Hydropic Degeneration Research Articles

Effects of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract on the livers of obese rats.

We have investigated anti-obesity effects of the extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root in rats with diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia by using histopathological and biochemical methods. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided to four groups of eight: normal control (C), high fat diet (HFD), high fat Diet + Glycyrrhiza glabra (HFD+M), and normal diet with Glycyrrhiza glabra (M). The high fat diet contained 300 g/kg fat (4000 kcal/kg); the daily dosage of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract was 1g/kg body weight by orogastric gavage. Supplementation of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract dramatically reduced increases in body weight caused by the induction of obesity. A hepatoprotective effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract was supported by the almost normal histology in the livers of the HFD+M rats, in contrast to the degenerative changes in the HFD rats, which included macrovesicular and microvesicular fat deposits, hydropic degeneration, dilatation of sinusoids and coagulation necrosis of some hepatocytes. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartic transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol (HDL and LDL) and triglycerides, were ameliorated by Glycyrrhiza glabra extract treatment. We conclude that Glycyrrhiza glabra extract given together with HFD could prevent obesity and reduce liver damage in rats.

Tissue-Engineered Oral Epithelium for Dental Material Testing: Toward In Vitro Biomimetic Models.

Tissue-engineered oral epithelium (ΤΕΟΕ) was developed after comparing various culture conditions, including submerged (SUB) and air-liquid interface (ALI) human cell expansion options. Barrier formation was evaluated via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and calcein permeation via spectrofluorometry. TEOE was further assessed for long-term viability via live/dead staining and development of intercellular connections via transmission electron microscopy. Tissue architecture was evaluated via histochemistry and the expression of pancytokeratin (pCK) via immunohistochemistry. The effect of two commonly used dental resinous monomers on TEOE was evaluated for alterations in cell viability and barrier permeability. ALI/keratinocyte growth factor-supplemented (ALI-KGS) culture conditions led to the formation of an 8-20-layer thick, intercellularly connected epithelial barrier. TEER values of ALI-KGS-developed TEOE decreased compared with all other tested conditions, and the established epithelium intensively expressed pCK. Exposure to dental monomers affected the integrity and architecture of TEOE and induced cellular vacuolation, implicating hydropic degeneration. Despite structural modifications, the permeability of TEOE was not substantially affected after exposure to the monomers. In conclusion, the biological properties of the TEOE mimicking the physiological functional conditions and its value as biocompatibility assessment tool for dental materials were characterized.

Impact of Gold Nanoparticles Intraperitoneal Injection on Mice's Erythrocytes and Renal Tissue.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different types of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) delivered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection on blood and kidney tissue changes in a mouse model. Three groups of fifteen adult male BALB/c healthy mice, weighing approximately 25-30 g, were used for the experiment and designated G1, G2, and G3, respectively. G1 mice received vehicle, whereas G2 and G3 received an IP injection of 10 mg/kg body weight of methoxy poly ethylene glycol gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs) and fluorescently dye labeled gold nanoparticles (Dye-AuNPs), respectively. Hematological parameters were measured based on the standard complete blood cell count (CBC) technique. The two nanoparticles, i.e., PEG-AuNPs and Dye-AuNPs, significantly reduced most red blood cell (RBC) parameters in the groups with the exception of a nonsignificant effect on hemoglobin (HBG) levels. Both gold nanoparticles, i.e., PEG-AuNPs and Dye-AuNPs, led to a reduced RBC count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) level when compared with the control. Notably, Dye-AuNPs and PEG-AuNPs resulted in a considerably higher RBC distribution RDW-(CV % and SD fL). Glomerular injury was suggested based on the development of hydropic degeneration and the presence of a protein-rich fluid inside the tubules. Renal tissue and blood indices changed significantly in response to the two nanoparticles, suggesting possible organ injury.

SITAGLIPTIN AMELIORATES ATORVASTATIN INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Atorvastatin (ATOR) is the most widely used statin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, which is the most common cause of severe liver injury. Sitagliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4-I) used clinically as oral anti-diabetic agent. This study aimed to identify the effect of sitagliptin (SITA) pretreatment against Atorvastatin (ATOR) induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups (5 rats in each); normal control, ATOR, SITA and two sitagliptin groups, which pretreated with sitagliptin 10 and 20 mg/kg/day in combination with ATOR 20mg /kg / day for eight consecutive days prior to ATOR. The results revealed that ATOR induced noticeable hepatic injury in the form of moderate Hepatoportal + sinusoidal congestion, all Zonal changes, moderate Cloudy swelling + hydropic degeneration, moderate Fatty change and mild Apoptosis. Biochemical analysis exposed a significant rise in the serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in ATOR group. Increased Proinflammatory TNF-alpha, Oxidative stress MDA and depressed antioxidant system of GSH were evident in ATOR group. On the other hand, sitagliptin pretreatment significantly ameliorated all of the above mentioned biochemical, histopathological changes induced by ATOR. In conclusion, sitagliptin ameliorated the hepatotoxicity induced by atorvastatin. This effect was probably based through suppression of inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. Sitagliptin might exert beneficial effect on diabetic hepatic disorders which mandate further clinical research.

Phytochemicals and Toxicity of the Extract from Cosmos caudatus Leaves

The efficacy of traditional medicines is related to the complexity of the chemical properties of the drugs. Cosmos caudatus Kunth is a traditional medicinal plant with therapeutic properties. This study aimed to determine the chemical compounds contained in C. caudatus Kunth leaves and their toxicity. Toxicity tests were conducted on 24 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into one control group consisting of aguadest and five treatment groups consisting of C. caudatus Kunth ethanol extract at doses of 125mg/kg bw, 250mg/kg bw, 500mg/kg bw, 1g/kg bw, and 2g/kg bw. Phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. The highest levels of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids were found in the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves fractionated with aqua, while the highest level of saponins was found in the aqua fractionation extract. The highest test dose of 2g/kg bw did not cause poisoning or death in mice. There were no significant differences in liver weight (p=0.14), kidney weight (p=0.44), or creatinine (p=0.21) between the control and treatment groups. Histopathological examination of the liver showed severe hydropic degeneration that was not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Renal histopathology showed significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contains alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. A dose of 2 g/kg bw of ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves was not toxic to mice, but most of the mice's livers experienced severe damage.

Bioaccumulation of Deltamethrin and Piperonyl butoxide in Labeo rohita fish

Deltamethrin (DLM), in combination with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), is extensively used in pest control programs due to its potent pesticidal properties and appreciable safety margin. However, various research studies report their adverse effects on non-target organisms. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of DLM, PBO, and a DLM-PBO (3:1) combination on Labeo rohita (L. rohita) fish fingerlings. Fish behavior and mortality rates were recorded at different time intervals up to 96 h for concentrations of 0.003, 0.007, 0.015, 0.031, and 0.062 µg/mL, respectively. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological studies were carried out. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify residues in fish samples. The LC50 values after 48 h for DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO exposed fish fingerlings were found to be 0.028, 0.066, and 0.007 µg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 0.003 µg/mL of DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO, the treated fish fingerlings exhibited similar behavior to the control group. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, were reduced in the treated groups compared to the control. Biochemical parameters showed increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), while total serum protein levels decreased in DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO treated fingerlings. Histopathological examination of liver, gill, and heart tissues revealed lesions with hydropic degeneration in the liver and fusions of gill lamellae in the treated tissues. Fish fingerlings exposed to the DLM-PBO combination appeared highly prone to toxicity compared to those treated with DLM and PBO separately.

TOXICITY TEST OF Eusideroxylon zwageri BARK EXTRACT ON KIDNEY HISTOPATHOLOGY GLOMERULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HYDROPIC DEGENERATION

Background: Ironwood bark extract (Eusideroxylon zwageri) has antioxidant properties such as tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and alkonoids. Most compounds in the ironwood bark extract were phenolics (31.28 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (30.48 mg CE/g), and proanthocyanidins (183.30 mg PE/g). These can be used as alternative herbal medicines, but also has toxic effects, so a toxicity test is necessary. Toxicity tests can be seen through histopathological parameters based on glomerular hypertrophy and hydropic degeneration. Purpose: To determine the toxic effect of ironwood bark extract administration at doses of 1,250 mg/kg, 2,750 mg/kg, and 4,750 mg/kg orally on the kidneys of Wistar rats based on histopathological appearance of glomerular hypertrophy and hydropic degeneration. Methods: Pure experimental study with a posttest-only with control design, consisting of 4 groups with 3 treatment groups given ironwood bark extract at doses of 1,250 mg/kg, 2,750 mg/kg, and 4,750 mg/kg, and 1 control group was given distilled water 2x1 ml every 24 hours orally for 14 days. Results: In administration of ironwood bark extract at doses of 2,750 mg/kgBW and 4,750 mg/kgBW, glomerular diameter was found increased. The histopathological hydropic degeneration showed a score of 1 in all dose groups. The research data were analyzed using the One Way Anova and Kruskal Wallis tests. Both tests showed no significant differences between groups. Conclusion: There was no toxic effect of ironwood bark extract at doses of 1,250 mg/kg, 2,750 mg/kg, and 4,750 mg/kg on the kidneys of Wistar rats based on histopathological appearance of glomerular hypertrophy and hydropic degeneration.

TOXICITY TEST OF Eusideroxylon zwageri BARK EXTRACT BASED ON LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY HYDROPIC DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS

Background: Ironwood bark extract contains antioxidant properties such as flavonoids, phenolics, and proanthocyanidins, which can stabilize ROS in the body and help accelerate wound healing. The liver plays a role in nutrient metabolism, detoxification, and ROS production. The lack of antioxidants to neutralize excess ROS makes the liver vulnerable to damage. Purpose: This study aimed to determine that there was no toxic effect of giving ironwood bark extract (Eusideroxylon zwageri) doses of 1.250 mg/kg, 2.750 mg/kg, and 4.750 mg/kg on the liver of Wistar rats based on histopathological features of hydropic degeneration and necrosis. Methods: Pure laboratory experimental quantitative (true experimental) with a post-test-only research design with control group design and One Way Anova statistical test. Treatment was given to 4 groups, namely group (K) was given aquadest control, group (T1) was given ironwood bark extract at a dose of 1.250 mg/kgBW, group (T2) was given ironwood bark extract at a dose of 2.750 mg/kgBW, and group (T3) given ironwood bark extract at a dose of 4.750 mg/kgBW. Results: The results showed no significant difference between the four treatment groups based on the average percentage of hydropic degeneration and necrosis. Conclusion: There was no toxic effect of giving ironwood bark extract doses of 1.250 mg/kgBW, 2.750 mg/kgBW, and 4.750 mg/kgBW on the liver of Wistar rats based on histopathological appearance of hydropic degeneration and necrosis for 14 days.

Potential Effect of Curcumin in Lowering Blood Glucose Level in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has significantly increased, with 537 million individuals living with diabetes in 2021. Curcumin, a natural compound present in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that aid in controlling diabetes. Curcumin can lower blood glucose levels, increase pancreatic cell function, and reduce insulin resistance. The pathophysiology of diabetes involves oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which can lead to cell death. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of curcumin in rats by administering it for a month and evaluating pancreatic tissue histology. STZ-induced diabetic rats were fed a high-fat diet containing glibenclamide, 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) curcumin, 400 mg/kg BW curcumin, or a placebo for 4 weeks. After intervention, blood glucose levels were measured, and the pancreatic tissue was examined. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. One-way ANOVA was performed to measure the mean difference among the groups at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of observation, which reported a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The blood glucose levels decreased after 4 h in the group receiving curcumin. Histological evaluation of the pancreas showed slight hydropic degeneration after 4 weeks of curcumin treatment. Our study indicates that curcumin has a beneficial effect in diabetic rats by reducing blood glucose levels and a protective effect on the pancreas.

Pseudo-Meigs syndrome caused by a rapidly enlarging hydropic leiomyoma with elevated CA125 levels mimicking ovarian malignancy: a case report and literature review

Pseudo-Meigs syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by hydrothorax and ascites associated with pelvic masses, and patients occasionally present with elevated serum cancer antigen-125 (CA125) levels. Hydropic leiomyoma (HLM) is an uncommon subtype of uterine leiomyoma characterized by hydropic degeneration and secondary cystic changes. Rapidly enlarging HLMs accompanied by hydrothorax, ascites, and elevated CA125 levels may be misdiagnosed as malignant tumors. Here, we report a case of HLM in a 45-year-old Chinese woman who presented with ascites and hydrothorax. Preoperative abdominopelvic CT revealed a giant solid mass in the fundus uteri measuring 20 × 15 × 12 cm. Her serum CA125 level was elevated to 247.7 U/ml, while her hydrothorax CA125 level was 304.60 U/ml. The patient was initially diagnosed with uterine malignancy and underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and adhesiolysis. Pathological examination confirmed the presence of a uterine hydropic leiomyoma with cystic changes. After tumor removal, the ascites and hydrothorax subsided quickly, with no evidence of recurrence. The patient’s serum CA125 level decreased to 116.90 U/mL on Day 7 and 5.6 U/mL on Day 40 postsurgery. Follow-up data were obtained at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery, and no recurrence of ascites or hydrothorax was observed. This case highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of HLM to achieve successful outcomes.

Comparative study on corneal epithelium healing: effects of crosslinked hyaluronic acid and amniotic membrane extract eye drops in rats.

Corneal ulcers are common lesions in both human and veterinary medicine. However, only a few studies have evaluated the efficacy of cross-linked hyaluronic acid (X-HA) eye drops on corneal wound healing. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate and compare the efficacy of amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMEED) and X-HA for corneal wound healing in rats. A total of 15 male Wistar rats (30 eyes) were used in this study. Then, 10 eyes were treated with X-HA, AMEED, or 0.9% saline. After general and topical anesthesia, a superficial corneal ulcer was created using a corneal trephine. The defect was further polished with a diamond burr. Three groups of 10 eyes each were treated with either one drop of 0.75% X-HA or AMEED or 0.9% saline (control), administered every 12 h for a duration of 72 h. The median epithelial defect area (MEDA), expressed as a percentage of the total corneal surface, was measured at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. Re-epithelization time scores were also evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare median times for re-epithelization and histopathologic scores between groups, while the Friedman test (for paired data) was employed to compare results from the serial analysis of MEDA and vascularization scores between groups. MEDA was not significantly different between X-HA and AMEED. However, MEDA was significantly smaller in the X-HA group compared to the control group at 36 h (2.73 interquartile range (IQR) 5.52% x 9.95 IQR 9.10%, P=0.024) and 48 h (0.00 IQR 0.26% x 6.30 IQR 8.54%, P=0.030). The overall time for re-epithelization was significantly lower in the X-HA group (3.00 IQR 3.00) compared to the AMEED (6.5 IQR 3.00) and control (7.00 IQR 1.00) groups (P=0.035). Vascularization, hydropic degeneration, and epithelial-stromal separation were significantly less observed in samples in the X-HA-treated compared to samples in the AMEED- and saline-treated groups. Significantly more corneal epithelium cells were labeled for caspase3 in samples from the AMEED- and saline-treated groups compared to those from the X-HA-treated group. Topical X-HA has been shown to accelerate corneal epithelial healing. AMEED did not decrease corneal re-epithelialization time. X-HA may also potentially be used as an adjunct therapy for treating corneal ulcers in clinical situations.

Histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissues of Mice as Result of an Ibuprofen Drug Treatment

Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently prescribed in children for diverse therapeutic indications, including fever, postoperative pain, tumors, and inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes that may occur in kidney tissue in association with prolonged administration and overdose treatment of Ibuprofen. 20 female albino mice were used. They were divided into four groups, group (I) included 5 animals and served as a control group, group (II) included 10 animals and received daily recommended therapeutic dose of Ibuprofen 2.75ul/kg body weight for ten weeks, group (III) included 10 animals and received a daily overdose of Ibuprofen 5.5ul/kg body weight for ten weeks and group (IV) included 10 animals and treated exactly as a group (II) then the animals were left for recovery for six weeks. At the end of each period, the animals were sacrificed and kidneys were excised. The drug-induced many histopathological changes in kidneys included inflammatory cellular infiltration, cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, hemorrhage, dilatation and congestion of blood vessels, and fibers deposition. The study concluded that Ibuprofen treatment may cause different injuries in the renal tissue of mice. After six weeks of recovery, the renal changes persist, animals may need a longer period for complete recovery.

Epidemiological, Pathological, and Molecular Studies on Sheeppox Disease Outbreaks in Karnataka, India.

An epidemiological study spanning twelve years has revealed that sheeppox disease is both widespread and endemic, predominantly surging during the winter and summer seasons. This investigation focused on sheeppox across 11 field outbreaks, involving 889 animals from non-migratory flocks across six districts in Karnataka, in the southern peninsula of India. Among these, 105 animals exhibited clinical signs suggestive of sheeppox, such as lesions on the body, and 95 cases were confirmed through PCR testing. The overall positivity rate for sheeppox stood at 10.68% (95 out of 889 animals). The incidence of sheeppox was notably higher in animals aged between 1 and 2 years and was more prevalent in females. Affected animals displayed symptoms including respiratory distress, weakness, fever, loss of appetite, depression, and various skin lesions ranging from papular to pock lesions across their bodies. There was a significant increase in total leukocyte count, while hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and hematocrit values significantly decreased. On gross examination, sheeppox lesions, varying from vesicular to nodular forms, were predominantly found on hairless areas of the body. Microscopic examination of skin lesions revealed extensive changes, such as hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis of epithelial cells, along with characteristic intracytoplasmic viral inclusions. The lungs exhibited type-II pneumocyte hyperplasia and proliferative bronchiolitis, also with intracytoplasmic inclusions. Confirmation of the sheeppox virus was achieved through PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length P32 and RPO30 gene demonstrated homology with sheeppox isolates from various parts of India and neighboring countries, indicating that Indian sheeppox viruses are highly lineage-specific and correlate with the host of origin. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement a homologous vaccination strategy, utilizing selective host/viral strains to enhance protection in susceptible animals.

The Possible Protective Role of Resveratrol against Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Hepatic Tissue Injury in Adult Albino Rat

Abstract Background Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in industries and medications. This may elevate the probability of their existence in the environment, which may have harmful side effects on different body organs, especially on the liver. So it became mandatory to search for natural hepatoprotective elements such as Resveratrol. Aim of the Work The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the histological structure and biochemical markers of the liver of adult male albino rats and to evaluate the possible protective role of Resveratrol. Material and Methods 40 adult male albino rats aged 3-6 months, were divided randomly into four groups; Group I (Control group), which consisted of 10 male albino rats with free access to food (rat chew) and water; Group II (ZnO NPs group), which included 10 male albino rats, which received a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight ZnO NPs through oral gavage daily for 4 weeks; Group III (Resveratrol group) was composed of 10 male albino rats which received a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight Resveratrol through oral gavage daily for 4 weeks, and Group IV (ZnO NPs + Resveratrol group) included 10 male albino rats which were co-administered with a combination of ZnO NPs at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight and Resveratrol at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight dose through oral gavage daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). All the animals were sacrificed, and the liver was extracted and processed into paraffin blocks for light microscopic examination. A morphometric study and a statistical analysis were done. Results The present work demonstrated that liver sections obtained from adult male albino rats that received ZnO NPs showed disorganized hepatic architecture, severe affection of the hepatocytes, which had small darkly stained nuclei, and deep acidophilic cytoplasm. The hepatocytes sometimes showed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolations. Most hepatocytes had small apoptotic nuclei and were surrounded by clear halos. While some hepatocytes lost their cell boundaries and coalesced together. Central veins were dilated, distorted, and congested with areas of epithelial lining detachment. Most of the blood sinusoids appeared congested with marked inflammatory cell infiltration. The portal tracts showed vascular congestion, dilatation, and proliferation of the bile ducts. There was a marked increase in the collagen deposition around the portal tracts, central veins, and in-between hepatocytes. Marked depletion of glycogen content with sporadic positive PAS reactions within the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes was also noticed. Hepatocyte apoptosis was evident by a significant increase in caspase-3 expression compared to the control group. On the other hand, ZnO NP +Resveratrol group showed the restoration of normal hepatic lobules with few areas of subcapsular haemorrhage. Most hepatocytes appeared polygonal in shape, with acidophilic cytoplasm and central rounded vesicular nuclei. While few hepatocytes appeared degenerated with dark stained pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasm showed hydropic degeneration. Most of the blood sinusoids returned to their normal sizes with flattened endothelial cells. However, sometimes they were congested, dilated, and contained Kupffer cells. Some central veins appeared congested. The portal tract also returned to its normal size with a marked decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration and showed apparent minimal collagen fiber deposition. Another finding in the present work was that Resveratrol restored the glycogen content of the hepatocytes which were depleted in ZnO NPs group. This was marked by a strong PAS positive reaction in the cytoplasm of most hepatocytes, with few hepatocytes with weak PAS reaction. Resveratrol co-treatment with ZnO NPs significantly reduced the degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. This was evident in our study by the apparent negative Caspase-3 reaction in the cytoplasm of most hepatocytes. Clear deterioration of liver function tests was observed in ZnO NPs group compared with the control, with marked improvement in the group treated with ZnO NPs and Resveratrol together. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the degenerative and hepatotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on the histological structure and function of the liver and the hepatoprotective role of Resveratrol against these effects.

Effects of Ammonium Chloride on Some Vital Organs of Snakehead Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch.)

The present study includes the chronic exposure of sublethal concentrations (20 mg/L) of inorganic fertilizer, ammonium chloride for 30 days to snakehead fish, Channa punctatus caused histopathological alteration in some vital organs. There were very significant histopathological changes were observed in gill, liver, intestine and kidney of treated fish group. The ammonium chloride treated fish group showed lamellar fusion, deterioration of secondary lamellae, hemorrhage and destruction of gill arches in gill. The remarkable changes like hyperemia, vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and mononuclear cells filtration in portal regions were observed in liver of treated fish group. The very distinguish alterations like hydropic degeneration, necrosis, desquamation in epithelium cells at the apex of the villi and mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria were observed in kidney and proximal and distal tubules cellular shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis, and vacuolar degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium were observed in treated fish group. The finding of present investigation clearly analyzed that ammonium chloride caused dysfunction of some vital organs of C. punctatus. The study suggested that contamination of fertilizer, ammonium chloride in fish culture pond water should be avoided to fish production.

Histological Evaluation of the Protective Role of β-glucan Against Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of many cancers. The most important dose-limiting side effect is hepatotoxicity. Some studies have shown that antioxidant treatment with cisplatin reduces the toxic effect. In the present study, we were aimed to investigate the protective effects of antioxidant β-glucan on histological injury caused by cisplatin treatment in the liver. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups according to time of sacrifice, 7th day and 14th day (n=20 rats each). Both groups were then divided into four sub-groups Control, Cisplatin (10 mg/kg bw), β-glucan (100 mg/kg bw) and cisplatin+β-glucan (n=5 in each group). The rats were sacrificed at the 7th day and 14th day after the last injection. The liver sections were evaluated under a light microscope after the histological procedure. Histological injury caused by cisplatin in different days were evaluated as as sinusoidal congestion, hydropic degeneration, disorganization of hepatic cords, and mononuclear cellular infiltration in liver. When β-glucan was administered with cisplatin, it was determined that cellular damage caused by cisplatin decreased considerably in the liver in the different days groups. The light microscopic examination showed that the antioxidant beta-glucan protects against hepatotoxicity caused by cisplatin with its free radical scavenging effect. In conclusion, β-glucan may improve patients' quality of life by reducing cisplatin's toxicity on the liver.

Pathological and biochemical investigation of the effects of Silybum marianum against Methomyl damage in broiler liver

This study was aimed to investigate the protective/preventive and/or curative effects of Silybum marianum seed powder against Methomyl toxication by examining some biochemical parameters and pathological changes hepatic in broiler chicks fed with feeds supplemented with Methomyl and S. marianum seed powder. For this purpose, 4 different groups, each containing 32 animals, were used; Control group (CONT), Methomyl group (MET), S. marianum seed powder group (SMT) and Methomyl + S. marianum seed powder group (MET+SMT). In the study, Methomyl was added to the feeds as 20 ppm and S. marianum seed powder as 10 g·kg-1. The trial period was planned as 28 days, and necropsies of animals from each group were performed daily, and samples were taken for histopathology and biochemistry. In the study, liver enzyme activities and liver tissue oxidative stress markers GPx, MDA and SOD values were found to be similar in the CONT and SMT groups, but statistically higher in the MET group. In the MET+SMT group, the increased parameters were lower than the MET group. The histopathological examinations of liver sections, hyperemia, hemorrhage, hydropic degeneration and fatty changes of hepatocytes, focal necrosis, dissociation of remark cords, mononuclear cell infiltration in the portal area and bile ducts hyperplasia were detected. It has been observed that S. marianum given for preventive/healing purposes reduces histopathological damage and contributes positively in all groups. It has been concluded that S. marianum can be added to poultry diets against Methomyl residues or contamınatıons according to thıs study.

Alleviative effect of betaine against copper oxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male albino rats: histopathological, biochemical, and molecular studies

BackgroundCopper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) have gained interest due to their availability, efficiency, and their cost-effectiveness. Betaine is an essential methyl donor and takes part in various physiological activities inside the body; it is found to have protective and curative effects against various liver diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic effect of CuO-NPs on adult male albino rats and the ability of betaine to alleviate such hepatotoxicity.MethodsForty adult male albino Wister rats were grouped into 4 groups (10 rats/group): group I a negative control, group II (CuO-NPs) injected with CuO-NPs intra peritoneal by insulin needle (0.5 mg/kg/day), group III (betaine + CuO-NPs) administered betaine orally by gavage needle (250 mg/kg/day 1 h before CuO-NPs) and CuO-NPs (0.5 mg/kg/day) finally, group IV (betaine) administered betaine orally by gavage needle (250 mg/kg/day) for consecutive 28 days. Blood and liver samples were gathered and processed for biochemical, molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations.ResultsGroup II displayed a marked rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, there is an excessive upregulation of the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). On the other hand, substantial reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels and significant downregulation at glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mRNA gene expression. Regarding the histopathological deviations, there were severe congestion, dilatation and hyalinization of blood vessels, steatosis, hydropic degeneration, hepatocytic necrosis, increased binucleation, degenerated bile ducts, hyperplasia of ducts epithelial lining, and inflammatory cells infiltration. Immunohistochemically, there was a pronounced immunoreactivity toward IL-1β. Luckily, the pre-administration of betaine was able to mitigate these changes. MDA was dramatically reduced, resulting in the downregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, there was a considerable rise in GSH levels and an upregulation of GPx. Histopathological deviations were substantially improved as diminished dilatation, hyalinization and congestion of blood vessels, hepatocytes, and bile ducts are normal to some extent. In addition, IL-1β immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked decreased intensity.ConclusionBetaine can effectively reduce the hepatotoxicity caused by CuO-NPs via its antioxidant properties and its ability to stimulate the cell redox system.

Pancreatic and hepatic histopathology of high-fat diet fed streptozotocin-induced Wistar rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

In search of new fangled therapeutic agents against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), an appropriate preclinical disease model is important to ensure the success of subsequent clinical trials. There is an increasing trend in the use of high-fat diet (HFD) fed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rodent models in investigating novel therapeutic agents against T2DM. Though several studies have been conducted on the development of the aforementioned model they were mainly focused on biochemical characteristics. Only limited studies have focused on histopathological changes which is the gold standard in investigating the treatment-related changes of novel therapeutic agents. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the histopathological changes of the pancreas and liver, the two main organs involved in glucose homeostasis, in a newly developed HFD-fed STZ-induced Wistar rat model. For this study, Wistar rats were induced with T2DM by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (30, 40, and 50 mg/kg) which was given after feeding the rats with an HFD consisting of 60% calories from fat for four weeks duration. Diabetic rats were sacrificed after maintaining for further four weeks. The liver and pancreas were excised and hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were observed using a light microscope. The major histopathological changes in the pancreas of HFD-fed STZ-induced diabetic rats were loss of pancreatic islets, pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and mild fatty change in the exocrine pancreas. In contrast, the liver did not show any degree of fatty change, but the majority showed prominent hydropic degeneration in the hepatocytes. In conclusion, prominent alterations were well noted in the pancreatic and liver tissues of the Wistar rats fed with HFD, followed by STZ (50 mg/kg), and the established model could be useful in investigating and elucidating antidiabetic mechanisms of novel pharmaceutical agents.

Efek Terapi Pemberian Vitamin E Terhadap Kerusakan Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Dexamethasone

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there was a therapeutic effect of vitamin E administration on dexamethasone-induced kidney histopathological damage of white rats. This study used 20 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2-3 months with a body weight of 200 grams divided into 5 groups, namely negative control (K) without dexamethasone and vitamin E, positive control group (P0) given dexamethasone subcutaneously at a dose of 0.13 mg / Kg BB, treatment group 1 (P1) given dexamethasone subcutaneously at a dose of 0.13 mg / Kg body weight and vitamin E orally at a dose of 150 mg / Kg body weight, treatment group 2 (P2) given dexamethasone subcutaneously at a dose of 0.13 mg / Kg body weight and vitamin E orally at a dose of 200 mg / Kg body weight, and treatment group 3 (P3) given dexamethasone subcutaneously at a dose of 0.13 mg / Kg body weight and vitamin E orally at a dose of 250 mg / kg body weight. Adaptation is carried out for 7 days. Experimental animals are then terminated and kidney organs are taken to make histopathological preparations with HE staining then the preparations are observed under a microscope. The observed parameter is damage to the glomerulus and proximal tubules of the kidneys. The results showed that dexamethasone was able to damage the kidneys characterized by necrosis of the glomerulus and hydropic degeneration of the proximal tubules of the kidneys shown in the positive control group (P0). In the group given vitamin E, only the P3 group with a dose of vitamin E 250 mg / kg body weight was able to provide a therapeutic effect on damage to the glomerulus and renal tubules due to the toxic effects of dexamethasone.