment (12.8 %), machinists of pumping and compressor units (10.7 %), locksmiths of KIP and A (9.1 %). A number of clinical and laboratory, functional research methods have been used to assess the state of health. At the workplaces of the production of synthetic rubber, an adverse effect of chemicals on the worker’s body in combination with industrial noise, the severity of labor and microclimate in certain working areas has been established. The working conditions of employees of the main professions are assigned to the third class of the first-second degrees of harmfulness (classes 3.1–3.2). It was found that there were 17.3 % of practically healthy individuals. Among the identified chronic non-communicable diseases, the leading place was occupied by diseases of the musculoskeletal system (31.1 %), disorders of the autonomic nervous system (28.7 %), myopia (22.0 %), hypertension (12.2 %) hearing impairment (10.3 %). When evaluating the results of biochemical blood tests, the most pronounced changes were found in the indicators of lipid metabolism. Excess values of total cholesterol were detected in 40.9 % of employees. A complex of therapeutic and preventive measures has been developed aimed at reducing the risk of the formation of chronic non-communicable diseases, including measures of primary and secondary prevention.

Methodological Approaches to Determination of Antibiotics in Water at the Level of Hygienic Standards Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Introduction: The use of antibiotics in medicine and veterinary medicine has led to their accumulation in the natural environment, including source water, and antimicrobial resistance of certain types of bacteria. The development of methods for analyzing antibiotics in aquatic environments is relevant for ensuring tap water quality control at the level of hygienic standards, as well as for studying the process of development and spread of antibiotic resistance. The purpose of the study is to develop a method for determining such antibiotics as macrolides, penicillins, and fluoroquinolones in water at the level of hygienic standards using HPLC/MS-MS. Materials and methods: To elaborate the method, testing was done by HPLC/MS-MS using a liquid chromatograph with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Extraction of antibiotics from various types of water samples (tap, natural) was carried out by solid-phase extraction. Results: We have developed a selective and highly sensitive method for the determination of eight antibiotics in water samples. The extraction efficiency for analytes ranged from 72 to 100 % and measured concentrations – from 0.25 to 2.50 of hygienic standards when analyzing 10 cm3 water samples; the relative error in determining antibiotics in water samples without concentration was 20–24 %, and 24–34 % in case of concentration on Oasis® HLB sorbent. Discussion: Approaches to developing a method for quantification of antibiotics of the penicillin, macrolide and quinolone classes in water by HPLC/MS-MS using solid-phase extraction for sample preparation are considered. The results are consistent with the data of scientific, technical and methodological literature. The advantages of this method include shorter sample preparation time, high sensitivity, and a small sample size. Study limitations: The main limitations are a short sampling period and the insufficient number of water samples tested. Expanding the list of surveyed water bodies on different territories may become a direction for further research to assess the content of antibiotics in aquatic environments. Conclusion: Our method can be used in hygienic studies of residual amounts of antibiotics to assess source water quality.

Oral Hygiene Study in Late Adolescence.

The objective of this study is to determine prevalent behaviors and knowledge of oral hygiene on the late adolescents. Only individuals in the late stage of adolescence, specifically between the ages of 18 and 24, that were students from the "Ovidius" University of Constanta were chosen. The involvement was optional. A printed questionnaire was provided for them to complete. A total of 50 participants took part in this study, consisting of 26% (n=13) males and 74% (n=37) females. When asked about their toothbrush preference, 50% (n=25) individuals indicated using just manual toothbrushes. Out of all individuals who have utilized orthodontic appliances, 70.8% (n=17) reported that the dentist recommended for them to receive professional dental hygiene care while undergoing treatment. 78.0% (n=39) individuals reported participating in oral hygiene meetings and would be interested for additional information regarding the topic. It is essential to provide youngsters with early instruction about the importance of oral hygiene in order to develop long-lasting healthy habits.

Light Planograph for Insolation Energy Characteristics of Buildings and Territory of Multi-Storey Structures Modelling

This article discusses the problems associated with physical and hygienic studies aimed at determining the influence of insolation – an important climatic factor – on the light, radiation and thermal regime of buildings, and territories in urban development. The article proposes the design of an insolation device of a flatbed type, known as a Svetoplanograph‑2, which can be widely used in solving architectural, construction, urban planning, and energy problems in summer in regions with a warm climate. A method of step-by-step assessment of the insolation-light-thermal regime of buildings and territories with a complex morphological structure of buildings, which is a model of the energy characteristics of insolation, has also been developed. The use of a tablet-type device makes it possible to solve practical urban planning tasks, providing an opportunity to calculate and evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the insolation regime in order to improve the environmental and climatic situation in urban buildings and development in the summer. The developed method of forecasting the insolation regime using a tablet-type device is the basis for modelling the energy state of insolation in a human environment in buildings and territories of cities with a hot climate.

Social and hygienic aspects of preserving the labor potential of the Russian Federation grain complex sustainable development

An analysis of the social and hygienic aspects of preserving labor potential as an important component of the sustainable development of the Russian grain complex was carried out. Based on social and hygienic studies, an assessment of the factors of maintaining labor potential during the operation of agricultural machinery is given. It has been established that technical and ergonomic imperfections, moral and physical aging of agricultural machinery create harmful working conditions, the chronic impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases among agricultural machine operators (vibration disease, radiculopathy of the lumbosacral level, sensorineural hearing loss), as well as the development and severity of the course of general diseases (arterial hypertension, respiratory diseases). The interviewed machine operators (95%) associated the deterioration of their health with the negative impact of production factors (r=0.9, p<0.005) and social and living conditions that affect the prestige of agricultural work and the formation of personnel shortages. Technical re-equipment, development of rural infrastructure, ensuring safe working conditions, maintaining health, increasing the social well-being of workers are the main resources for the sustainable development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian economy.

Comparative assessment of the production load of specialists in decoding flaw patterns of removable and mobile flaw detection equipment in railway transport

Introduction. In Russian railway transport, flaw detection is one of the reliable methods for assessing the quality of trackbed condition and the most important component of traffic safety. The working conditions of defectogram interpreters in railway transport refer to a complex form of work organization, because professional activities are carried out year-round in various climatic regions, under conditions of exposure to industrial noise and vibration, magnetic fields, etc., contact ultrasound, etc., as well as a number of factors of an unavoidable nature — work in conditions of moving vehicles.
 The study aims to carry out a comparative assessment of the production load of specialists in decoding flaw patterns of removable and mobile flaw detection equipment in railway transport, depending on intra-group differences in working conditions.
 Materials and methods. The authors conducted industrial physiological and hygienic studies with the participation of operators of flaw detectors with different working conditions - decoders of the stationary Center, flaw inspection vehicles and flaw detection wagons. The study was of a complex nature and was carried out at the workplaces of employees, including in the direct performance of official duties. We used timekeeping, professional, and physiological indicators and recorded indicators of functional systems both remotely and through short-term three inspections during the shift.
 Results. Using the example of decoding engineers, scientists have shown a high production load throughout the entire work shift, characteristic of representatives of all three studied objects, with its greatest severity among employees of the stationary defect decoding center. We noted the greatest deviations in accommodation indicators by the end of the work shift, which indicates fatigue of the visual analyzer, requiring the use of rehabilitation measures.
 Conclusion. There is a high production load and the lack of formation of a stable dynamic stereotype of work, which is associated with a high degree of tension in the work process of employees of all groups of flaw detectors in railway transport. The load is most pronounced among the decoding engineers of the flaw detection centers, which requires the organization of a monitoring system for their professional reliability, optimization of work and rest modes.
 Ethics. We have conducted the study in compliance with Ethical principles and the voluntary consent of the participants.

Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection for the tasks of socio-hygienic monitoring

Introduction. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) refer to the group of priority environmental pollutants that enter the human body by inhalation, orally, through the skin, causing a long-term impact on metabolic processes, chronic and oncological diseases. To assess the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the health of the population, it is actual to evaluate their content in human biological media. 
 The purpose of the study is to develop and apply a methodology for determining the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, anthracene, the 9-methylanthracene, pyrene and benz (a) pyrene) in the blood by a method of highly efficient liquid chromatography with fluoremetric detection (HPLC-FDD) for social and hygienic monitoring problems. 
 Materials and methods. The object of research was biological media (blood samples). Studies on the development of the technique were carried out on the Shimadzu liquid chromatograph with a fluoremetric detector RF-20A. The approximation of the technique was carried out within the framework of deeper studies of children health in residents in territories with various exposure levels.
 Results. The conditions for sample production and parameters of the chromatographic analysis of blood PAH by the HPLC / FDD method were established. The degree of extraction of PAH from the blood by the method of liquid extraction was 77-100%. The analysis of blood PAH showed average group concentrations to be reliably higher (p <0.05) in the biological media in children living in the zone of influence of emissions of industrial enterprises. Priority compounds detected in the blood of the students are pyrene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 
 Limitations are due to the period of selection of biological media of the different age groups in the territories of the Russian Federation with various levels of exposure. The expansion of the list of the populations can become a direction of further research on assessing the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on human health. 
 Conclusion. The developed methodology can be used in hygienic studies for assessing the risk of conditions of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for health of residents in the territories with different anthropogenic loads.

Customizing Sanitization Protocols for Food-Borne Pathogens Based on Biofilm Formation, Surfaces and Disinfectants—Their Two- and Three-Way Interactions

Food-borne pathogens are a serious challenge in food handling, processing, and packaging systems. The growth of microbial biofilms on food handling surfaces further complicates the management of the microbial contamination of food. Microorganisms within biofilms are difficult to eradicate with chemical disinfectants, with an increased likelihood of survival and the subsequent contamination of food. Therefore, a biofilm approach is needed in food safety and hygiene studies. Since many factors, such as strain, cell density, surface type and texture, environmental stress, and so forth, can affect biofilm formation and disinfectant efficacy, we evaluated the responses of biofilms formed by three food-borne bacterial pathogens on eight hard surfaces to seven chemical disinfectants. The three bacteria showed different capacities to colonize the surfaces. Similarly, chemical disinfectants also varied in efficacy, on surfaces and with pathogen species. One-, two-, and three-way interactions of strain, surface, and disinfectant were observed. The results generated demonstrate that the fine-tuning of sanitization strategies along the food production, processing, and packaging chain can be achieved in specific scenarios by accounting for two- and three-way interactions among bacteria, surface, and disinfectant.

Hygienic study and forecast of atmospheric air pollution with sulfur compounds in the areas of sulfide-containing tailings

This article is devoted to the topical problem of the release into the atmosphere of mixtures of sulfur compounds from decommissioned facilities for the disposal of waste from the processing of sulfide ores of non-ferrous and noble metals. The purpose of the research was a hygienic study and forecast of atmospheric air pollution by volatile sulfur compounds emitted by decommissioned waste disposal facilities for processing sulfide ores of non-ferrous and precious metals, for information support of the system of medical and preventive technologies in mining regions. The objects of the study were two decommissioned tailing dumps of enterprises for the processing of gold ores. The assessment of the actual pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere with dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide was carried out according to under-flare observations. Non-linear models given by second and third order polynomials were used to predict pollution levels. A theoretical analysis of the in ‑ formation presented in the scientific literature on the interaction of structural elements of natural and technical systems that make up the mechanism of atmospheric pollution at the post-operational stage of mining technogenesis has been carried out. Based on a systematic analysis of under-flare observations conducted in the areas of location of two tailings of gold ore production, lists of priority sulfur compounds to be controlled, distinctive features of zonal atmospheric pollution for different forms of terrain adjacent to the sources were identified, non-linear models of the distribution of concentrations of priority pollutants in the surface were constructed. layer of the atmosphere, allowing a probabilistic quantitative assessment of pollution halos and inhalation risks to public health. The scientific information obtained as a result of a comprehensive study is intended for information support of the system of medical and preventive technologies in mining regions.

The object of study of hygiene in the texts published in Spain in the 19th CENTURY

The object of study of hygiene in the texts published in Spain in the 19th CENTURY