Hygiene Safety Research Articles

EDUKASI KESEHATAN DALAM MENERAPKAN HIGIENE SANITASI DAN KEAMANAN MAKANAN JAJANAN DI PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA PADANGSIDIMPUAN

Consumption of food can be dangerous for health, because food can be a source of transmission or cause of health problems. The National Poisoning Information Center (SIKer) of the National Food and Drug Administration (2014) shows that there were 29 incidents of food poisoning in January-March 2014. A total of 5 incidents of poisoning due to consuming food snacks. Street food is food that is sold at street stalls, roadside, in public places, residential areas and other similar locations. The purpose of this PKM is to provide health education in implementing sanitation hygiene and food safety in traditional markets in Padangsidimpuan City. PKM activities are carried out using the health education method by using a checklist sheet to snack food traders at Sagumpal Bonang Market. The results of this counseling activity were continued by providing an evaluation to the hawker food vendors at Sagumpal Bonang Market, namely questions and answers about the material provided. There were a number of questions given by the extension worker to the hawker food vendors at Sagumpal Bonang Market. Based on the answers given, it shows that the hawker food vendors at Sagumpal Bonang Market understand the material provided by the extension workers. The PKM activities carried out went well. Snack food vendors at Sagumpal Bonang Market who took part in the activity seemed enthusiastic in participating in the counseling activity. The result of this activity is increasing public knowledge and educating the community about sanitation hygiene and food safety.

Comparing Spanish-Style and Natural Fermentation Methods to Valorise Carolea, Nocellara Messinese and Leccino as Table Olives

This paper presents the results of the transformation into table olives of drupes belonging to three Italian cultivars: Carolea, Leccino and Nocellara Messinese, widely used for virgin olive oil production, by using the two most common methods to produce fermented table olives: the Spanish-style method (SS) and the natural fermentation (NF). The most suitable drupes as table olives due to their flesh-to-pit ratio and high-weight fruits were Nocellara Messinese olives. From the results obtained, it was highlighted that fermentation must be improved by using a selected starter culture that can drive the fermentation by rapid acidification. In fact, the long time required by NF results in a lower pH close to the hygienic safety limit but not low enough to be considered as a stable product, while the fast fermentation obtained by treating the olives with lye solution resulted in pH values that were too high. The sugar content in all table olives was almost null, and the sensory evaluation showed that SS olives were less bitter than NF olives. Moreover, NF olive-flesh samples showed a higher amount of healthy phenolic compounds than SS olives, whose phenolic content was drastically affected by the alkaline treatment and the successive washing steps.

Use of Somatic Coliphages in Biosensoring of Hygiene Safety of Recycled Wastewater

Outflows from secondary stages of conventional mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) still contain significant concentrations of faecal pollution indicators suggesting the potential presence of pathogenic organisms. The decrease in the concentration of somatic coliphages and bacterial indicators of faecal pollution during the technological stages (coagulation, sand filtration, membrane ultrafiltration, sorption on granular activated carbon, disinfection, accumulation) of a semi-operational plant designed for multi-stage tertiary treatment or rather recycling of treated wastewater was monitored and discussed. During the tertiary treatment, faecal bacteria indicators were better removed than somatic coliphages, hence the inclusion of somatic indicators among faecal pollution indicators in water quality control for reuse is entirely appropriate. Subsequent tertiary treatment, including disinfection, is essential for safe reuse of treated water.

Knowledge and Attitude of Students at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Regarding Hygiene and Food Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Coronaviridae is a peculiar viral family with a vast ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome and characteristic appearance, endowed with an astonishing tendency to transfer from animals to humans. Various factors can affect preventing this emerging disease and controlling its severity. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of students of Ardabil University of Medical Science (ARUMS) bout hygiene and food safety and their association with COVID-19 disease. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study used an online questionnaire by random sampling, and the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 22. In this study, the statistical population was the students of ARUMS, and 100 (59 females and 41 males) students were selected from all the university students. A non-parametric test (Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney), chi-square and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was a significant correlation between gender (male and female) and the level of understanding in three categories (weak, moderate, and good) (P = 0.048). However, there was no significant relationship with the variable of attitude. Determining the correlation between the variables of students’ knowledge and perspective with the Pearson correlation test revealed that the intersection between hygiene and food safety variables with the variables of awareness, attitude, and COVID-19 is significant. Conclusions: Having appropriate behaviors and knowledge about eating habits is essential for medical students who are constantly faced with high-risk environments regarding pathogens and need to strengthen their immune system and keep it at the desired level.

Stethoscope Hygiene, Workflow, and Patient Safety: The Crux of Healthcare Associated Infections

Background: Alcohol based hand cleaners are installed throughout almost every health care facility in support of hand hygiene. However, despite numerous attempts, no study has ever demonstrated this strategy is effective for the stethoscope, which carries the same pathogens. Recently, a touch free disposable barrier stethoscope diaphragm system became available (The Disk Cover; Aseptiscope, Inc, San Diego, CA). Our objective was to perform a pilot feasibility trial to evaluate the impressions and perceived workflow consequences of its installation in the clinical environment. Patients and Methods: Beginning in 2020, we performed a volunteer survey given to aseptic stethoscope diaphragm barrier users in multiple US healthcare facilities. A 10-question survey was presented on an iPad near the aseptic barrier dispenser, which was usually located in the patient’s exam room, to be available immediately after the practitioner completed their examination, which included the use of the stethoscope barrier. This evaluation was considered as a quality improvement project and was exempt from IRB approval. For this analysis, only one survey per practitioner was included. Data presented as means (standard deviation). Results: Overall 147 surveys obtained from seven institutions geographically distributed across the US, shortly after placement of the Disk Cover system in the patient care environment. Responses were generally positive, and included ease of use (93.5% rated easy or very easy), comparison to a disposable stethoscope (100% as similar to, improved over, or significant improvement), work-flow changes (63.9% improvement, 97.6% no impact or improved) and perceived effect on patient safety (93.5% felt patient safety was improved or significantly improved). Conclusions: The use of a touch-free aseptic stethoscope barrier system was reported as easy to use, superior to a disposable stethoscope, and was an improvement to practitioner workflow and perceived patient safety

Monitoring the Trends in Intestinal Parasite Frequencies; 2018 and 2022 Data

Monitoring intestinal parasite frequencies is effective on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies to be developed against these parasites. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the parasite species and frequency data of stool samples in parasitology direct diagnosis laboratory. Stool parasitological examination results were obtained retrospectively from our laboratory internal quality control data tables. Data belonging to the year 2018 and 2022 were compared retrospectively. Annual parasites detected in stool samples were 388 of 4.518, and 710 of 3.537, in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Frequency of parasite detection in stool samples was found to be significantly higher in 2022 (p<0.0001). Number of stools with more than one parasite was 12 and 30 in 2018 and 2022, respectively. Incidence of infection with more than one parasite was significantly higher in 2022 (p=0.0003). Five most common parasite species were Blastocystis spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica in 2018, respectively; and Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis spp., Cyclospora spp., Entamoeba dispar and Giardia intestinalis, in 2022, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Entamoeba dispar increased significantly, while Blastocystis spp. and Enterobius vermicularis decreased significantly, in 2022. According to the data obtained, causative agents for intestinal parasitic infections were protozoans, especially Cryptosporidium spp. It has been concluded that tightening the measures for protection of water with one health approach and improving the education and habits of society on personal hygiene and food safety can be effective in reducing the frequency of intestinal parasite infections in our region.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of tomato retailers towards hygiene and food safety in Harar and Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

In this study, we assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to tomato hygiene and food safety, among tomato vendors in the Ethiopian cities of Harar and Dire Dawa. From a total of 1498 tomato retail market vendors identified in the two cities through vendor mapping exercises, 151 outlets were randomly selected for a cross-sectional KAP survey on tomato handling, marketing, loss due to damage, safety, and hygienic practice. Tomato vendors claimed that they knew about food safety and hygiene, and risks associated with raw tomatoes. We found considerable variation in food safety knowledge, barriers, and practices during handling and marketing. The major concern of tomato traders in terms of food safety for vegetables was contamination with dirt. Around 17% of street vendors did not know about the importance of water quality and cleanliness for food safety. About 20% of tomato traders washed tomatoes after they purchased them and 43% and 14% of respondents who practiced tomato washing revealed that they cannot get the quantity and quality of water needed, respectively. Tomatoes were displayed in direct sunlight in about 85% of stalls. About 37% of vendors said rodents were present at night and could contact surfaces tomatoes are displayed on. For about 40% of outlets one or more flies were seen to be present on a third to two-thirds of their tomatoes. Overall, 40% of respondents reported they do not have adequate toilet facilities and 20% of those that use a toilet do not have water for washing hands after. The study identified areas that should be targeted by interventions aiming to improve food safety in this setting, however, without improvements in basic infrastructure to provide the pre-requisites for food safety the impact of small-scale food safety interventions may be limited.

On the issue of hygienic safety of new complex fertilizers with trace elements

Introduction. Currently, the most popular in agricultural production are complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. The inclusion of trace elements in fertilizers improves plant nutrition, optimizes the effect of fertilizers. At the same time, trace elements are added to the fertilizer in the form of salts, in ionic form, most often, sulfates belonging to substances of hazard class 1-2, which can affect the toxicity of fertilizers and the safety of their production and use. To prevent a possible negative impact on human health and the environment for production, sale and use, it is necessary to conduct toxicological studies included in the state registration procedure. The aim of the study is to study the nature of the toxic effect on the body of laboratory animals (rats, rabbits, guinea pigs) of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements. Material and methods. Samples of liquid agrochemicals (preparations No. 1, No. 4, No. 5) and solid (preparations No. 2, No. 3) with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and different composition of trace elements in the form of salts were taken for research. The experimental work was performed on 90 nonlinear, sexually mature white male rats weighing 200-220 g, 30 purebred male rabbits weighing 3000-3500 g and 90 male guinea pigs weighing 350-400 g. During the work, existing methodological approaches and recommendations were used, including generally accepted informative methods of toxicological and statistical studies. Results. Based on the conducted studies, the parameters of acute oral and dermal toxicity, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, sensitizing effect of 5 samples of complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements were established. For all studied drugs, acute oral toxicity (LD50) &gt; 5000 mg/kg body weight, acute dermal toxicity (LD50) &gt; 2500 mg/kg body weight, mild irritating effect on the skin of rats (the average group-wide total score of the severity of the skin-irritating effect was 0.7 points for drugs No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 and 0.5 points for drugs No. 2 and No. 3), mild irritating effect on the mucous membranes rabbit eye shells (the average cumulative score of the severity of the irritating effect of samples of liquid fertilizers No. 1, No. 4, No. 5 was 1-3 points, solid fertilizers No. 2, No. 3 - 1-2 points), the absence of a sensitizing effect in guinea pigs within the standard research protocol (reactions of specific leukocyte lysis (RSLL) showed negative skin tests in guinea pigs of all experimental groups; the relative percentage of lysis did not exceed 10%). Research limitation. The definition of the hazard class was revealed in the study of the acute toxic effect of new complex chlorine-free mineral fertilizers with trace elements on the body of laboratory animals. Conclusion. Generalization of all the obtained results of experimental toxicological studies of complex chlorine-free nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers with trace elements from the point of view of hygienic safety allows them to be classified as moderately dangerous substances (hazard class - 3).

Preservation practices and safety of fresh shrimp (Penaeus notialis) sold in Beninese markets

The microbiological characteristics of fresh shrimps during storage in ice (FSPI) (1–4.5 °C) and at ambient temperature (FSKAT) (27.5–29.5 °C) was evaluated in Beninese selling market conditions to assess hygiene and shrimp safety in artisanal preservation practices. Furthermore, samples of FSPI and FSKAT sold at the retail markets were collected and analyzed using bacteriological and physicochemical methods. The acceptable limits for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) [7.0 Log10 (CFU/g)] and trimethylamine (TMA) (5 mg/100 g) were exceeded after 12 days (FSPI) and 9 h (FSKAT). Most market samples (75% FSPI, 92% FSKAT) were non-compliant with the acceptable limit for AMB. The maximal limits specified were exceeded regarding Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and Salmonella, up to 75%, 92%, and 42%, respectively (FSKAT) and 33%, 67%, and 75% (FSPI). About 33% (FSPI) and 58% (FSKAT) samples were non-compliant with the TMA limit. All the samples were within the acceptable limits of histamine and tyramine. However, training stakeholders in good handling and hygienic practices is necessary.

ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-PROTEIN QUALITY FEED ADDITIVES FROM BY-PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE OF SUNFLOWER OIL

The article states that until 2022, Ukraine will occupy the first place in the world food market in the production of sunflower, sunflower oil and export of sunflower oil. The production of sunflower has always been sufficiently profitable, and the products of its processing competitive on the domestic and world markets. They are also an important component of food and feed protein resources. The production of complete ration compound feed for farm animals and poultry is restrained by a shortage of protein components, a low level of sanitary and hygienic safety of protein raw materials of animal origin. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of feed, their costs and, as it should be, a shortage of livestock products. Cake and meal are high-protein raw materials, which are obtained in the amount of 1/3 of the mass of processed seeds during the production of sunflower oil. The fodder value of sunflower cake and meal is given. Factors that negatively affect the nutritional value and availability of nutrients of sunflower meal in the feed of farm animals and poultry were analyzed. The choice of components for the production of high-protein feed additive is theoretically justified. The indicators of the quality of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing, which meet the requirements of DSTU, have been determined. On the basis of theoretical and experimental data, a structural scheme for the production of a high-protein feed supplement based on sunflower cake and meal is proposed, which involves the preliminary preparation of the by-products of sunflower oil production - cake and meal, with the following dosage in the amount: 75% sunflower meal, 10% sunflower cake and 15% limestone flour. The physical properties and microbiological indicators of the quality of a highprotein feed additive were experimentally determined, and it was determined that, compared to a loose, granular high-protein feed additive, it has the following advantages: increased nutritional value, has a greater volumetric weight, sanitary quality, which leads to saving space during transportation and better storage.

Antimicrobial and Flame-Retardant Coatings Prepared from Nano- and Microparticles of Unmodified and Nitrogen-Modified Polyphenols.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the structures and functional properties of tannin- and lignin-derived nano- and microparticles and the coatings prepared from them. Nanoparticles prepared from technical lignins and water-insoluble tannin obtained from softwood bark showed large differences in the suspension testing of antibacterial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. A common factor among the most effective lignin nanoparticles was a relatively low molar mass of the lignin, but that alone did not guarantee high efficacy. Tannin nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity both in suspension testing and as coatings applied onto cellulose. The nanoparticles of nitrogen-modified tannin and the small microparticles of nitrogen-modified kraft lignin exhibited promising flame-retardant parameters when applied as coatings on cellulose. These results illustrate the potential of nano- and microsized particles of unmodified and chemically modified polyphenols to provide functional coatings to cellulosic substrates for environments and applications with high hygiene and fire safety requirements.

Prevalence and Virulence Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chicken Meat and Ready to Eat Chicken Products to Assess Hygiene and Consumer Safety

Background: Meat and meat products are good source of proteins and essential amino acids for health. These products are contaminated with various pathogens like S. aureus, Salmonella spp, E coli and Listeria spp., S. aureus is one of most important food borne pathogen associated with food products. The present study was carried out to estimate prevalence of S. aureus and their molecular characterization in raw chicken meat and ready-to-eat chicken products in Jabalpur city. Methods: The samples were collected from different retails outlets and processed as per standard microbiological procedures for isolation of S. aureus and subjected further for molecular characterization and processed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus. A total of 100 raw chicken meat and 70 ready to eat chicken meat products (chicken samosa, momos, pattis, tikka, barbeque etc.) have been collected. Result: The overall prevalence of S. aureus was observed 38.82% with 38.00% in raw chicken meat and 40.00% in ready-to-eat chicken (RTE) products. The molecular study revealed that all the S. aureus isolates were positive for 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Out of 66 isolates, 27 (71.05%) from raw chicken meat and 12 (42.85%) from ready to eat chicken meat products isolates were found to be positive for sea gene where as 3 (7.8%) isolates from raw chicken meat and 6 (21.42%) from ready-to-eat chicken products were found positive for nuc gene respectively.

High-Rise Residential Outdoor Space Value System: A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta Area

The outbreak of COVID-19 has drawn wider attention from residents with growing demand for outdoor space in residential areas because of restrictions on residents' mobility, especially in China. However, the high-rise residential complex in China is featured with a high population density along with less outdoor space per household. This means that the current status of outdoor space in residential areas is far from satisfying residents' growing needs. This is consistent with our preliminary survey that highlights general low satisfaction of residents with outdoor space. According to the hierarchical theory of needs, a literature review, and a questionnaire survey, a framework is proposed in this study to examine the universal value system of high-rise residential outdoor space using the Yangtze River Delta Area as a case study. This framework consists of six dimensions, i.e., space physical comfort (physical environment and space size), space function (functional complexity and scale, age-range, and time-range), space safety (daily, social, and hygiene safety), space diversity (spatial layerings, forms, and scales diversity), accessibility (spatial attraction and concentration and path clarity) and sustainability (cultural, social, ecological, and financial sustainability). Consequently, a questionnaire was designed according to the framework and 251 valid questionnaires were received. Then, structural equation modeling (SEM) was undertaken to examine the impact of each dimension on the value of outdoor space and the framework was optimized into four dimensions, i.e., space physical comfort, space function, space safety, and DAT (space diversity, accessibility, and sustainability). Finally, the mechanism of how outdoor space quality influences the high-rise residential complex is analyzed. These findings provide useful input for the future planning and design of high-rise residential areas.

A Kitchen Standard Dress Detection Method Based on the YOLOv5s Embedded Model

In order to quickly and accurately detect whether a chef is wearing a hat and mask, a kitchen standard dress detection method based on the YOLOv5s embedded model is proposed. Firstly, a complete kitchen scene dataset was constructed, and the introduction of images for the wearing of masks and hats allows for the low reliability problem caused by a single detection object to be effectively avoided. Secondly, the embedded detection system based on Jetson Xavier NX was introduced into kitchen standard dress detection for the first time, which accurately realizes real-time detection and early warning of non-standard dress. Among them, the combination of YOLOv5 and DeepStream SDK effectively improved the accuracy and effectiveness of standard dress detection in the complex kitchen background. Multiple sets of experiments show that the detection system based on YOLOv5s has the highest average accuracy of 0.857 and the fastest speed of 31.42 FPS. Therefore, the proposed detection method provided strong technical support for kitchen hygiene and food safety.

Brewing potential of strains of the boreal wild yeast Mrakia gelida.

Demand for low- or non-alcoholic beers has been growing in recent years. Thus, research is increasingly focusing on non-Saccharomyces species that typically are only able to consume the simple sugars in wort, and therefore have a limited production of alcohol. In this project, new species and strains of non-conventional yeasts were sampled and identified from Finnish forest environments. From this wild yeast collection, a number of Mrakia gelida strains were selected for small-scale fermentation tests and compared with a reference strain, the low-alcohol brewing yeast Saccharomycodes ludwigii. All the M. gelida strains were able to produce beer with an average of 0.7% alcohol, similar to the control strain. One M. gelida strain showing the most promising combination of good fermentation profile and production of desirable flavor active compounds was selected for pilot-scale (40 L) fermentation. The beers produced were matured, filtered, carbonated, and bottled. The bottled beers were then directed for in-house evaluation, and further analyzed for sensory profiles. The beers produced contained 0.6% Alcohol by volume (ABV). According to the sensory analysis, the beers were comparable to those produced by S. ludwigii, and contained detectable fruit notes (banana and plum). No distinct off-flavors were noted. A comprehensive analysis of M. gelida's resistance to temperature extremes, disinfectant, common preservatives, and antifungal agents would suggest that the strains pose little risk to either process hygiene or occupational safety.

Evaluation of Meat Safety Practices and Hygiene among Different Butcheries and Supermarkets in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Good hygienic practices are required to reduce the risk of microbial contamination during meat processing. We evaluated good hygiene and meat safety practices among different village butcheries (6), commercial butcheries (8), and supermarkets (18) through direct personal observations. The supermarkets and commercial butcheries wore personal protective equipment (PPE) and used proper waste procedures. Moreover, there were pest control devices, a safe water supply, and staff handling money away from meat. At village butcheries, wearing hairnets and aprons, and the display of raw meat being separate from offal were identified as good practices. The irregular washing of hands (67%), less use of gloves (83%), wearing of open sandals (67%) and jewelry (33%), use of the same coat for different activities (100%), lack of paper towels (100%) and pest control devices (67%) and mismanagement of waste (33%) were practices that led to unsafe meat handling. Our study identified good meat safety practices at supermarkets. A combination of good and unhygienic meat handling practices were identified at commercial and village butcheries. These findings suggest a need for intervention through training on food safety in order to improve the hygienic practices of meat handling along the beef supply chain, more especially in commercial and village butcheries.

A survey study on the assessment of food handler’s compliance to personal hygiene practices regulation in selected Malaysia food outlets

Food safety remains a major issue around the world particularly when the COVID-19 pandemic becomes the main issue nowadays. Food safety is essential to the human population worldwide because food is the primary energy source and nutrition for humans. Therefore, food handlers' personal hygiene is one of the factors that are necessary to maintain food safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the food handler’s compliance with personal hygiene practices in randomly any food outlets across Malaysia including Kuching, Sarawak; Lawas, Sarawak; Johor Bahru, Johor; Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and Gurun, Kedah. A quantitative method, a cross-sectional descriptive study to one thousand and five (N = 1005) food handlers who participated in the questionnaire and observation checklist was developed by modifying questions in accordance with the Food Hygiene Regulations 2009. Overall, the mean percentage of conformity in adhering to food handler attire was the highest observed at Gurun, Kedah and Kuala Penyu, Sabah with 86.96% and 80.79%, respectively, followed by Kuching, Sarawak with 77.5%, Johor Bahru with 76.71%, and Lawas, Sarawak with 74.93%. Personal hygiene practices conformity showed a high mean percentage with all districts scoring &gt;91% higher than non-conformity. The food handlers also show less unhygienic behaviour while on duty and scored a mean percentage of &gt; 92%. Although in that positive behaviour, some of the food handlers did not perform some unhygienic practices (≤ 8 %). In conclusion, there is no significant difference (p-value &gt; 0.05) in the level of conformity between the mean percentages among all districts. Thus, this issue shall raise a concern to the food industries in order to make sure their workers comply with the legal requirement and to avoid any food poisoning outbreak related to food hygiene and food safety in the future.

Installation of an ultrafiltration plant in a multi-family house to reduce the hot-water temperature and energy demand: A case study in Germany

Hot-water generation complicates energy efficiency and emission reduction efforts in buildings. High water temperatures are designated for thermal disinfection to prevent human harm from pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, almost 200 Mt CO2 are annually emitted in the US, Germany and Canada. Heat pumps can replace fossil energies. However, lower temperatures are required to enhance efficiencies.In this case study, the hot-water temperature of the drinking-water installation of a retrofitted multi-family house was decreased by 5 °C to 50 °C. For physical separation of microorganisms, an ultrafiltration plant was installed in the hot-water circulation. To control hygienic safety, microbiological conditions were assessed by laboratory methods such as the cultivation of Legionella spp. and counting of total cells using flow cytometry. The filtrated hot-water was constantly Legionella-free. The cleaning effect of ultrafiltration was 91.15%. Cold-water was not filtrated so that contaminations occurred. As cold- and hot-water pipes (including circulation) are embedded in the same riser strands, temperature transfer occurred promoting bacterial growth. An energy demand calculation revealed that heat losses of the distribution network accounted for 55.25% of the total heat quantity required for hot-water generation. The actual heat up process of water and storage losses constituted 42.74% or 2.01%. Lowering the water temperature by 5 °C saved 7355 kWh yr−1 (equiv. to 1.77 t CO2e yr−1) in this multi-family house. Extrapolation of this case building results in a saving potential of 7.78–14.50 TWh yr−1 (equiv. to 1.87–3.48 Mt CO2e yr−1) in Germany alone, if the energy source is natural gas.

Biotesting for the objectivization of the hygienic evaluation of the surface and underground drinking water sources

Introduction. An algorithm for evaluating the hygienic safety of drinking water sources based on biotesting and studying sanitary and chemical indicators has been developed and tested. Materials and methods. The research methods included sanitary and chemical analysis of water samples, as well as biotesting methods using single-celled green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer and bull spermatozoa. Results. For experimental approbation of the developed algorithm for determining the hygienic safety of water based on a two-component system of express biotesting and measurement of sanitary and chemical indicators, 6 underground and 5 surface water sources were evaluated. The response of test objects indicating the presence of acute toxicity in water samples taken from surface and underground in many cases correlates with the excess of MPC for individual indicators identified by sanitary and chemical analysis. For two water samples, differences were found between the results of biotesting and sanitary-chemical analysis, and therefore it is necessary to conduct an extended toxicological and chemical assessment to identify the source of toxic effects. Limitations. The two-component test system cannot be used separately without sanitary and chemical analysis of water media. Conclusion. Biotesting can be an addition to sanitary and chemical analyses, showing the presence of toxic substances that are not in the list of mandatory indicators to be determined (according to MR 2.1.4.0176-20 (in Russian)).

Analysis Homestay Management During Covid-19 Pandemic in Kebangsaan Tourism Village Wonorejo

This study aims to analyze the homestay management during the covid-19 pandemic in the Kebangsaan Tourism Village Wonorejo. The existence of homestays is very important to support tourist activities, such as extending the length of stay of tourists. Homestay was developed from 2017 and continues to increase and has an impact on the local economy. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, management has implemented health protocols in accordance with government recommendations. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the management of homestays during the covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted with a descriptive-qualitative approach. The data analysis technique used the POAC management theory (planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling) to obtain the results of homestay management during the Covid-19 pandemic in the application of CHSE. The results of the study show that the management of homestays in the Kebangsaan Tourism Village during the Covid-19 pandemic has not implemented CHSE. Some have taken basic infection prevention measures such as encouraging frequent hand washing, providing hand sanitizer, urging employees to stay home if they are sick, preparing extra tissues and trash containers in public areas, increasing time in room maintenance. In addition, several managements have also implemented hygiene and environmental safety, such as: cleaning surfaces that look dirty followed by disinfection and performing additional cleaning on all frequently touched areas. Management has not implemented social distancing. Management needs training and socialization in implementing CHSE for homestay management.