Hydroxypropyl Β-cyclodextrin Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Disulfiram and Beta Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Potential Application in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 via Nebulization.

Disulfiram (DS), known as an anti-alcoholism drug, has shown a potent antiviral activity. Still, the potential clinical application of DS is limited by its low water solubility and rapid metabolism. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely used to improve the solubility of drugs in water. In this study, five concentrations of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP) and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE) were used to form inclusion complexes of DS for enhanced solubility. Solutions were freeze-dried, and the interaction between DS and CD was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the nebulization properties of the DS–CD solutions were studied. The aqueous solubility of DS increased significantly when loaded to either of both CDs. The phase solubility of both complexes was a linear function of the CD concentration (AL type). Furthermore, physicochemical characterization studies showed a potent inclusion of the drug in the CD–DS complexes. Aerosolization studies demonstrated that these formulations are suitable for inhalation. Overall, the CD inclusion complexes have great potential for the enhancement of DS solubility. However, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of DS–CD inclusion complexes against SARS-CoV-2 via nebulization.

Andrographolide/Phospholipid/Cyclodextrin Complex-Loaded Nanoemulsion: Preparation, Optimization, in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation.

Andrographolide (AG), a natural product with various pharmacological effects, exhibited low oral bioavailability owing to its poor solubility, stability, and low absorption. Previous studies have suggested that phospholipid (PC) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) could improve the drug solubility and absorption. Moreover, nanoemulsion (NE) has been confirmed as an appropriate enhancer for oral bioavailability. Therefore, AG/HPCD/PC complex (AHPC) was synthesized, and AHPC-loaded nanoemulsion (AHPC-NE) was optimized and prepared using central composite design combined response surface methodology. The average droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) were 116.50 ± 5.99 and 0.29 ± 0.03 nm, respectively. AHPC-NE with a loading capacity of 0.32 ± 0.01% and an encapsulation efficiency of 96.43 ± 2.27% appeared round and uniformly dispersed based on transmission electron microscopy. In vivo release studies demonstrated that AHPC-NE had good sustained-release effects. Further, AHPC-NE significantly enhanced the absorption of AG with a relative bioavailability of 550.71% compared to AG suspension. Such findings reveal AHPC-NE as a potential strategy for sustained-release and oral bioavailability enhancement.

Preparation and Characterization of Clopidogrel Bisulfate-hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Mixed Inclusion Complex for Improved Intestinal Solubility and Anti-Thrombotic Efficacy

The study aimed to increase the intestinal solubility and absorption of orally bioavailable clopidogrel-bisulfate (CPB) by complexing with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HCD) to form a binary inclusion complex that was stabilized by Tween 80 (T80) resulting into mixed inclusion complex. The results of phase solubility studies and molecular docking of CPB with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and HCD suggested higher solubility and binding energy of the stable CPB: HCD complex in the presence of T80 as compared to the CPB: β-CD complex. The D-Optimal mixture design was used to optimize the formulation containing the CPB: HCD: T80 mixed inclusion complex. The results suggest the enhanced stability of the CPB: HCD inclusion complex in the presence of T80. The spectral attributes confirmed the inclusion complexation and pointed out the central position of CPB in a hydrophilic cavity of HCD. Further, the prepared soft gelatin capsule successfully confirmed the importance of obliterating the intestinal precipitation associated problem of CPB through an in-vitro release study. The anticoagulant activity in rabbits confirmed that soft gelatin capsules showed 1.2 folds and 1.3 folds increase in clotting time, 1.2 fold and 1.5 folds increase in bleeding time when compared to marketed formulation and pure drug, respectively. Conclusively, soft gelatin capsules exhibit the potential to enhance the oral bioavailability of CPB, leading to reduction of the dose and dose-related side effects.

A Oral Fast Dissolving Films Containing Lyophilized Labetalol HCL with Hydroxy Propyl β-Cyclodextrin/ Soluplus: Formulation Development, In Vitro Evaluation

Introduction: Labetalol HCL is an antihypertensive drug used to treat high blood pressure in the long term management of angina. Labetalol HCL is readily absorbed after oral administration. Labetalol HCl undergoes considerable hepatic first-pass metabolism due to its lipid-soluble nature. 
 Objective: The drug has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 25%. To overcome extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism the oral fast-dissolving film for labetalol HCL need to be developed. Lyophilized inclusion complexes of Labetalol HCL were developed with the hydrophilic carrier as Soluplus a Polyvinyl acetate polyethene glycol graft copolymer and Hydroxy Propyl β-cyclodextrin.
 Experimental: Lyophilized inclusion complexes of labetalol: Soluplus and labetalol HCL: HP-β-CD were prepared with 1:0.5 weight ratios. The prepared lyophilized inclusion complexes were evaluated for solubility estimation, drug content, and In-vitro dissolution study. 
 Results: The prepared inclusion complexes were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Characterization of the lyophilized complex showed changed crystallinity of labetalol HCL. The fast dissolving oral film of labetalol HCL was prepared by solvent casting method by adding film-forming polymer as HPMC K 4M/ PVA in different proportions and Propylene Glycol was used as a plasticizer. The prepared batches of films were evaluated for weight variation, tensile strength, folding, endurance, disintegration time, surface pH, and drug content uniformity. All formulations prepared among F5 and F 7 showed a better result as compared to other formulations. 
 Conclusion: The study confirms the use of a lyophilized product containing Soluplus is best as that of HP-βCD for the preparation of fast dissolving film with HPMC/ PVA as film forming agent and propylene glycol as plasticizer respectively to improve dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Labetalol HCl.

Development of an online μ-matrix cartridge extraction method for fipronil extraction in contaminated soils

Nowadays, environment fate and behavior of pesticides in soil is still not fully understood due to the lack of standardized soil extraction method. In this work, a soil-filled micro-matrix cartridge was online combined with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) through a six-way valve for the simultaneous extraction and determination of residual fipronil in soil. Compared with conventional extraction methods, such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extraction, shaking extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), three-step extraction and matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), the novel, miniaturized, and integrated online micro-matrix cartridge extraction (online μ-MCE) method exhibited better performance in terms of desorption efficiency (99.4%), analysis time, solvent consumption, sensitivity, and automation. In sequential extraction, online μ-MCE could further desorb fipronil from the extracted soil with the percentage of 1.05%-58.55%. High recovery of 92.69% obtained for the ISO certificated test-soil verified the satisfactory accuracy of the method. Besides, its wide universality was also validated in three variables: 1) various pesticides-soil interactions, 2) four types of compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols and aldehydes), and 3) three types of soils (sandy soil, silty loam and silty clay). The superior desorption capacity might be attributed to the instantaneously increased high-pressure, continuous flow dynamic desorption and short residence time. The present encouraging findings might shed light on new ways to develop a mild, highly efficient, reliable and one-fit-all extraction method toward pesticide contaminated soil.

Improved oral nutraceutical-based intervention for themanagement of obesity: pterostilbene-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Aim: To formulate and assess the oral anti-obesity effect of polymeric-based pterostilbene (PS)-loaded nanoparticles. Methods: Pterostilbene-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex loaded in chitosan nanoparticles (PS/HPβCD-NPs) were prepared and characterized in vitro. Cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and anti-obesity effects were assessed on Caco-2 cell line and high-fat-diet-induced obesity rat model, respectively. In vivo assessment included histological examination, protein and gene expression of obesity biomarkers in adipose tissues. Results: Safe PS/HPβCD-NPs were successfully prepared with improved bioavailability compared with free PS. PS/HPβCD-NPs showed an improved anti-obesity effect, as supported by histological examination, lipid profile, UCP1 gene expression and protein expression of SIRT1, COX2, IL-6 and leptin. Conclusion: Orally administered PS nanoparticles represent a new and promising anti-obesity strategy owing to the sustainable weight loss and minimal side effects; this may be of great socio-economic impact.

Use of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin hybrid monolithic material as adsorbent for dispersive solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones from environmental water samples.

In this study, the hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin hybrid monolithic material was fabricated and firstly applied as an adsorbent for dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography to detect trace-level seven fluoroquinolones in water samples. The prepared hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin hybrid monolithic material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and adsorption experiments, which showed excellent specific adsorption to the target fluoroquinolones. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction methodology showed satisfactory precision with relative standard deviations between 2.6% and 5.6%, good linearity (R2 ≥0.9990), and satisfactory recoveries (82.5-91.8%). The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the method were in the range of 0.4-1.2 and 1.4-4.0 ng/mL, respectively, which confirmed the possibility of quantifying trace levels. Furthermore, the material could be reused at least five times. These results demonstrated that the hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin hybrid monolithic material was a promising adsorbent for fluoroquinolones, and the established method combined dispersive solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography was suitable for the determination of fluoroquinolones in aqueous samples.

Spray-Drying of Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin Microcapsules for Co-Encapsulation of Resveratrol and Piperine with Enhanced Solubility

The synergistic therapeutic benefits of resveratrol (RES) and piperine (PIP) have been proven for the treatment of various diseases. This study reports, for the first time, spray-drying of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) microcapsules for combined delivery of resveratrol and piperine. Phase solubility studies indicated that there was a strong interaction between the active ingredients and HP-β-CD, and both active ingredients can bind stably to HP-β-CD. The results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC demonstrated that RES-PIP/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were successfully formed, with the RES and PIP encapsulated into the hollow spherical cavity of HP-β-CD. The results of SEM showed that the spray-dried microcapsules displayed a smooth surface and uniform particle size. Upon the formation of the spray-dried microcapsules, both RES and PIP presented significantly enhanced solubility. The results of DPPH and ABTS+ scavenging activity assays showed that the spray-drying process did not adversely influence the antioxidant activity of the bioactives, and the addition of PIP increased the antioxidation performance of RES.

Nanofibers from hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin/pantothenic acid supramolecular complexes: Physicochemical characterization and potential biomedical applications

The electrospinning of nanofibers (NFs) from 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin supramolecular inclusion complexes (150% HPβ-CD, w/v) with vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid [PA]) was achieved without using any carrier polymeric matrix. The presence of PA and the formation of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex within the NFs structure were confirmed by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA analysis. SEM images depicted the bead-free uniform NFs and confirmed the incorporation of HPβ-CD/PA NFs did not alter the fiber morphology having an average fiber diameter of 512 ± 24 nm, 328 ± 18 nm, and 150 ± 19 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated inclusion complex from the shifting of the peaks of each component in HPβ-CD/PA NFs, whereas XRD pattern revealed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs was achieved due to the formation of a new amorphous structure. TGA studies showed that the stability of PA after HPβ-CD encapsulation was improved. Molecular docking was used to simulate the positions and interactions of the binding sites of the HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex. The phase solubility test showed enhanced solubility of PA due to the inclusion complexation; in addition, the stoichiometry of HPβ-CD/PA was determined to be 1:1. The release of PA from HPβ-CD/PA NFs prevented the colonization of Escherichia coli (5.0 ± 0.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (2.0 ± 0.5%) bacteria to a great extent, as observed in the antibacterial activity results. The cell viability of HCT-116 cells treated with 100 μg/mL of HPβ-CD/PA NFs was registered at 97.5 ± 2.1%. It was observed that HPβ-CD/PA NFs had higher anticancer activity compared to pure PA and HPβ-CD due to the solubility increase. In brief, our results suggested that polymer-free HPβ-CD/PA inclusion complex NFs could have potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare thanks to its efficient antibacterial and anticancer activities.

An Efficient Inclusion Complex Based Fluorescent Sensor for Mercury (II) and its Application in Live-Cell Imaging.

The formation of an inclusion complex between hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (H-CD) and 4-acetylphenyl-4-(((6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-imino)-methyl)-benzoate (L) was investigated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques in the solid-state, absorption and emission spectroscopy in the liquid state and the virtual state as molecular docking technique. The binding properties of the inclusion complex (H-CD: L) with cations in deionized water was observed via absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy. The fluorescence probe (H-CD: L) inclusion complex (IC) was examined for several heavy metal cations, and identified that the PL emission wavelength of the complex displayed a continuous rise in the fluorescence intensity for Hg2+. A linearity range of 1 × 10-8 - 11 × 10-8M and limit of detection value of 2.71 × 10-10M was found to be achieved for the detection of Hg2+. This outcome proves that the inclusion complex H-CD: L would be a promising material for the development a solid-state fluorescence probe for detecting Hg2+. It also shows application in real sample analysis and cell imaging.

Comparison of Different Chemical Extraction Methods for Predicting the Bioavailability and Phytotoxicity of Soil PAEs to Green Vegetables (Brassica Rapa Var. Chinensis).

The aim of the present study was to compare the predictive ability of four chemical extraction methods, i.e., Tenax, hydroxypropyl[β]cyclodextrin (HPCD), n-butanol and low-molecular-weight-organic-acids (LMWOA), for predicting the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of soil phthalic acid esters to the green vegetable Shanghaiqing (SHQ). Results showed that the extraction ability of different extraction methods varies significantly. For dibutyl phthalate (DBP), the extraction ability followed the order of Tenax > LMWOA > HPCD > n-butanol. For di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the order of the extraction ability was n-butanol > HPCD > Tenax > LMWOA. All the extraction methods underestimated the DBP concentration while overestimating the DEHP concentration accumulated by SHQ. The concentrations of DBP and DEHP extracted by Tenax were most related to the concentrations accumulated by SHQ and the phytotoxicity indicators of SHQ. Tenax can serve as a good chemical extractant to assess the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of soil DBP and DEHP to SHQ.

Co-delivery of triamcinolone acetonide and verapamil for synergistic treatment of hypertrophic scars via carboxymethyl chitosan and Bletilla striata polysaccharide-based microneedles

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a frequently diagnosed skin disease that is difficult to treat. HS is usually associated with itching and pain and causes both physical and psychological issues. In this study, a safe, convenient, and efficient therapy for HS is developed. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH) and Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) are used to prepare microneedles (MN) via a micro-molding method. Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) is used to encapsulate triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and the obtained inclusion is co-loaded with verapamil (VRP) to MN. The MN is then attached to an Ethyl cellulose (EC) base layer to obtain a MN patch. The MN patch has uniform needles, sufficient mechanical strength, good penetration and dissolution in skin, and low cytotoxicity. It also significantly decreases the thickness of HS, and hydroxyproline (HYP) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression in HS, improves collagen fiber arrangement, and reduces dermis congestion and hyperplasia.

Design Strategy for Vulcanization Accelerator of Diphenylguanidine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Natural Rubber Latex Foam with Enhancing Performance.

Vulcanization is an essential process to obtain high-performance rubber products. Diphenylguanidine (DPG) is often used as the secondary accelerator in the vulcanization process of natural rubber (NR) latex. However, DPG would make NR latex emulsion exhibit gelation, resulting in the negative vulcanization efficiency. In addition, exposure to DPG might lead to some physiological diseases during the production process of DPG doped NR latex. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) with the hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior has the advantages of good water solubility, high bioavailability, reliable stability, and low toxicity. In this study, the inclusion complex of diphenylguanidine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (DPG-HP-β-CD) is prepared by ball milling with a host-guest molar ratio of 1 : 1, which has also been applied to the foaming process of NR latex. The mechanical properties of DPG-HP-β-CD inclusion complex/natural rubber latex foam (DPG-HP-β-CD/NRLF) have been significantly improved, including the tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, compression set, resilience, and antiaging performance. Further, the usage of DPG has been reduced, leading to the reduction of toxicity and environmental hazards.

Mitigating RANKL-induced cholesterol overload in macrophages with β-cyclodextrin-threaded polyrotaxanes suppresses osteoclastogenesis.

Free cholesterol acts as an endogenous agonist for estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), a nuclear receptor that regulates osteoclastogenesis. Because stimulation of macrophages with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) induces an overload of free cholesterol and activates ERRα, we hypothesized that direct removal of cellular cholesterol would suppress osteoclastogenesis. In this study, the effect of 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a highly water-soluble cyclic glucopyranose, and β-CD-threaded polyrotaxanes (PRXs), supramolecular polymers designed to release threaded β-CDs in acidic lysosomes, on RANKL-induced cholesterol overload and osteoclast differentiation of murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were investigated. PRXs suppressed RANKL-induced cholesterol overload. Additionally, RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by PRXs. In contrast, HP-β-CD did not reduce cholesterol levels or inhibit osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Gene expression analysis of osteoclast markers suggested that PRXs suppress only the early stage of osteoclast differentiation, as PRXs cannot be internalized into multinucleated osteoclasts. However, modification of PRXs with cell-penetrating peptides facilitated their cellular uptake into multinucleated osteoclasts and inhibited osteoclast maturation. Thus, PRXs are promising candidates for inhibiting osteoclast differentiation by suppressing cholesterol overload and may be useful for treating osteoporosis or other bone defects caused by the overactivity of osteoclasts.

Oral Treatment with Angiotensin-(1-7) Attenuates the Kidney Injury Induced by Gentamicin in Wistar Rats.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), a common disease of the urinary system, can be induced by high doses of gentamicin (GM). The renin-angiotensin system exerts a key role in the progression of the AKI since elevated intrarenal levels of Ang II, and ACE activity is found in this condition. However, it is unknown whether oral administration of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), a heptapeptide that evokes opposite effects of Ang II, may attenuate the renal injuries induced by gentamicin. To evaluate the effects of Ang-(1-7) on GM-induced renal dysfunction in rats. AKI was induced by subcutaneous administration of GM (80 mg/Kg) for 5 days. Simultaneously, Ang-(1-7) included in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was administered by gavage [46 μg/kg HPβCD + 30 μg/kg Ang-(1-7)]. At the end of the treatment period (sixth day), the rats were housed in metabolic cages for renal function evaluation. Thereafter, blood and kidney samples were collected. Ang-(1-7) attenuated the increase of the plasmatic creatinine and proteinuria caused by GM but did not change the glomerular filtration rate nor tubular necrosis. Ang-(1-7) attenuated the increased urinary flow and the fractional excretion of H2O and potassium observed in GM rats but intensified the elevated excretion of sodium in these animals. Morphological analysis showed that Ang-(1-7) also reduced the tubular vacuolization in kidneys from GM rats. Ang-(1-7) promotes selective beneficial effects in renal injuries induced by GM.

A simple and cost-effective synthesis of sulfated β-cyclodextrin and its application as chiral mobile phase additive in the separation of cloperastine enantiomers

A simple and cost-effective method for the synthesis of sulfated β-cyclodextrin, one of the most widely used chiral mobile phase additives, using sulfamic acid as a sulfonating agent has been described. The method was optimized, and the synthesized product was characterized by spectroscopic, size-exclusion chromatographic, thermal, and microscopic methods and was compared to the marketed Sigma Aldrich sulfated β-cyclodextrin. β-Cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, sulfated β-cyclodextrin (marketed and synthesized) were evaluated as chiral mobile phase additives for the enantiomeric separation of cloperastine, an antitussive agent, using reversed-phase HPLC. Under optimized conditions, a resolution of 3.14 was achieved within 15 min on an achiral Kromasil C8 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column, with 5 mM monopotassium phosphate containing 10 mM synthesized sulfated β-cyclodextrin pH 3.0 and 45% methanol as mobile phase. The method utilizing synthesized sulfated β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive was validated as per ICH guidelines and applied for the quantitative determination of cloperastine enantiomers in active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical formulations. The selectivity changes imparted by sulfated β-cyclodextrin were proven to be beneficial for chiral separation. For the enantiomeric separation of cloperastine, synthesized sulfated β-cyclodextrin afforded better resolution than marketed sulfated β-cyclodextrin.

Effect of Molar Mass of Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin on the Aqueous Solubility of Dimenhydrinate

Effect of Molar Mass of Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin on the Aqueous Solubility of Dimenhydrinate

Comparing the extraction performance of cyclodextrin-containing supramolecular deep eutectic solvents versus conventional deep eutectic solvents by headspace single drop microextraction

A headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography was developed to compare the extraction of eighteen aromatic organic pollutants from aqueous solutions using cyclodextrin-based supramolecular deep eutectic solvents (SUPRADESs) and alkylammonium halide-based conventional deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Different derivatives of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were employed as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) in SUPRADESs and the extraction performance investigated. SUPRADES comprised of the 20 wt% native β-CD HBA provided the highest enrichment factors of analytes compared to SUPRADESs comprised of other derivatives of β-CD (random methylated β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin). In addition, native β-CD and its derivatives were dissolved in the neat DESs and their effect on the extraction of analytes examined. Dissolution of 20 wt% native β-CD in the choline chloride ([Ch+][Cl−]):2Urea DES resulted in a significant increase in the extraction efficiencies of target analytes compared to the neat [Ch+][Cl−]:2Urea DES. Under optimum conditions, the extraction method required a solvent microdroplet of 6.5 μL, 1000 rpm stir rate, 30% (w/v) salt concentration, and a temperature of 40 °C. The tetrabutylammonium chloride: 2 lactic acid DES resulted in the highest enrichment factors while the [Ch+][Cl−]:2Urea DES had the lowest for most of the analytes among the evaluated solvents. The method provided limits of detection (LODs) down to 35 μg L−1. Furthermore, the developed method was applied for the analysis of spiked tap and lake water, where relative recoveries ranging from 83.7% ̶ 119.7% and relative standard deviations lower than 19.2% were achieved.

Magnetic poly(β-cyclodextrin) combined with solubilizing agents for the rapid bioaccessibility measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils

The rapid determination of the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils is challenging due to their slow desorption rates and the insufficient extraction efficiency of the available methods. Herein, magnetic poly(β-cyclodextrin) microparticles (Fe3O4@PCD) were combined with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) or methanol (MeOH) as solubilizing agents to develop a rapid and effective method for the bioaccessibility measurement of PAHs. Fe3O4@PCD was first validated for the rapid and quantitative adsorption of PAHs from MeOH and HPCD solutions. The solubilizing agents were then coupled with Fe3O4@PCD to extract PAHs from soil-water slurries, affording higher extractable fractions than the corresponding solution extraction and comparable to or higher than single Fe3O4@PCD or Tenax extraction. The desorption rates of labile PAHs could be markedly accelerated in this process, which were 1.3–12.0 times faster than those of single Fe3O4@PCD extraction. Moreover, a low HPCD concentration was sufficient to achieve a strong acceleration of the desorption rate without excessive extraction of the slow desorption fraction. Finally, a comparison with a bioaccumulation assay revealed that the combination of Fe3O4@PCD with HPCD could accurately predict the PAH concentration accumulated in earthworms in three field soil samples, indicating that the method is a time-saving and efficient procedure to measure the bioaccessibility of PAHs.

Characterization of chitosan film with cinnamon essential oil emulsion co-stabilized by ethyl-Nα-lauroyl-l-arginate hydrochloride and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

To improve the antimicrobial properties of chitosan films, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) nanoemulsion (1% and 3% v/v CEO) stabilized by ethyl-Nα-lauroyl-l-arginate hydrochloride (LAE) alone or co-stabilized by LAE and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) were incorporated into chitosan matrix. The micromorphology, physical and antimicrobial properties of the composite films were compared. The dense structure of the CEO nanoemulsion co-stabilized by LAE and HPCD reduced the water vapor permeability and water content. The incorporation of the CEO nanoemulsion co-stabilized by LAE and HPCD, reduced the adverse effects of CEO on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the film, and even slightly increased the tensile strength. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of chitosan films were enhanced due to the encapsulation and emulsification effect of HPCD and LAE on CEO. This work indicated that the prepared chitosan based edible films had the potential to be used in the field of food packaging to improve food safety.