Hygienic Requirements Research Articles

Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen Depot Air Minum yang Terpapar Bacteri Escherichia Coli

This study aims to analyze the legal protection given to consumers of drinking water depots who experience losses due to exposure to Escherichia coli bacteria. The research method used is a normative juridical method by analyzing the Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 regarding legal protection for consumers of drinking water depots. However, to support normative juridical research, empirical research is also needed to determine how the management of drinking water depots is carried out. The results of the study show that legal protection for drinking water depot consumers who are exposed to Escherichia coli bacteria is contained in various laws and regulations, such as the Consumer Protection Act and the Minister of Health Regulation concerning Water Quality Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene and Recreation Purposes. However, there are several obstacles in providing legal protection for consumers of drinking water depots, such as the lack of law enforcement against violations related to drinking water quality and the lack of public awareness of the importance of consuming safe and healthy drinking water. Therefore, efforts from the government and society are needed to increase awareness of the importance of drinking water quality and law enforcement against violations related to drinking water quality.

Control activities for health and hygiene requirements in National Police collective catering.

The primary aim of this work is to standardize the procedures for the handling, preparation, and distribution of food and beverages in collective catering within National Police structures. Therefore, its purpose is to offer aid for the assessment and implementation of procedures regarding the catering services activities carried out in canteens and bars located within the National Police areas. A checklist was elaborated to establish criteria and methods to verify these activities, to assess and enhance the effectiveness of the control system, and subsequently, to enable the implementation of any corrective measure, with the aim of ensuring the consumption of healthy food and preventing the occurrence of food-borne diseases as a result. The study was carried out in 2022 in 6 National Police canteens located in Central Italy and managed by a contractor for the specific service. These structures serve an average of 300 meals daily, divided into 1-3 ordinary meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The examined canteens reported 3 minor non-conformities, 3 major non-conformities, and no critical non-conformities. This report regards the analysis of detected issues and corrective measures concerning catering hygiene in the Police Force to ensure food safety. To date, no guidelines have allegedly been established for the regulation of the procedures for carrying out the periodical mandatory inspection of collective catering operations. The results of this paper showed a well-controlled management of these activities concerning the hygiene and infrastructural aspects of the food chain.

The COVID-19 pandemic and leisure providers—Challenges, opportunities and adaptation strategies for ski area operators in Austria

The COVID-19 crisis and the related nationwide lockdowns reduced the available types of physical activity, especially in the winter season. Besides closed indoor sports facilities, some outdoor sports were also inaccessible because of curfews and/or the closure of outdoor sports facilities. However, in Austria, the operation of alpine ski areas was permitted even during the full lockdown in the winter season 2020/21, albeit under strict hygiene requirements and capacity restrictions. This posed a challenge for ski area operators, with those heavily dependent on foreign multi-day guests facing severe declines in demand due to closed accommodation and closed borders while others were challenged by demand pressures from nearby population centers. We therefore want to examine how Austrian ski area operators managed these challenges, how they evaluated this extraordinary season and whether these new experiences and established measures can be used to improve customer experience in the future. We used a mixed-methods approach with a quantitative survey (n = 65) and follow-up qualitative interviews with managers (n = 20) of Austrian ski areas. For 75% of respondents, the reason for keeping the ski areas open, despite the fact that 95 % suffered average revenue declines of 80%, was to provide an outlet for physical activity for the local population. Respondents noticed a lot of gratitude and growing trust from local customers that could be used to increase the approval of tourism in the local population. The COVID-19 pandemic has also advanced the spread of technological innovations in the cable car industry, such as online ticketing and dynamic pricing. Furthermore, the COVID-19 crisis has continued to drive the sustainability debate around ski resorts. Customers are seeking further deceleration resulting in a stronger focus on qualitative rather than quantitative development for Austrian ski area operators.

ANALISIS KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) DAN ARSEN (As) PADA AIR GAMBUT DI DESA RASAU JAYA KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

One of the abundant water resources on the island of Kalimantan is peat water, because peatlands are widely distributed in West Kalimantan, especially in Kubu Raya Regency. Residents living in peat swamps in parts of Kalimantan, especially in the area of Rasau Jaya Village, Kubu Raya Regency, use peatlands as a residence and land for plantations and agriculture, so that they use dug wells in the form of peat water and are widely used by local residents to carry out daily activities days such as washing, bathing, cooking and so on. Heavy metals in the form of Pb and As are pollutants that are difficult to degrade and even tend to accumulate in the body of exposed living things. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of Pb and As metals in peat water in Rasau Jaya Village, Kubu Raya Regency. The research design used is descriptive method. The population in this study was peat water in the area of Rasau Jaya Village, Kubu Raya Regency. A sample of 10 peat well water samples from the Dusun Kebun Jeruk residents, Rasau Jaya Village, Kubu Raya Regency. The results were obtained based on Permenkes RI RI No. 32 of 2017 Concerning Environmental Health Standard Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Hygiene, Swimming Pool, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths used for clean well water samples that met 40% quality standards, namely Well 3, 6, 8 and 9.

The assessment of quality of groundwater used for drinking by the population of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia

Aim. Features of the geological structure of the region determine the diversity of the chemical composition of groundwater, represented by springs in the mountainous part of the Republic of Dagestan and artesian waters in the plains. The content of some contaminants in drinking water can affect public health and have negative consequences. The purpose of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the regional characteristics of groundwater and substantiate their compliance with hygienic standards for the quality of drinking water. Materials and methods. More than 500 samples of drinking water were taken on the territory of the republic and analysed in the analytical laboratories of the Institute for Problems of Geothermy and Renewable Energy, a branch of the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Geology of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Assessment of carcinogenic risks to public health was carried out in accordance with Guideline 2.1.10.1920‐04.Results. In some mountainous settlements increased values of hardness (up to 14) were revealed, as well as iodide deficiency almost everywhere. In the underground waters of lowland settlements, an increased content of phenols, cadmium and arsenic was revealed.Conclusion. The use of groundwater by the population for drinking purposes in mountainous areas is possible with the preliminary implementation of appropriate water softening measures and preventive measures among the population related to the replenishment of iodine deficiency. The underground waters of the lowland areas do not meet the hygienic requirements for content of arsenic, cadmium and phenols and the carcinogenic risks for the population are at a level unacceptable for the population.

STUDY GUIDE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN

The article deals with the essence and requirements for developing and creating a new type of educational publication – a study guide for students of grades 1-2 of general secondary education institutions, designed to replace current textbooks on the Ukrainian language and Reading, and Mathematics. This study guide will implement the functions of a textbook and a workbook. Based on the analysis of the purpose of the specified publication as a textbook and workbook, there have been formulated the generalized requirements for this type of educational literature. Firstly, a study guide is to comply with the educational program of the specified educational subject or integrated course. Secondly, the study guide has to be developed taking into account the principles of national orientation, child-centeredness, forming the subject and key competencies, motivational support, and developmental orientation. Thirdly, it should be developed on basis of Ukrainian studies and include a combination of universal and national values. Fourthly, it should diversify the activities of schoolchildren on educational material, in particular, provide for work in pairs and groups.
 There have been outlined the requirements for illustrating such books. They include the general ones, which relate to the illustration of educational publications in general (requirements for the connection of illustrative material with the text and other structural components of a study guide. Here also belong the special ones (adaptation of the visual series of a study guide to the age characteristics of primary school students, a set of hygienic requirements for the illustrative material of study guides for primary school, a number of artistic and aesthetic requirements, as well as additional recommendations for the use of illustrative material. The article highlights the peculiarities of illustrating textbooks / study guides for certain educational subjects (primers, language and mathematics textbooks).

The Potential of Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Source of Clean Water at the Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Walisongo Semarang

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the process of directly preventing rainwater runoff and introducing rainwater into a reservoir for daily use. RWH can also be an alternative for providing clean water in the UIN Walisongo campus area. With the construction of new buildings and the addition of the number of students each year, the need for clean water is also increasing. This study aims to determine the quality of rainwater in the FST Building and to analyse the potential of rainwater harvesting as an alternative source of clean water in the FST Building of UIN Walisongo Semarang. This study examined rainwater quality as a clean water alternative in the Faculty of Science and Technology building. The location for taking rainwater samples was carried out at the FST Campus 3 Building. Laboratory tests for rainwater quality were carried out at the Centre for Standardisation and Industrial Pollution Prevention Services (BBSPJPPI) in Semarang. The rainwater samples analyzed met the clean water quality standards based on Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitary Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths, except for the organic matter parameter (KMnO4), according to laboratory tests.

Application of good manufacturing practices in the production of food products for special medical purposes

In order to guarantee the proper quality of medical products and medicines, the mandatory application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) norms in almost all countries is provided by law. Given the importance of nutritional provision of human portrebs in emergencies, the use of GMP is also relevant in the production of food products for special medical purposes. The object of research is the methodological base, approaches, and norms of GMP application in the manufacture of this product category. It is determined that the implementation of these practices is ensured mainly through measures for raw materials, equipment, personnel, premises, compliance with hygienic requirements, journaling, internal control, response to complaints, monitoring, traceability, product recall. It is established that the basic principle of GMP application is the production of products that will meet the purpose and provisions of the registration dossier. At the same time, ensuring product quality is a comprehensive concept of ensuring compliance with properties, combining organizational measures at all stages. This activity should be carried out taking into account risk-oriented thinking based on the control of raw materials, packaging, testing in the production and release of goods to the declared characteristics, ensuring high competence of personnel, process and analytical validation. Recommendations on a set of measures aimed at introducing good manufacturing practices at enterprises producing food products for special medical purposes have been compiled and presented. The essence of these recommendations is to identify technological processes, monitor their implementation, provide the necessary resources and measures, establish the process of documenting actions, validation at all stages, including self-inspection

The state of the medical care system of the Donetsk region in the first post-war decade according (to the materials of the statistical office)

The article is devoted to highlighting the regional context of the situation in the field of medical care in the first post-war decade. The authors highlight the key problems faced by the medical system after the expulsion of the Nazi occupiers. The specificity of the medical reform of 1947 implementation at the regional level is analyzed. A complex epidemic situation against the background of post-war destruction is characterized. The urgency of the problem lies in the need to ana-lyze the response of the medical system to the challenges faced by society after the end of the war. Consideration of the subject becomes very relevant in the conditions of a large-scale war, which the Russian Federation has unleashed against our country, and which has already led to a significant degree of destruc-tion of medical and social infrastructure facilities. It is necessary to take into ac-count the experience in order to avoid the mistakes made by the Soviet authorities when restoring the medical network and overcoming epidemics accompanying such social cataclysms as war. The novelty of the study is due to the inclusion in the scientific circulation of information arrays from the documents of the regional statistical office, which reflect certain local specifics. It was established that as a result of the war, the main components of the health care system suffered signifi-cant destruction. The attempt to reform it in these difficult conditions led to am-biguous consequences. A positive aspect was the transition from the production principle of medical care to the territorial one. However, the process of combining polyclinics and outpatient clinics with hospitals took place mainly formally, without taking into account personnel and infrastructural capabilities. A characteristic fea-ture was the insufficient level of medical personnel in the region and the lack of medical and diagnostic equipment. The excessive workload of the doctor in the absence of auxiliary means significantly complicated the diagnosis and affected the quality of medical care. The overall high indices of medical care hid a decline in its quality. The practice of locating medical facilities in poorly adapted premises that did not meet the minimum sanitary and hygienic requirements was wide-spread. Difficult social living conditions in a broad context negatively affected the structure of morbidity, threatened epidemics and affected the level of medical measures efficacy

Design of the human-machine interface for the cleaning-in-place system in the dairy industry

The dairy industry must focus on sanitation and hygiene requirements to ensure product safety, control of detergents, tanks, pumps. Compliance with these requirements will provide conditions for the production of a high-quality dairy product, maintenance of technical and mechanical frequency at the enterprise, and prevention of the reproduction of harmful bacteria. Under these conditions, the problem of cleaning technical equipment from harmful residues on site is urgent. The object of the study is the basic processes in the Cleaning-In-Place system in the dairy industry. It is recommended to design a human-machine interface for on-site cleaning in the Siemens WinCC Flexible software. It is worth noting that the proposed interface takes into account the reduction of equipment downtime during the washing of technological equipment, a convenient user interface, and ease of maintenance. The state of use of existing visualizations of on-site cleaning interfaces that do not use simultaneous washing of two tanks with cleaning solutions (alkaline and acid) and the state of controlled values in selected washing lines were evaluated. Numerical evaluations of the results use modern programming technology and high information productivity of the user interface. A human-machine interface was designed with the possibility of parallel cleaning of two tanks at different ends of the workshop and the selection of recipes for different groups of tanks. This interface displays emergency messages, the status of the washing process of production lines and control based on data from sensors. The practical use of the obtained scientific results is that the designed interface can be used not only in the dairy industry but in any other food industry

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FEATURES OF WATER CHEMISTRY CHANGES IN THE QUATERNARY UNCONFINED AQUIFERS OF THE DNIPRО RIVER BASIN

The article deals with the chemical composition of uppermost aquifers water in the Dnipro River basin. Its study is necessary not only in connection with the implementation the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive methodological documents in the groundwater monitoring, but primarily because of water supply from these aquifers to rural areas. Unconfined aquifers water is characterized by a complex and heterogeneous chemical composition due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural hydrochemical zoning is distinctly visible on the territory of the Dnipro basin. A number of chemical elements and compounds in the water are contained in concentrations exceeding the standards for drinking water established by the State sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” in the natural state. In addition, unconfined aquifers are subject to significant anthropogenic impact, as they are unprotected from pollution. Comparison of the data on total dissolved solids (TDS) and anionic composition of groundwater obtained during hydrogeological surveys in the period 1965–1975 and 2009–2013 on three sheets of the hydrogeological map (scale 1:200,000) in different sub-basins of the Dnipro River showed the widespread deep changes in groundwater chemical composition. In addition to a significant anthropogenic pressure, groundwater is significantly affected by climatic factors. Over a forty-year period, TDS in the north of the Dnipro basin increased by 50 %, in the central and southern parts – twice, due to an increase in the content of sulfates and chlorides. Within the analyzed areas in the Middle and Lower Dnipro sub-basins, nitrate pollution of unconfined aquifers is almost widespread. Thus, in a large area, waters of these aquifers are unsuitable for drinking water supply due to the excessive content of chemical elements and compounds of natural and anthropogenic origin. Therefore, one of the priorities of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine should be the transfer of the rural population to water supply from protected confined aquifers and the improvement of sanitary conditions in rural areas.

HYGINE SANITASI SANGAT PENTING UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN KUALITAS AIR MINUM DEPO ISI ULANG DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

HYGINE SANITASI SANGAT PENTING UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN KUALITAS AIR MINUM DEPO ISI ULANG DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

PROCESS OF DETERMINATION OF SURFACE WATER BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS

This scientific research work deals with water disinfection in surface water reservoirs. According to the research, work was carried out to eliminate harmful microorganisms, viruses and microbacteria in the water. According to scientific research work, the electronic circuit of the device for capturing UV rays with a wavelength of 220-240 nm was studied. In the same way, the energy and spectral characteristics of the device, the parameters related to current and power are provided. The design and economic efficiency of the UV radiation device was considered and studied experimentally. In the water production technology, the main sanitary requirements for the organization of UV disinfection of water were considered. In the article , a number of provisions of the main documents of water and sanitary legislation regarding the quality of purified water, hygienic requirements, amount of ultraviolet radiation guaranteeing a given degree of disinfection, ultraviolet installations and their location were shown. At the same time, the scheme of the cleaning process, as well as measures to ensure safe working conditions of the personnel servicing the equipment were considered.

Applicability of Zeolite from the Daubabinsk and Chankanai Deposits as a Sorbent for Natural Waters

This article examined the characteristics of zeolites from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits. In the field of water treatment, the purpose of investigating natural zeolite from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits as a sorbent presents new opportunities and prospects, as this raw material is little studied. The effectiveness of the sorbents was assessed based on the results of the water specifications according to the following criteria: methods for determining the total hardness of water; methods for measuring the mass concentration of total iron in water; methods for the determination of chloride in water; methods for the determination of nitrogen-containing substances in water; methods for determining the dry residue content of water; methods for determining the sulphate content of water; on hygiene requirements and water quality control. Zeolite modifications were aimed at improving their adsorption properties, increasing the efficiency of pollutant removal and developing optimal methods of using zeolites in water filtration. Modified zeolite from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits showed high efficiency as a filter. When it was used to treat natural water, which normally contains high hardness and alkalinity, the best results were achieved with zeolite from the Chankanai deposit. In terms of Fe+ and Cl content, the best results were achieved using zeolite from the Daubabinsk deposit.

Study of methods of online monitoring of parameters of working conditions in JSC «Alatau Zharyk Company»

RELEVANCE of the work lies in establishing the relationship between industrial injuries, when online monitoring in the electric grid company, with the influence of hazardous production factors, since the latter is the cause of accidents, Accidents and other occupational hazards of employees and loss of health of employees. For this purpose it is necessary to develop methods of causes, nature and application of systems of prevention and localization of accidents, accidents. THE PURPOSE. The article discusses possible solutions to an urgent problem - analysis and determination of the causes of industrial injuries and occupational morbidity in the electric power industry and assessment of occupational risks of workers and loss of health of workers at hazardous production facilities, as well as the lack of attention of employers to the reconstruction and modernization of production, the development andapplication of warning systems and localization of accidents, accidents, preventive work, control over the state of the production environment and compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, which will generally lead to industrial safety. METHODS. The main research method was the development and application of systems for the prevention and localization of accidents, accidents, preventive work, monitoring the state of the production environment and compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements. RESULTS. The methods of online monitoring of the parameters of working conditions are considered, while the authors carried out special studies of the complex influence of adverse environmental factors and working conditions, which make it possible to unambiguously identify priority etiological factors, as well as sources of impact on the human environment. CONCLUSION. Attention is drawn to the prospects of the adverse impact ofproduction factors under conditions of intensive technogenic pollution of the environment. The authors believe that in order to increase the effectiveness of socio-hvgienic monitoring in the analysis and forecasting of the impact of the environment on the health of the population, it is necessary to develop objective criteria for assessing both the natural and industrial environment in order to study significant changes and develop measures to improve and improve working conditions and means management of production safety, adaptive capabilities of the body and the prevention of environmental pathology.

A review of air transport service quality studies: current status and future research agenda

Air transport service quality has been a popular research topic in the last decade. A systematic literature review on this topic was conducted on the articles published in quality transport, tourism, and consumer service journals. We present the statistics on study locations, leading authors and affiliations, citations, and research frameworks and data collection methods. We show that there is an increasing use of online survey tools for data collection. Most of the articles have explicitly or implicitly used the SERVQUAL model or its variations such as AIRQUAL to examine the air transport service attributes. Several research areas are identified to bring the SERVQUAL model and the air transport service quality research up to date: the digital and technology-enabled service dimensions, the privacy and cybersecurity consideration, the corporate social responsibility dimension, and the hygiene requirement. We also call for in-depth studies into some individual service dimensions such as services for special needs passengers.

Upgrade of waste stabilization ponds to improve effluents for reuse purposes

AbstractWaste stabilization pond (WSP) systems exist in many countries affected by climate change causing increasing demand for irrigation water. There is little long-term experience with WSP in Africa, and thus, this study provides a comprehensive investigation of a WSP in Namibia. One of its treatment trains was upgraded with mechanical and anaerobic pre-treatment, and post-treatment and compared to a second train without upgrades. The pre-treatment showed positive results on COD, TSS and partially pathogen removal. E. coli were reduced to the new EU reuse standard of 1,000 MPN/100 mL for fodder irrigation, P. aeruginosa stagnated and Enterococci levels increased. The main pathogen reduction happened during pre-treatment and in the baffled facultative pond. In contrast, the post-treatment only reduced 5% of algae-based chlorophyll-a. Among the top 20 genera, Pseudomonas was most dominant. With different upgrades, hygiene requirements especially for restricted fodder irrigation can be reached. At the same time, high total tCOD and TN effluent values did not meet different reuse standards. But as the tCOD mainly consists of algae, adding biomass and TN fertilizer to the barren soil, it raised the question if all parameters set in the standards are applicable for WSP or should be adapted to their specific purpose.

Toxicological characteristics of the probiotic drug Bioseven

Ukraine's food security is determined by the production of a sufficient number of high-quality, ecologically harmless, complete food products of animal origin. Bacterial preparations based on live microbial cultures - pre and probiotics - have become widely used in most countries of the world, including Ukraine, in the technological process of growing agricultural animals, especially poultry. The purpose of the work was to conduct a toxicological characterization of the probiotic preparation Bioseven. The following research methods were used to obtain scientific information: zootechnical, zoohygienic, morphological, biochemical, statistical. The research was conducted on white Wistar rats of both sexes. Healthy animals with the ap propriate body weight were used in the experiments. Fluctuations in body weight in the respective groups did not exceed ±10.0 %. Animals were kept in groups in cages in compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements. It was established that when Bioseven was administered to white rats in doses of 1000, 2500, 5000 mg/kg, all animals remained alive and clinically healthy: the behavior of the animals was typical for this species of rodents. Activity, grooming, breathing rate, feed and water consumption in all groups did not differ significantly and were within physiological norms, no signs of intoxication were registered. Under the conditions of intragastric administration of the drug Bioseven LD 50 for white mice and rats is more than 5000 mg/kg of body weight. The use of the drug Bio-seven in the above doses for 30 days leads to kidney and liver damage in the animals of the third experimental group (10-fold dose). The application of the drug Bioseven to the animals of the two experimental groups did not show probable changes in the morphological and biochemical indicators of the blood compared to the control. The level of endogenous intoxication of the body of white rats (SZE) did not change between experimental animals. Thus, the toxicological characteristics of the probiotic preparation Bioseven indicate the absence of a suppressive effect of the probiotic Bioseven on the metabolic processes of the body of laboratory animals. Key words: probiotic, toxicological characteristics, suppressive effect, biochemical, ecologically harmless, complete, food products, animal origin, food safety, consumer.

Occupational Health Programs at PT. Barata Indonesia Cilegon

Occupational health is a specific part of the health perspective focusing more on improving the quality of the workforce through implementing health efforts. This paper describes the occupational health programs in the Limited Liability Company (here and after called PT) Barata Indonesia Cilegon. This study was qualitative research using field observation and literature studies. The population was all workers at PT. Barata Indonesia, Cilegon, Banten Province. The data collection technique used was field observation. Then, the author descriptively examined occupational health programs using literature from theory, laws and regulations, ministerial regulations, and ministerial decrees. The results showed that the implementation of occupational health programs at PT Barata Indonesia Cilegon, among others, checking canteen facilities, medical checks up, gymnastics, giving Extra Fooding, HIPERKES, HIV/AIDS prevention policies, COVID-19 regulations, and a work environment that meets occupational hygiene and health requirements. In conclusion, PT Barata Indonesia Cilegon is very concerned about the occupational health of its workers. Therefore, PT Barata Indonesia Cilegon runs occupational health programs. PT Barata has made occupational health procedures so that they can be carried out following written procedures. The implementation of occupational health programs at PT Barata Indonesia Cilegon has been going well following the Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Num. 88 of 2019 concerning occupational health.

HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY CLASS STUDENTS ON HYGIENE AND HYGIENE CLASSES

HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY CLASS STUDENTS ON HYGIENE AND HYGIENE CLASSES