Hydroxyl Groups Of Cellulose Research Articles

Effects of Raw Material Source on the Properties of CMC Composite Films.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be derived from a variety of cellulosic materials and is widely used in petroleum mining, construction, paper making, and packaging. CMCs can be derived from many sources with the final properties reflecting the characteristics of the original lignocellulosic matrix as well as the subsequent separation steps that affect the degree of carboxy methyl substitution on the cellulose hydroxyls. While a large percentage of CMCs is derived from wood pulp, many other plant sources may produce more attractive properties for specific applications. The effects of five plant sources on the resulting properties of CMC and CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were studied. The degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in leaf-derived CMC was from 0.87 to 0.89 and from 15.81 to 16.35 MPa, respectively, while the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength in wooden materials-derived CMC were from 1.08 to 1.17 and from 26.08 to 28.97 MPa, respectively. Thus, the degree of substitution and resulting tensile strength tended to be 20% lower in leaf-derived CMCs compared to those prepared from wood or bamboo. Microstructures of bamboo cellulose, bamboo CMC powder, and bamboo leaf CMC composites’ films all differed from pine-derived material, but plant source had no noticeable effect on the X-ray diffraction characteristics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra, or pyrolysis properties of CMC or composites films. The results highlighted the potential for using plant source as a tool for varying CMC properties for specific applications.

Hydroxyl crosslinking reinforced bagasse cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol composite films as biodegradable packaging

To improve the packaging applicability of cellulose-based film, cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (Cel/PVA) composite films were prepared via crosslinking the hydroxyl groups (-OH) among cellulose and PVA as well as the dehydration/etherification between -OH of adjacent PVA chains. The structure and morphology, mechanical/barrier properties, water resistance, food preservation and degradation behavior in soil of the films were comprehensively characterized. The results indicated that the cellulose-based film (Cel/PVA-10-H) containing 10% PVA thermal-treated at 165 ℃ possessed the best overall performance, which was mainly attributed to the crosslinked structure formed by the hydroxyl groups of cellulose and PVA. The tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) reached 77.17 MPa and 9.96%, respectively, which were approximately 220% and 97% higher than those of cellulose/PVA blend film without crosslinking. Moreover, the mechanical properties and oxygen permeability (2.04 × 10−5 cm3 mm−1 d−1 atm−1) of Cel/PVA-10-H film were less sensitive to high humidity (RH ≥ 80%), indicating that the cellulose-based composite crosslinked film possessed excellent water resistance. The results from cherry preservation and degradation tests in soil demonstrated that the as-prepared films kept the freshness of the fruits well and possessed excellent biodegradability.

A new strategy to construct cellulose-chitosan films supporting Ag/Ag2O/ZnO heterostructures for high photocatalytic and antibacterial performance

The industrial wastewater contaminants including dyes and bacteria have caused serious environmental pollutions. Herein, ternary Ag/Ag2O/ZnO heterostructure decorating cellulose-chitosan films were constructed via in situ synthesis. Cellulose and chitosan dissolved in alkali/urea solvent and regenerated in ethylene glycol to form cellulose/chitosan nanofiber network, which was an ideal supporter for ZnO and Ag nanoparticles and beneficial for recycle usage. The hydroxyl groups of cellulose and chitosan chains exposed and were utilized for the synthesis of Ag particles, as well as ZnO nanoparticles by biomineralization. The Ag/Ag2O/ZnO decorating cellulose/chitosan (AZ@CC) films exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The width of inhibition zones around AZ@CC films reached 10.0-19.6 mm and 12.4–15.0 mm for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Moreover, AZ@CC films exhibited good photocatalytic activity against methyl orange (MO), almost 97% degradation of methyl orange (MO) within 50 min was achieved with the assistance of AZ@CC film. Importantly, the nanocomposite films exhibited excellent tensile strength and thermal stability. This facile and eco-friendly approach provided a new route to utilize cellulose and chitosan advantages for constructing multifunctional materials.

Fivefold Helical Cellulose Trapped in a Sulfuric Acid Framework

A sulfuric acid aqueous solution effectively dissolves cellulose at a concentration of 64 wt % when it is precooled at −20 °C. Although this low-temperature acid solution has a high potential as an aqueous cellulose solvent, the molecular detail of its swelling and dissolution mechanism is not known. In this study, we followed the swelling behavior of cellulose in sulfuric acid using X-ray diffraction and found a crystalline complex of cellulose and sulfuric acid at −20 °C. In this structure, the sulfuric acid molecules are organized in a similar manner to those in its tetrahydrate crystal. Cellulose molecules adopt a rare fivefold helical conformation, and their hydroxyl groups participate in the hydration of sulfuric acid. This complexation is acid-concentration dependent and occurs only above 62 wt %, indicating that the deficiency of the number of water molecules around sulfuric acid drives the sulfuric acid to recruit cellulose hydroxyl groups to form a stable tetrahydrate-like hydration state. It swells and opens the cellulose structure without completely destroying the crystalline order, as can be confirmed by the partial reversibility to regenerate cellulose I.

Bacterial laccase immobilized on a magnetic dialdehyde cellulose without cross-linking agents for decolorization

In the process of using cross-linking method to immobilize enzymes, cross-linker have a certain negative effect on immobilization efficiency. In this study, a magnetic dialdehyde cellulose (MDAC) was prepared by oxidizing hydroxyl groups in cellulose to aldehyde groups. The modified cellulose could be used for the immobilization of bacterial laccase without cross-linker. The morphology and structure of the MDAC–laccase complex (MDAC-L) confirmed that the laccase was immobilized on MDAC via -CHO in MDAC and -NH2 in laccase. Under conditions of pH 4 and 45 °C, the maximum loading capacity of MDAC-L reached 210.74 mg/g, and relatively high enzyme activities maintained,. Compared with free laccase and immobilized laccase with glutaraldehyde, MDAC-L exhibited a wide pH range, temperature stability, reusability, and is suitable for long-term storage at low temperature. MDAC-L also improved the tolerance of free laccase to the presence of organic solvents, inhibitors and metal ions. Furthermore, the maximum saturation magnetization of MDAC-L was 34.07 emu/g, allowing for rapid magnetic separation. The relative activity of the immobilized laccase remained about 70% after 10 cycles of reuse. In addition, MDAC-L showed good decolorization performance when applied to crystal violet. Under the conditions of 45 °C and pH 6 for 21 h, the decolorization rate can reach about 90%. This study developed a novel cross-linking method for enzyme immobilization.

A facile strategy to achieve efficient flame-retardant cotton fabric with durable and restorable fire resistance

Novel, durably flame-retardant cotton fabrics with fascinatingly restorable fire resistance were prepared by simple grafting of phosphate and melamine, which contributed to a phosphorous-nitrogen (P/N) synergism. During the preparation process, phosphate was grafted with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose to form P-O-C bonds; subsequently, melamine reacted with the aldehyde groups of cellulose generated from phosphorylation to form P/N modified fabrics (P/N-Cotton). The P/N synergistic effect endowed cotton fabric with prominent fire resistance and durability. The Limit oxygen index (LOI) was as high as 51.1 ± 0.3% and was maintained at 32.7 ± 0.8% after 50 laundering cycles (LCs). The total heat release (THR) and peak values of heat release rate (pHRR) of P/N-Cotton were significantly reduced by 70.11% and 64.19%, respectively. Amazingly, the modified cotton fabrics exhibited restorable fire resistance once immersed into the acetic acid solution due to the ion exchange between Na+ from detergent and H+ from acetic acid. The LOI of P-Cotton and P/N-Cotton after 50 LCs can be restored to 32.4 ± 0.7% and 35.7 ± 0.7% from 20.8 ± 0.7% and 32.7 ± 0.8%, respectively. The analysis of gas-phase products and residual char demonstrated that the incorporation of phosphate and melamine facilitated cellulose fibers to convert to dense and stable graphitized carbon layers and carbon-nitrogen heterocycles, effectively protecting the fabric from decomposing to flammable gases.

Locating the Reaction Site of 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Carboxyl and Cellulose Hydroxyl in the Esterification Cross-Linking.

The modification of cellulose with polycarboxylic acid is an important technology to functionalize the substrate. 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) can significantly improve the anti-wrinkle performance of treated cotton fabrics by cross-linking with cellulose. However, the reaction site of BTCA carboxyl and the cellulose hydroxyl has not yet been clarified, which hinders the in-depth understanding about the reaction mechanism and the development of new cross-linking reagents. This study combines Fourier transform infrared and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to try to make it clear. Results confirmed that BTCA anhydride is an active intermediate (corresponding to the generally accepted theory) to esterify with cellulose hydroxyl, especially the O(6)–H(6) and O(2)–H(2). Cellobiose was taken as a model of cellulose to react with BTCA at variable temperatures, proving the above conclusion. In addition, the C14- or C11-containing carboxyl of BTCA showed a higher reactivity. Based on calculating reaction kinetics and thermodynamics with Gaussian 09W software, the most likely reaction route between BTCA and cellulose was as follows: BTCA → BTCA C5C14 anhydride → C14O15 ester → C14O15 ester C31C34 anhydride → C14O15C33O ester.

Synergistic effect of ultrasound and switchable hydrophilicity solvent promotes microalgal cell disruption and lipid extraction for biodiesel production

To facilitate the lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis oceanica with thick cell wall using switchable hydrophilicity solvent, ultrasound-assisted N, N, N', N'-tetraethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TEPDA) was used to effectively destruct the cell wall. TEPDA cations were adsorbed on the cells via electrostatic force and formed the electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) complex with the hydroxyl groups in cellulose. This broke the hydrogen-bonding interactions between cellulose chains and stripped them from cell wall, thus reducing the cell wall thickness from 141 nm to 68.6 nm. Moreover, TEPDA cations neutralized the negatively charged phospholipid bilayers, decreasing the cell surface zeta potential from −27.5 eV to −14.1 eV. The local electrostatic equilibrium led to cell membrane leakage. The ultrasound promoted the stripping of the cellulose chains at a power intensity of 0.5 W/mL and frequency of 20 kHz, achieving the lipid extraction efficiency of 98.2% within 2 h at a volume ratio of 1:4 of wet microalgae to TEPDA.

Efficient homogeneous TEMPO-mediated oxidation of cellulose in lithium bromide hydrates

An appropriate cellulose-dissolving solvent is critical for the homogeneous oxidation of cellulose using TEMPO (2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)-mediated system. Herein, TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 system in lithium bromide hydrates (LBHs) was developed for the homogeneous selective-oxidation of cellulose, which was two-stage protocol involving cellulose dissolution and homogeneous oxidation. Specifically, cellulose was firstly dissolved in LiBr·3.5H2O and offered the optimal pH (5.6) for the subsequent TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 oxidation without precipitation of the cellulose chains. Effect of reaction conditions on cellulose oxidation was investigated. The results showed that high degree of oxidation (DO) and evenly distributed carboxyl could be achieved. The particle size gradually decreased with DO, and oxidized cellulose with high water solubility and amorphous structure could be obtained. Furthermore, FT-IR, 13C NMR and fractionation analysis verified that cellulose was successfully converted and the carboxyl uniformly distributed onto the cellulose chains. This TEMPO-mediated system using LBHs as solvent presented an efficient method on the homogeneous selective oxidation of primary hydroxyl in cellulose.

Wood Ionic Cable.

The combination of good stability, biocompatibility, and high mechanical strength is attractive for bio-related material applications, but it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve these properties in a single, ionically conductive material. Here a "wood" ionic cable, made of aligned wood nanofibrils, demonstrating a combination of biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, high ionic conductivity, and excellent stability is reported. The wood ionic cable possesses excellent flexibility and exhibits high tensile strength up to 260 MPa (in the dry state) and ≈80 MPa (in the wet state). The nanochannels within the highly aligned cellulose nanofibrils and the presence of negative charges on the surfaces of these nanochannels, originating from the cellulose hydroxyl groups, provide new opportunities for ion regulation at low salt concentrations. Ion regulation in turn enables the wood ionic cable to have unique nanofluidic ionic behaviors. The Na+ ion conductivity of the wood ionic cable can reach up to ≈1.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at low Na+ ion concentration (1.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 ), which is an order of magnitude higher than that of bulk NaCl solution at the same concentration. The scalable, biocompatible wood ionic cable enables novel ionic device designs for potential ion-regulation applications.

Carboxylated bleached kraft pulp from maleic anhydride copolymers

Abstract Seven copolymers of maleic anhydride were hydrolyzed and impregnated into sheets of bleached softwood kraft pulps to enhance market pulp properties. Drying the impregnated pulps at 120 °C for 10 minutes, attached to the fiber surfaces up 0.16 meq of carboxyl groups per gram of dry pulp. Heating the impregnated pulps regenerates succinic anhydride moieties which can then form stable ester linkages with cellulosic hydroxyls. The pH of the impregnation solution is important. Impregnation with solutions at pH 8 gave polymer contents without repulping issues. By contrast, impregnation at pH 4 gave dried pulp sheets that were too strong to enable repulping in a paper mill. Although most of the seven copolymers were fixed to cellulose, poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) gave the highest density of carboxyl groups. The simplicity of waterborne polymers and mild drying temperatures suggests maleic anhydride copolymer treatment could be implemented in a conventional market pulp mill.

Environmentally friendly regenerated cellulose films with improved dielectric properties via manipulating the hydrogen bonding network

Polymer dielectrics with a high energy density, an outstanding breakdown strength, and a low dielectric loss are currently in great demand in the field of film capacitors. Here, on the basis of fundamental understanding of dielectric relaxation in cellulose, environmentally friendly regenerated cellulose-based dielectrics were fabricated by manipulating their intrinsic hydrogen bonding network, in which hydroxyl groups of cellulose were reacted with epichlorohydrin (ECH) to simultaneously reduce the density of the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding networks and the crystallinity for activating the movement of polar groups. As a result, when the molar ratio of ECH to glucose units of cellulose is 1:1, the regenerated cellulose-based dielectrics exhibited the highest dielectric constant of 9.7 at 103 Hz with the dielectric loss in an order of 10−2 and an energy density of 2.16 J/cm3 with a high charge–discharge efficiency of >85% at 200 MV/m. This methodology presented here provides a promising avenue for designing and improving the dielectric properties of cellulose-based dielectrics.

New insights into the accessibility of native cellulose to environmental contaminants toward tritium behavior prediction

Tritium speciation and behavior in the environment directly rely on accessible OH groups of organic molecules and their hydrogen exchangeability properties. As one of the most widespread biomolecule, cellulose role in reducing the exchange capacity of the hydrogen atom has been previously highlighted experimentally in various environmental matrices. In this paper, a robust and reliable T/H gas-solid isotopic exchange procedure has been implemented to assess the OH group accessibility of native celluloses with an increasing degree of crystallinity. A linear relationship was found between hydroxyl reactivity and the crystallinity index (CrI) of native celluloses, as determined by the analysis of their crystalline structure from XRD characterization. The application of the obtained linear experimental model to cellulosic materials was then evaluated and an acceptable minimum value of 12% for the CrI parameter on environmental matrices could thus be established. The authors have therefore proposed an environmental matrices relevant and efficient analytical process in order to determine the accessibility of native cellulose hydroxyl groups to tritium in the environment from a single and quick sample characterization procedure.

Modification of cotton fabrics with 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride for salt-free dyeing with anionic dyes

A chemical modification of cotton fabrics by 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride (DEAE-Cl) was achieved, and the resulted cotton fabrics demonstrated salt-free dyeing properties with anionic dyes. Nucleophilic property of hydroxyl groups in cotton cellulose was enhanced under alkaline conditions and could react with DEAE-Cl, a chemical possessing both nucleophilic and electrophilic sites. The monolayered DEAE-grafted cotton cellulose could further react with DEAE-Cl to form multiple cationic quaternary ammonium salts (denoted as DEAE@Cotton), which are highly interactive with anionic dye molecules. The strong electrostatic interactions between the DEAE@Cotton and the dyes eliminated the use of inorganic salts in cotton dyeing process. The chemical structure and property of DEAE@Cotton were characterized and compared with untreated cotton. The DEAE@Cotton can be dyed in a salt-free system, and the dye exhaustion was faster than the conventional dyeing method due to the robust electrostatic interactions of the fabrics with anionic dyes. The dyed fabrics demonstrated outstanding color fastness under repeated washing, light exposure, and crocking. The dye adsorption process on DEAE@Cotton follows Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9667). The mechanism of enhanced dyeability was experimentally proved by treating the fabric with other anionic dyes in a salt-free system, proving the process to be environmentally friendly and cost-effective.Graphic abstract

Preliminary Study on the Effect of Sulphuric Acid to Nitric Acid Mixture Composition, Temperature and Time on Nitrocellulose Synthesis Based <i>Nata de Coco</i>

Nitrogen content is a paramount significance in predicting nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose with high nitrogen content (>12.5%) can be used for propellant, while low nitrogen content (<12.5%) can be applied for the production of ink, paint and leather finishes. In this preliminary study, the effect of mole ratio of sulphuric acid to nitric acid, reaction temperature and time towards nitrogen content in nitrocellulose was investigated. Nitrocellulose was synthesized using nata de coco as bacterial cellulose source via nitration method. Nitrocellulose with percentage of nitrogen content of 11.74% to 12.75% was obtained when 2 to 4 mole ratio of sulphuric to nitric acid was used with operating temperature and time ranging 20°C to 40°C and 20 minutes to 40 minutes respectively. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) displayed the reduction of hydroxyl group in nitrocellulose proving that several hydroxyl group in cellulose was successfully replaced by nitryl group. Other characterizations such as elemental analyser, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were evaluated to support the result.

Pengaruh Jenis Larutan Pemasak Terhadap Kualitas Pulp Daun Pisang

The need for paper continues to increase, indicating that there is an alternative wood material that can be used as a base for making pulp. Materials that can be used are dried banana leaves which contain cellulose. The quality of the pulp can be obtained by the characteristics of the pulp produced. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the type of solvents on the pulp quality of banana leaves. The pulp has been made using delignification process with addition of 3% NaOH or 3% Na2CO3 3% and heating up to 120 minutes, at 105 °C. Pulp quality was obtained from the results of pulp analysis, cellulose content, water content, physical appearances and qualitative analysis by FTIR. From the analysis of cellulose content, water content and FTIR instruments, pulp made with 3% NaOH solution are better suited to 3% Na2CO3 where the resulting pulp has a water content of 4.96%, a smooth and fibrous texture, a rich color, and produces a cellulose hydroxyl absorption band that is stronger than the pulp made of 3% Na2CO3. However, the pulp made from 3% NaOH solution has a lower yield (56.5%) and cellulose content (26.07%) than Na2CO3 3%. Dried banana leaves can be used as an alternative in pulp making.
 
 Keywords: pulp making; banana leaves; solvents

The preparation and characterization of chemically deuterium incorporated cotton fibers

Preparation of deuterium incorporated cellulose is a vital tool to investigate cellulose internal structure and to expand the application fields of cellulose materials. In this study, cellulosic cotton fibers with anti-rehydration (exchange-resistant) deuterium incorporated in cellulose were prepared by chemical hydrogen–deuterium exchange treatment. The chemical hydrogen–deuterium exchange process, along with exchange time, were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The anti-rehydration deuterium incorporation was determined by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRSM). The effect of the deuterium hydroxyl substitution on cotton fiber’s spectral data, microstructure, crystalline information, degree of polymerization, as well as it’s thermogravimetric analysis (charcoalization and combustion) are explored. Analysis of the chemical exchange process indicated that the hydrogen–deuterium exchange occurred preferentially in the amorphous cellulose component over the first several minutes. Deuterium exchange in the anti-rehydration crystalline phase took several hours. Increasing the treatment time, enhanced exchange-resistant deuterium incorporation to as high as about 60% of the cotton fibers’ cellulose hydroxyl groups was achieved. The characterization of FTIR, Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman), and near-infrared spectra (NIR) all exhibited the deuterium spectral isotope effect on cellulose hydroxl groups. While, apart from the effect of reaction temperature, deuterium incorporation isotope effect did not affect the cellulose microstructure, crystalline index and the degree of polymerization properties. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis of deuterated cotton fibers under N2 and air atmosphere were both altered due to the thermodynamic isotope effect. These observations revealed the hydrogen–deuterium exchange treatment process and impacts on cellulose fiber properties, which helped us to better understand the cellulose internal structure and may facilitate the potential utilization of deuterated cellulosic materials.

Adjustment of Hydrophobic Properties of Cellulose Materials.

In this study, physicochemical and chemical methods of cellulose modification were used to increase the hydrophobicity of this natural semicrystalline biopolymer. It has been shown that acid hydrolysis of the initial cellulose increases its crystallinity, which improves hydrophobicity, but only to a small extent. A more significant hydrophobization effect was observed after chemical modification by esterification, when polar hydroxyl groups of cellulose were replaced by non-polar substituents. The esterification process was accompanied by the disruption of the crystalline structure of cellulose and its transformation into the mesomorphous structure of cellulose esters. It was found that the replacement of cellulose hydroxyls with ester groups leads to a significant increase in the hydrophobicity of the resulting polymer. Moreover, the increase of the number of non-polar groups in the ester substituent contributes to rise in hydrophobicity of cellulose derivative. Depending on the type of ester group, the hydrophobicity increased in the following order: acetate < propionate < butyrate. Therefore, tributyrate cellulose (TBC) demonstrated the most hydrophobicity among all studied samples. In addition, the mixed ester, triacetobutyrate cellulose (TAB), also showed a sufficiently high hydrophobicity. The promising performance properties of hydrophobic cellulose esters, TBC and TAB, were also demonstrated.

Cellulose Nanocrystals Facilitate Needle-like Ice Crystal Growth and Modulate Molecular Targeted Ice Crystal Nucleation.

Ice nucleators are of crucial and important implications in various fields including chemistry, climate, agriculture, and cryobiology. However, the complicated extract and biocompatibility of ice nucleators remain unresolved, and the mechanism of ice nucleation remains largely unknown. Herein, we show that natural nanocrystalline cellulose materials possess special properties to enhance ice nucleation and facilitate needle-like ice crystal growth. We reveal the molecular level mechanism that the efficient exposure of cellulose hydroxyl groups on (-110) surface leads to faster nucleation of water. We further design chitosan-decorated cellulose nanocrystals to accomplish molecular cryoablation in CD 44 high-expression cells; the cell viability shows more than ∼10 times decrease compared to cryoablation alone and does not show evident systematic toxicity. Collectively, our findings also offer improved knowledge in molecular level ice nucleation, which may benefit multiple research communities and disciplines.

Novel kinetics model for the crosslinking reaction of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid with cellulose within cotton fabrics

1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been explored as formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent for many years. In this study, a novel kinetic model for cellulose reacted by BTCA was proposed and the factors that influenced the model parameters were investigated in detail, which could help us understand crosslinking mechanism clearly. Kinetic model, which is a consecutive reaction model, consisting of grafting (esterifying) reaction rate constant and crosslinking reaction rate constant, was deduced. The rate of the whole reaction depends on the rate of grafting reaction, which is related to the diffusion of free BTCA in pores of cellulose. However, the rate of crosslinking reaction depends on thermal vibration of cellulose chain grafted by BTCA, which is more sensitive to the change of curing temperature, especially when the temperature is higher than 150 °C. The Arrhenius activation energies of grafting and crosslinking reactions are 86.3 kJ/mol and 102.8 kJ/mol, respectively, showing high temperature is more conducive to increase the rate of crosslinking reactions comparing with grafting reaction. Moreover, the whole reaction is also affected by catalyst of SHP, which could react with BTCA anhydride to form BTCA-SHP compounds. Due to lower electron cloud density of carbonyl groups, BTCA-SHP compounds have much higher reactivity compared with BTCA anhydrides, which are beneficial to be attacked by hydroxyl groups in cellulose to form ester bonds, imparting excellent wrinkle-resistance to cotton fabrics.