Construction Of Hydropower Stations Research Articles

EXPRESS ASSESSMENT OF HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF THE SMALL RIVERS IN UKRAINE WITH ACCOUNT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS

The article is devoted to the development of an express method for assessing the potential of hydropower resources of the small rivers in Ukraine, taking into account the requirements of the current regulatory framework in the environmental and energy sectors, which provides objective information for the development of small hydropower stations at the current stage of alternative energy development. The article determines the environmental restrictions of small hydropower based on the provisions of the current regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine, the criteria for the ecological value of the territory and the principles of preserving the diversity of wild fauna of rivers. Restrictions on the use of water for the production of small hydropower plants take into account the sanitary discharge, the continuous operation of fishers, low water, floods, operational measures to regulate the water flow through hydroconstructions, the regulation of hydroelectric power through the watercourse which allows practically no distortion of the natural hydrological regime and biological state of river below the station. Restrictions on the use of the territory for the construction of small hydropower stations take into account the presence of national natural parks, reserves, and natural monuments, places of deposits of minerals and mineral waters, historical and cultural heritage, special purpose land. Restrictions on the permissible bias of river sections have been introduced with regard to environmental restrictions. The article substantiates the significance of the technical potential of the hydropower resources of small rivers in Ukraine, taking into account environmental restrictions, at the level of 1270 million kWh/year (about 375 MW of installed capacity of small HPPs), and its distribution over the hydrological zones of the country. It is established that the volume of technically achievable potential of hydropower resources, even for the main deep-water small rivers of Ukraine, is within 3–15% of their natural potential. The results obtained are essential for the development of a modern concept of regional programs for the development of small hydropower and the Energy Strategy, implementation of the activities of the National Action Plan for Renewable Energy in Ukraine.

Analysis of development process of landslide accumulation body based on discrete element method

Large scale landslide accumulations are often seen in the construction of hydropower stations in Southwest of China. It is of great engineering significance to study the development process of these landslide accumulations and their development stages. In this paper, a landslide accumulation of a hydropower station is taken as the object of study. Through the three-dimensional discrete element analysis software 3DEC, the development process of the accumulation body is divided into five stages, and the deformation and failure characteristics of each stage are analyzed in detail. The research of this paper is of great help to guide the safety operation of the project.

Examining the Effects of Hydropower Station Construction on the Surface Temperature of the Jinsha River Dry-Hot Valley at Different Seasons

On the completion of a large-scale hydropower station, the change of the water area can cause a corresponding change of local weather. To examine such changes, this paper analyzed the effect of the reservoir in the head area of the Xiluodu hydropower station based on the temperature data of MODIS MYD11A2. The temperature differences (TD) between various locations in the study area and the reservoir were calculated to explore the TD in different seasons. The reservoir effect change intensity (RECI) was established to explore the impact of the reservoir on local weather changes in different flood seasons. The combination of the TD and RECI was applied to explore the role of the hydropower station in regulating the temperature of the surrounding reservoir. The results showed the following: (1) after hydropower station construction (HSC), the TD in the valleys decreased and the TD in the dry season was lower than that in the wet season; (2) the RECI had different distribution characteristics in different flood seasons of the reservoir, and the RECI was stronger in the wet season than that in the dry season; and (3) unlike in the plains, cooling and warming effects existed simultaneously in different parts of the mountains.

Response of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPPT) in the Wujiang catchment (China) to the construction of cascade hydropower stations

The damming of rivers results in hydrological modifications that not only affect the aquatic ecosystem but also adjoining terrestrial systems. Thirteen dams commissioned along the Wujiang River have induced ecological problems, including decreased water turbidity and loss of biodiversity, which potentially influence ecosystem net primary production (NPP) and hence the sequestration, transformation, and storage of carbon. We used terrestrial NPP (NPPT) as a bioindicator to assess the impact of dams on carbon storage in the Wujiang catchment. MODIS satellite and meteorological data were used as inputs to the CASA model to calculate annual NPPT from 2000 to 2014. NPPT was calculated at the catchment and landscape scale to quantify the impact of dams on surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. Mean NPPT was calculated for concentric buffer zones covering a range of spatial extents (0–10 km) from the reservoir shoreline. We found a negligible impact from construction of a single dam on NPPT at the catchment scale. By contrast, the impact of dam construction was scale-dependent, with a stronger landscape-scale effect observed at short distances (i.e., 0–1 km) from the reservoir. Decreases in NPPT were mainly ascribed to the loss of vegetated land resulting from dam impoundment and subsequent urbanization of the surrounding area.

Shift in the microbial community composition of surface water and sediment along an urban river

Urban rivers represent a unique ecosystem in which pollution occurs regularly, leading to significantly altered of chemical and biological characteristics of the surface water and sediments. However, the impact of urbanization on the diversity and structure of the river microbial community has not been well documented. As a major tributary of the Yangtze River, the Jialing River flows through many cities. Here, a comprehensive analysis of the spatial microbial distribution in the surface water and sediments in the Nanchong section of Jialing River and its two urban branches was conducted using 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results revealed distinct differences in surface water bacterial composition along the river with a differential distribution of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria (P < 0.05). The bacterial diversity in sediments was significantly higher than their corresponding water samples. Additionally, archaeal communities showed obvious spatial variability in the surface water. The construction of the hydropower station resulted in increased Cyanobacteria abundance in the upstream (32.2%) compared to its downstream (10.3%). Several taxonomic groups of potential fecal indicator bacteria, like Flavobacteria and Bacteroidia, showed an increasing trend in the urban water. PICRUSt metabolic inference analysis revealed a growing number of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and nitrogen metabolism in the urban water, indicating that urban discharges might act as the dominant selective force to alter the microbial communities. Redundancy analysis suggested that the microbial community structure was influenced by several environmental factors. TP (P < 0.01) and NO3− (P < 0.05), and metals (Zn, Fe) (P < 0.05) were the most significant drivers determining the microbial community composition in the urban river. These results highlight that river microbial communities exhibit spatial variation in urban areas due to the joint influence of chemical variables associated with sewage discharging and construction of hydropower stations.

Characterization of the deformation behavior of fine-grained sandstone by triaxial cyclic loading

In order to study the deformation behavior of fine-grained sandstone subjected to cyclic loading, a series of triaxial cyclic compression tests were performed under different confining pressures in the laboratory. Each of the tests combined constant-amplitude cyclic loading and increasing-amplitude cyclic loading. The experimental results showed that the evolutions of the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio with cycles had 3 variation modes according to the applied deviatoric stress. Within a given stress level, the axial and lateral irreversible strain initially increased with a decreasing rate, followed by steady-state increases before failure. When the specimens approached failure, an accelerated increase in the irreversible strain occurred. Under lower stress levels, the volumetric strain was characterized by compaction-dominated behavior. However, it changed from compaction to dilation within each loading cycle under higher stress levels. SEM (scanning electron microscope) tests were conducted on unruptured specimens to study the deformation mechanism of the fine-grained sandstone during cyclic loading. This marks the beginning of a study that aims to provide a reference to the design, construction, and operation of hydropower stations in China.

Technology improvements and management innovations in construction of Xiluodu hydropower station on Jinsha River

Technology improvements and management innovations in construction of Xiluodu hydropower station on Jinsha River

竖缝式鱼道主流流态试验研究

水电站、大坝等工程的建设，阻断了河流流域中各种鱼类的洄游路线。为保证鱼类的生存环境，各工程大都采用了修建鱼道的形式来沟通鱼类的洄游。竖缝式鱼道是各种型式鱼道中采用最广泛的。本文主要通过对竖缝式鱼道进行模型试验，得到竖缝式鱼道主流流速的变化规律及主流的路径，从而绘制出相关的竖缝式鱼道的主流变化规律图以及主流的流速图。 The construction of dam and hydropower station blocks the migratory route of fishes in the river basin. Fishways are structures that guarantee the migration of fish. The vertical slot fishway is the most common type. This paper presents the results of an experimental work on the vertical slot fishway. The value of velocity in the main flow and its path are indicated by the results, and the change regulation and velocity map of the main flow are drawn out, simultaneously.

Development of SNP markers associated with immune-related genes of Schizothorax prenanti

Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), one of the important endemic commercial fish in China, is mainly distributing in the upstream of the River Yangtze and the tributaries. The wild population is facing serious challenges of germplasm degeneration due to the overfishing, water pollution and construction of hydropower stations; therefore, it is very urgent to develop genetic resource of S. prenanti to protect the wild population. In this study, we used Illumina Hiseq2500 sequencing to develop single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in S. prenanti. From 37,785 unigenes with functional annotation, 857,535 putative SNPs were identified. Among them, 33 SNPs from immune-related genes were randomly selected and 20 loci exhibited significant polymorphisms in genotyping by Sequenom MassARRAY. As far as our best knowledge, this is the first report about the SNP markers development in S. prenanti based on Illumina RNA sequencing. These SNP markers should not only be useful for population conversation, but also for construction of genetic linkage map and economic performance improvement of S. prenanti.

Spatial and temporal changes in runoff and sediment loads of the Lancang River over the last 50 years

Non-parametric Mann-Kendall, double mass curve analysis and annual variation analysis were used to analyze the spatial and temporal changes in runoff and sediment loads at the Jiuzhou, Jiajiu and Yunjinghong hydropower stations in the Lancang River from 1964 to 2010. The results indicate that the inter-annual and annual distributions of sediment have significantly changed since the 1990s, and that sediment discharge has increased at the Jiuzhou station, while sediment discharge has declined at the Jiajiu and Yunjinghong stations. Overall, annual runoff distribution patterns have been consistent since the 1990s. Spatial and temporal changes in runoff and sediment loads in the Lancang River have been attributed to the construction of hydropower stations, changes in land use and precipitation patterns. The results can provide guidance for the environmental protection and ecological restoration of rivers in the Southwest of China.

Дністровський каньйон у національному природному парку

There have been raised several questions about saving natural, historical and cultural values of the territory of national park “Dnister river canyon” in this article. Also, this work highlights historical and natural conditions of canyon’s formation. Landscape, aesthetic and recreational resources of Dnister river canyon are incomparable among the territory of Ukraine. That is why it is important to save it from massive anthropogenic pressure. On of the stresses is a planned construction of upper Dnister river cascade hydropower station on the protected territory of national park “Dnister river canyon”.

Optimizing the operation of a hydraulic dam for ecological flow requirements of the You-shui River due to a hydropower station construction

River ecosystems are closely linked to flow velocity, depth, water temperature, and river bed substrates, and the alteration of hydrological regime due to dam operation has significant impacts on the river ecosystem. It is critical for river managers to seek the optimal solution to balance the environmental discharge requirement with hydropower production. This study investigated links between hydropower plant generation and stream habitat conditions in the You-shui River, China, and developed an optimization model to obtain the most beneficial solution for both generating capacity and environmental discharge. The typical annual flow rates were determined, and Chinese sucker (Procypris rabaudi) was chosen as the target fish with 4 life stages to represent the habitat suitability situation under the environmental discharge. The optimal model was designed to be a function of the maximum value of the sum of the power generating function and the overall suitability index (OSI) function. The traditional environmental flow scheme and optional plan with 3 other schemes were also calculated for comparison. The results of this model indicate that traditional environmental discharge methods cannot satisfy the requirement of juvenile, adult, and spawning stages of the target fish. The solution of the optional plan can meet the habitat demand but will significantly reduce the hydropower generation. The analysis indicates that the optimal model could well balance the hydropower production and the ecosystem protection in the You-shui River and is therefore recommended as a suitable dam management method.

Distribution of water resources: A case study of the transboundary Nile river

A brief analysis is made of the 1966 Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, with a focus on the statement that each basin State is entitled, within its territory, to a reasonable and equitable share in the beneficial uses of the waters of an international drainage basin. It is shown that it is rare for most agreement to establish the rules concerning the use of international water bodies involving inevitable strict responsibility for any breaches thereof. A brief characteristic of the Nile river and its basin is provided. The main international agreements for the Nile river are highlighted. Prominence is given to the 1929 and 1959 Agreements where Egypt’s “natural and historical” rights to the Nile waters were recognized. In spite of the fact that many States were dissatisfied with some provisions in the agreements, they continued to cooperate on various current and strategic issues arising in the basin. The Nile Basin Initiative that began with a dialogue among the riparian States was officially launched in 1999 by the water ministers of nine countries that share the river with the purpose of achieving sustainable socioeconomic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources. In May 2010, the representatives of Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya signed the Framework Agreement on the Nile Basin. In February 2011, the Agreement was signed by Burundi, and DR Congo is also expected to sign. It is the first multilateral agreement on the Nile Basin. Since the early 2000s Ethiopia has been active in the construction of hydropower stations on the Nile tributaries, including the largest station in Africa. The struggle of the States in the upper reaches of the Nile for revision of the unjust colonial agreement will necessarily result in accession of the other countries to the Cooperative Framework Agreement or to the preparation of a new agreement which would foresee an equitable sharing of the Nile water resources in the interests of all the Basin States.

White-cheeked macaque (Macaca leucogenys): A new macaque species from Medog, southeastern Tibet.

We describe a newly discovered Macaca species from the Medog, in southeastern Tibet, China, Macaca leucogenys sp. nov or the "white-cheeked macaque". Based on 738 photos taken during direct observations and captured by camera traps this new species appears to be distinct from the Macaca sinica species group. Moreover, the species is distinguished from all potential sympatric macaque species (M. mulatta, M. thibetana, M. assamensis, and M. munzala) in exhibiting a suite of pelage characteristics including relatively uniform dorsal hair pattern, hairy ventral pelage, relative hairless short tail, prominent pale to white side- and chin-whiskers creating a white cheek and round facial appearance, dark facial skin on the muzzle, long and thick hairs on its neck, and a round rather than arrow-shaped male genitalia. This new macaque species was found to exploit a diverse set of habitat types from tropical forest at 1395 m, to primary and secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest at 2000 m, as well as mixed broadleaf-conifer forest at 2700 m. Its range may extend to neighboring counties in Tibet and the part of southeastern Tibet controlled by India. The white-cheeked macaque is threatened by illegal hunting and the construction of hydropower stations. Discovery of this new primate species further highlights the high value for biodiversity conservation of southeastern Tibet and calls for more intensive surveys, studies, and environmental protection in this area.

Harmonious Allocation Model of the River Diversion Standard under Synchronous Construction of Hydropower Stations

It is incapable for current method to establish the diversion standard when two hydropower stations are constructed synchronously. Hence this paper studied it from the perspective of harmonious allocation with considering the balance between economy and safety. Firstly, the risk estimation model of each diversion system under such condition was established in which the composition theory of regional flood was introduced to calculate the changed flood and the Copula function was adopted to construct its probability distribution. On this basis, with treating the adjacent diversion system as a whole, the allocation model of the diversion standard was established in which the life cycle cost (LCC) was proposed as the evaluation index. Aimed at the minimum of the LCC of the serial diversion system, the optimum diversion standard combination was ascertained. Finally, an engineering case was presented to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model. And the study can offer the theoretical basis and technical reference for the control of the construction flood in the development of the cascade hydropower station.

Exploring the public value of increased hydropower use: a choice experiment study for Austria

This paper applies a choice experiment to estimate how Austrian households value the multiple impacts associated with future hydropower investments. Clear evidence was obtained that Austrian households are willing to pay for an expansion of hydropower capacities. More precisely, Austrians are willing to incur extra costs for economic (employment) and environmental (reduced air emissions) benefits related to the generation of electricity from hydroelectric power, but wish to be compensated for the loss of nature and landscape new hydropower plants are associated with. This relation can formally be denoted as the ‘energy–water trade-off’ imposed by the use of hydropower. Moreover, confirmation of the ‘Not in my backyard’ phenomenon was found, meaning that people prefer the construction of new hydropower stations, but not close to their homes.

Study on the Variation of Landscape Pattern under the Influence of Hydroelectric Development: A Case Study of Madushan Hydropower Station, China

Based on 3S Technology, this paper mainly focuses on studying temporal dynamic changes of landscape pattern in the upper reaches of the Madushan of Yunnan Province before and after the construction of Madushan hydropower station. From 2006 to 2011, the woodland area showed a downward trend, while those of some savanna, cropland, bench land, residential land, transportation land and industrial land were in adverse circumstances. The woodland area dropped from 1374.37km 2 to 1230.88 km2 by 10.4% compared to 2006. The water area increased from 6.99 km2 in 2006 to 11.72 km2 in 2011. What's more, some inter-transitions between different landscape types were also frequent, especially for woodland, cropland and savanna. Actually, the integrated variation of landscape degree was 6.2%. And all the landscape types presented a growing trend except for woodland. The fastest trend was 26.3% in industrial land, the slowest trend was 0.4% in cropland. In conclusion, there was an apparent change in the landscape pattern for the study area before and after the hydropower station construction, and this study could be significant for better understanding of the landscape ecological effects of hydropower exploitation.

某水电站近坝库岸滑坡涌浪预测研究

水电站建设及建成发电运行以后，伴随着水库蓄水，往往不同程度地触发岸坡岩土体失稳，不仅影响工程建设的实施，而且对拦河大坝和周围人民群众的生命财产安全造成严重威胁。本文以某水电站近坝库区的荒田滑坡为例，分析其滑动成因和机制；在启动速度和下滑速度计算的基础上，对其滑动入水后形成的涌浪进行分析和量化计算。根据山区河道型水库的特点提出弯道系数的概念并修正潘家铮计算公式，该系数主要由大坝附近涌浪监测结果反分析获得。基于数值计算确定不同水位情况下的失稳范围，采用上述修正方法对库区一处潜在失稳区岩土体进行滑动入水后的涌浪预测，从而获得较为可靠的预测结果，为水电站的安全运行提供重要依据。 The reservoir storage, in the process of hydropower station construction or operation, often triggers a large number of reservoir bank slope instability of rock and soil mass in different degrees, which not only affect the implementation of the project construction, but also seriously threaten the river dam and surrounding people’s safety. The Huangtian landslide in a hydropower station reservoir area close to the dam was taken as an example, the sliding causes and mechanism of which were analyzed in this paper; on the basis of start-up speed and slip velocity calculation, the surge after sliding into the water was analyzed and quantified. The concept of curve coefficient that obtained from the surge monitoring results nearby the dam by inverse analysis was proposed according to the characteristics of mountainous river reservoir and used to amend the Pan Jiazheng formulas about the surge. Based on the instability scope which was determined by numerical calculation under different water conditions, the surge was forecasted by the above method when the rock and soil in a potentially unstable reservoir area can slide into the water, so as to obtain more reliable predictions and provide an important basis for the safe operation of hydropower station.

Prediction of the biological productivity in Far East reservoirs.

Hydrotechnical construction in the rivers of the Far East inevitably requires decisionmaking on imple� mentation of necessary measures for protection and sustainable use of biological resources. The aim of the study is to make predictions on the biological produc� tivity of the Far East reservoirs based on determination of quantitative relations between key biotic and abiotic components of the aquatic ecosystem generalized in the form of the massbalance model. We consider res� ervoirs on the Zeya and Bureya rivers and their tribu� taries Shilka, Bolshaya Ussurka (a tributary of the Ussuri River) and Timpton (a tributary of the Aldan River) rivers (Table 1). The filling of Zeya Reservoir occurred from 1975 to 1985, and the filling of the Bureya Reservoir started in 2005. For flood control in the Amur region, specialists of the Lenhydroproject developed projects of the con� struction of hydropower stations which can regulate the runoff from Zeya and Bureya rivers (6, 8, 9). It is planned to construct the Lower Zeya hydropower sta� tion 300 km downstream of the Zeya hydropower sta� tion. The project has been developed for a floodcon� trol dam construction on the Gilyuy River, which inflows the Zeya Reservoir. The construction of the Selemdzha hydropower station is projected in the Selemdzha River, the largest tributary of the Zeya River, which inflows downstream the Zeya hydro� power station. The construction of the Lower Bureya Reservoir is projected 85 km upstream the Bureya River mouth. The construction of the Urgal Reservoir is projected in the Niman River, a right tributary of the Bureya River, 60-70 km downstream the transient region of the Bureya Reservoir. The constructions of the Shilka hydropower station in the Shilka River and of the Dalnerechensk cascade of hydropower stations (Dalnerechinsk and Vostretsovsk hydropower stations) on the Bolshaya Ussurka River (a tributary of the Ussuri River) are planned for flood protection of the cities of Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk. The projects of the Kankun hydropower station in the Timpton River (Southern Yakutia) are at their final stage. Brief geographical and morphometric charac� teristics of the abovementioned reservoirs obtained by

General Planning Informatization Research Based on Whole Life Cycle of Hydropower Station for Basin Wide Hydropower Development Company

Along with the arrival of Chinese hydropower construction investment peak and the application of computer technology in the whole life cycle of hydropower station of every stage, isolated data appeared between different stages in the whole life cycle, as well as different professional module of the same stages. Based on the whole life cycle theory of hydropower station, overall planning informatization of basin wide hydropower development company was studied. The overall planning includes main information system modules of each stage of the whole life cycle of hydropower station, such as: basin wide or river planning stage, pre-feasibility study stage, feasibility study stage, bidding and construction stage, completion operating and maintenance stage and digitalization basin stage. Meanwhile, based on the transverse business sectors, management of comprehensive enterprise, hydropower station construction process, production operations, and function business modules of hydropower station was studied. After the implementation of the plan, whole process planning informatization is except to be unified, and a unified data model should be established. Finally, a new management model can be formed, the purpose of efficient management can be achieved.