Hydropic Changes Research Articles

In Vivo Mapping of Myocardial Injury Outside the Infarct Zone: Tissue at an Intermediate Pathological State.

The goal was to determine the feasibility of mapping the injured-but-not-infarcted myocardium using 99mTc-duramycin in the postischemic heart, with spatial information for its characterization as a pathophysiologically intermediate tissue, which is neither normal nor infarcted. Coronary occlusion was conducted in Sprague Dawley rats with preconditioning and 30-minute ligation. Invivo single-photon emission computed tomography was acquired after 3 hours (n=6) using 99mTc-duramycin, a phosphatidylethanolamine-specific radiopharmaceutical. The 99mTc-duramycin+ areas were compared with infarct and area-at-risk (n=8). Cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells were isolated for gene expression profiling. Cardiac function was measured with echocardiography (n=6) at 4 weeks. Invivo imaging with 99mTc-duramycin identified the infarct (3.9±2.4% of the left ventricle and an extensive area 23.7±2.2% of the left ventricle) with diffuse signal outside the infarct, which is pathologically between normal and infarcted (apoptosis 1.8±1.6, 8.9±4.2, 13.6±3.8%; VCAM-1 [vascular cell adhesion molecule 1] 3.2±0.8, 9.8±4.1, 15.9±4.2/mm2; tyrosine hydroxylase 14.9±2.8, 8.6±4.4, 5.6±2.2/mm2), with heterogeneous changes including scattered micronecrosis, wavy myofibrils, hydropic change, and glycogen accumulation. The 99mTc-duramycin+ tissue is quantitatively smaller than the area-at-risk (26.7% versus 34.4% of the left ventricle, P=0.008). Compared with infarct, gene expression in the 99mTc-duramycin+-noninfarct tissue indicated a greater prosurvival ratio (BCL2/BAX [B-cell lymphoma 2/BCL2-associated X] 7.8 versus 5.7 [cardiomyocytes], 3.7 versus 3.2 [endothelial]), and an upregulation of ion channels in electrophysiology. There was decreased contractility at 4 weeks (regional fractional shortening -8.6%, P<0.05; circumferential strain -52.9%, P<0.05). The injured-but-not-infarcted tissue, being an intermediate zone between normal and infarct, is mapped invivo using phosphatidylethanolamine-based imaging. The intermediate zone contributes significantly to cardiac dysfunction.

Hepatic and renal effects of oral stingless bee honey in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

Diabetes is known damage the liver and kidney, leading to hepatic dysfunction and kidney failure. Honey is believed to help in lowering the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients and reducing diabetic complications. However, the effect of stingless bee honey (SBH) administration in relieving liver and kidney damage in diabetes has not been well-studied. To investigate the effect of SBH administration on the kidney and liver of streptozotocin-induced (STZ; 55 mg/kg) diabetic Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were grouped as follows (n = 6 per group): non-diabetic (ND), untreated diabetic (UNT), metformin-treated (MET), and SBH+metformin-treated (SBME) groups. After successful diabetic induction, ND and UNT rats were given normal saline, whereas the treatment groups received SBH (2.0 g/kg and/or metformin (250 mg/kg) for 12 d. Serum biochemical parameters and histological changes using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were evaluated. On H&E and PAS staining, the ND group showed normal architecture and cellularity of Bowman's capsule and tubules, whereas the UNT and MET groups had an increased glomerular cellularity and thickened basement membrane. The SBH-treated group showed a decrease in hydropic changes and mild cellularity of the glomerulus vs the ND group based on H&E staining, but the two were similar on PAS staining. Likewise, the SBME-treated group had an increase in cellularity of the glomerulus on H&E staining, but it was comparable to the SBH and ND groups on PAS staining. UNT diabetic rats had tubular hydropic tubules, which were smaller than other groups. Reduced fatty vacuole formation and dilated blood sinusoids in liver tissue were seen in the SBH group. Conversely, the UNT group had high glucose levels, which subsequently increased MDA levels, ultimately leading to liver damage. SBH treatment reduced this damage, as evidenced by having the lowest fasting glucose, serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels compared to other groups, although the levels of liver enzymes were not statistically significant. The cellularity of the Bowman's capsule, as well as histological alteration of kidney tubules, glomerular membranes, and liver tissues in diabetic rats after oral SBH resembled those of ND rats. Therefore, SBH exhibited a protective hepatorenal effect in a diabetic rat model.

Effect of Beta Vulgaris and Laurus Nobitis on Lipid Profile and Kidney in Hyperuricemia Rat

Background: Hyperuricemia is considered the main cause of many chronic and metabolic diseases. Hyperuricemia causes hyperlipidemia, increased serum creatinine, hyperglycemia, and weight gain through different pathways and mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis on reducing the risk of hyperuricemia in developing metabolic disorders and kidney damage in a rat model. Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino rats of about 200–220 g body weight and 8–12 weeks old were kept in the animal house. The hyperuricemia rats, model group were given oxonic acid (250 mg/kg/bw). Treatment groups were administered either Beta vulgaris or Laurus nobilis after induced hyperuricemia. Histopathological examination of kidney tissue and biochemical tests were done for all groups of rats. Results: Except for HDL, all biochemical parameters, including cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglyceride (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood sugar (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06), were significantly decreased in the rats administered Laurus nobilis and Beta vulgaris treatments compared to hyperuricemia model rat (P. value ≤0.01). Nephron structure in Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis rat was less damaged. Conclusion: This study found hyperuricemia induces kidney damage and several metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased serum creatinine and urea, and weight gain in model rats. Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis decrease the biochemical parameters, and ameliorate the histopathological effects of hyperuricemia, such as atrophy of glomeruli and hydropic changes in the epithelial lining of proximal convoluted tubules. Laurus nobilis physiologically has a greater effect on lipid profile, blood glucose, serum creatinine, weight, and urea compared to Beta vulgaris.

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В СОСУДИСТОЙ ПОЛОСКЕ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ЭНДОЛИМФАТИЧЕСКОМ ГИДРОПСЕ

Abstract. Introduction. Etiopathogenesis of Ménière’s disease is still poorly understood, although the morphological substrate of this disease is known well: It is endolymphatic hydrops. Animal modeling of endolymphatic hydrops has traditionally been used to study the relationship between hydrops and changes in the inner ear. In recent years, the attention of researchers has been attracted by microcirculatory disorders in the stria vascularis during experimental endolymphatic hydrops, since the stria vascularis is essential to maintaining endolymph homeostasis, transporting ions, generating endocochlear potential, and supporting the function of the organ of Corti. Aim. This study was aimed at examining alterations in the stria vascularis in experimental endolymphatic hydrops. Materials and Methods. Endolymphatic hydrops was modeled in 90 rats by irrigating the lateral surface of the neck in the projection of the vertebral artery with chloroethyl to simulate vasomotor disorders. Animals were killed at different periods after exposure (1-8 days). In the 1st series of experiments (40 animals), we studied the dynamics of pathomorphological changes in the cochlea, while in the 2nd series (40 animals), we studied changes in the stria vascularis after intravital isolation of the cochlea. Results and Discussion. Local cooling of the lateral surface of the neck of rats led to forming the labyrinth hydrops on the affected side with the key morphological features: Edema of cellular elements, deformation of membranes (vestibular and tectorial), and vascular disorders (hyperemia of the vascular stria, venous congestion). Hydropic changes reached their maximum on the 4th day after exposure. In the capillaries of the stria vascularis, we observed an expansion of their diameters, sludge syndrome, and the edema of paravascular tissues. Microcirculatory changes correlated with the severity of EG signs, reaching their maximum on the 4th day after exposure with subsequent regression. Conclusions. Synchronous development of microcirculatory and hydropic changes in the inner ear indicates that the vascular factor is involved in forming the experimental endolymphatic hydrops.

Гистологические и иммуногистохимические изменения префронтальной коры головного мозга мышей под действием дексаметазона

Introduction. The effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone on target organs are mediated by the interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor, but the effects of the drug on the intact brain have been poorly studied. We aimed to look at a one-time and repeated exposure to a two-dose dexamethasone on the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and cellular changes in the prefrontal cortex over time. Materials and methods. Male C57Bl/6 mice aged 7–8 weeks received a one-time or multiple intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone in doses of 1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg. Structural changes in the prefrontal cortex were analyzed on paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and eosin 90 days after the injection. The expression of the glucocorticoid receptor was studied with immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies and quantitative analysis. Results. A histological study of the prefrontal cortex exposed to a two-dose dexamethasone revealed the absence of an obvious dose dependence and the reversibility of dystrophic and hydropic changes. The most pronounced changes were revealed with a one-time administration of the drug (on day 7) and repeated administration (on day 15) while normal tissue architecture returned to that of the control groups. The expression level of the glucocorticoid receptor after a one-time dexamethasone injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg showed a significant growth (р&lt;0.05) on days 3 and 10 compared to that of the control group, while after multiple dexamethasone injections, the GR expression decreased on day 15, but by day 30 it returned to its initial level. Conclusion. Stereotypical dystrophic and hydropic changes in the prefrontal cortex during exposure to two different regimens and dexamethasone doses developed on days 7 and 15. We revealed an opposite effect of 2.5 mg/kg dexamethasone administration regimens on the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the prefrontal cortex of mice relative to the control group: at a one-time administration the expression increased by 8.1% on day 10 and at multiple administration the expression grew by 9.9% on day 15. Keywords: dexamethasone, glucocorticoids, brain, prefrontal cortex, glucocorticoid receptor, immunohistochemistry

Heavy metals and metalloids in wild boars (Sus Scrofa) - a silent but serious public health hazard.

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are part of the hunting economy and are highly consumed in the Iberian Peninsula, including in the Castile and Leon regions. As zoonotic diseases, chemical pollutants in wild boars' internal tissues should be interpreted as evidence of environmental contamination and a matter of concern for animal, human and ecosystem health; in other words, a One Health concern. Twenty-eight wild boars' livers and kidneys (n = 28) from Castile and Leon were submitted to metal(loid) determination (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and histopathological exam. Cd levels, especially in the kidneys (7.063 ± 7.271mg/kg dw), were the most concerning results, considering the calculated maximum values for consumption (EC No. 915/2023) (2.491mg/kg dw or 1.0mg/kg ww). Wild boars with hydropic changes in the liver presented higher concentrations of Ni. Thus, the metal(loid) contamination of wild boar carcasses seems to be a "no trace" but very relevant problem that should raise awareness of a more accurate monitoring program and other strategies to avoid public health consequences.

Clinical, imaging and pathological features of hepatic carcinosarcoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)

AbstractA 5‐year 6‐month‐old, neutered, male sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) presented for lethargy. Plasma biochemistry revealed severely elevated alkaline phosphatase and moderate hypercholesterolemia. A heterogenous liver and a right abdominal mass were noted on abdominal ultrasonography. Computed tomography revealed an enlarged liver with ill‐defined hypoattenuating regions and a heterogenous mass arising from the caudate lobe. Cytology of the liver was consistent with low‐grade mixed lipid and hydropic vacuolar change and mild to moderate mixed to mature lymphocytic infiltrate. Liver biopsies were declined, and the patient was managed with silymarin and prednisolone. Serial bloodwork and abdominal ultrasonography revealed persistently elevated alkaline phosphatase and progressive heterogenous hepatomegaly and hepatic nodules. The sugar glider died over 2 years after original presentation. On postmortem examination, there was a poorly differentiated hepatic neoplasm, with immunohistochemistry most consistent with a carcinosarcoma. In future cases, hepatic biopsies could be considered for sugar gliders presenting with hepatic masses when cytology is unrewarding.

Effects of repeatedly heated cooking oil consumption in mice: a study on health implications

Background: Cooking oils are a major part of human diets, but repeated use of heated oils can have detrimental effects on consumer health. This study aims to investigate the impact of different heating grades of vegetable oils on the hemato-biochemical parameters and vital organs like the heart, liver, kidney, and intestine in mice. Methods: Thirty mice were randomly assigned to different treatment groups, including a control group (diet only), unheated cooking oil (UHCO) group, single heated cooking oil (SHCO) group, three times repeatedly heated cooking oil (3RHCO) group, and repeatedly heated cooking oil (ReHCO) group. Blood and organ samples were collected on day 31 to investigate hemato-biochemical parameters and histo-morphological alterations in response to the oil treatments. Results: The oil-treated groups showed significant (P&lt;0.05) decreases in the total erythrocyte, leukocyte, and hemoglobin levels. Meanwhile, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, and creatinine increased significantly (P&lt;0.05), while low-density lipoprotein and protein levels dropped markedly in the treatment groups. Severe histo-morphological alterations were also found in the liver (hepatocytic degeneration with hydropic change in the 3RHCO and ReHCO groups), kidney (glomerular atrophy with increased glomerular space, tubular degeneration, and lymphocytic infiltration in the SHCO, 3RHCO, and ReHCO groups), and colon (lymphocytic infiltration in the mucosal layer of ReHCO group). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the consumption of heated oils can have severe adverse effects on consumers' health, leading to alterations in blood chemistry and damage to vital organs.

Ménière's disease is a disorder of the inner ear.

Ménière's disease is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and pressure in the ear. Its pathogenesis and optimal management continue to be the subject of ongoing debate. Although it is classically believed to be a primary disorder of the inner ear, some clinicians have hypothesized that it is a form of vestibular migraine. Evidence supporting vestibular migraine in the differential of Ménière's disease includes overlap of symptoms, high prevalence of migraines in patients with Ménière's disease, and the efficacy of migraine treatments for symptoms of Ménière's disease in some patients. However, there is far more evidence to support Ménière's disease as a disorder of the inner ear, including genetic and histologic changes of hydrops, imaging studies showing hydropic changes, predominance of low-frequency hearing loss, clinical efficacy of treatments targeted at inflammatory change/hydrops, and clinical efficacy of ablating the vestibular end-organ. Although there is conflicting evidence regarding the cause and treatment of Ménière's disease, current evidence favors it as a disorder of the inner ear. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of Ménière's disease and how to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

Morphofunctional Changes in Neurons, Glial Cells and Synapses in the Sensorimotor Cortex after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

The aim of the study was to investigate morphofunctional modifications in neurons, glial cells and synaptic terminals in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain in rats after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Material and methods. STBI simulation in white rats (main group, n=30) was performed on a device with a special shock mechanism. Intact animals (n=6) were included in the control group. The sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain in rats was studied histomorphologically on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and thionin according to Nissl. Synaptophysin and GFAP were detected immunohistochemically, then morphometry was performed. On serial frontal sections of the SMC, neurons, neuroglia, and interneuronal synapses were studied in animals of the control group and in animals exposed to STBI in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after STBI simulation. The number density of neurons, neuroglia, and synaptic terminals was determined per a unit area of the section of layers I (terminals only), III, and V of the cerebral SMC. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods in the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. In animals of the control group, typical normochromic pyramidal neurons predominated, synaptic terminals were clearly verified; this was combined with unaltered neuropil. In animals exposed to STBI, there were signs of tinctorial, hydropic, dehydration and necrobiotic changes in neurons, reactive astrogliosis, fields of "loss" of neurons appeared; the overall numerical density of neurons and synapses decreased. The maximally increased content of pycnomorphic neurons was detected in 1 day after STBI (in layer III of the SMC, by 11.6%; in layer V of the SMC, by 18.5%). The peak in the number density of shadow cells and hyperchromic non-wrinkled neurons was noted in 3 days. The numerical density of synaptic terminals in different layers of the SMC decreased by 1.5-2 times. The altered balance of the destruction and restoration processes of the synaptic pool after STBI was evidenced by statistically significant data on the decreased and increased numerical density of terminals during 30 days of the study. There was no complete recovery of the studied parameters of neurons and synapses to control values within 30 days.Conclusion. The SMC of the brain in rats remains functioning after STBI; this occurs in the context of long-term preservation of reversibly and irreversibly damaged neurons, reactive neurogliosis, and permanent reorganization of interneuronal relationships due to activated reparative neuro- and synaptic plasticity. The data obtained will specify reorganization of the components of various neuronal complexes of the SMC (layers I, III, and V) after STBI.

Toxicity Status of Nano Powder of Stem Bark of &lt;i&gt;Bauhinia Variegata&lt;/i&gt; Linn. on Experimental Animals

The assumption that medicinal plants are less toxic or cause fewer adverse effects due to their natural composition is debatable. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and toxicity of Nano Kanchanara stem bark powder (NKSP) on liver function. The oral acute toxicity of NKSP was conducted in accordance with OECD Guidelines 423 and was carried out with six (6) female Wistar albino rats, divided into two groups of three rats each. Test rats were orally administered a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of NKSP and were observed for changes in behavior and mortality for the next 14 days, while the Control Group was given feed and water ad libitum. The data obtained from the oral acute toxicity study indicated that there were non-significant (P&lt;1.000) decreases in body weight of rats in the treatment groups of NKSP at 2000 mg/kg. There were no elevations in specific liver function enzymes, whereas there were increases in serum SGOT, SGPT, and albumin levels. Plasma total proteins and globulin, total bilirubin and serum creatinine were within the normal range. Albeit, hydropic changes and steatosis in liver lesions at NKSP 2000 mg/kg. The study suggests that oral administration of NKSP is safer at dose levels less than 2000 mg/kg/day.

The use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in infectious keratitis

AbstractPurpose: To describe the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) findings in infectious keratitis.Methods: Forty‐five patients with confirmed microbial keratitis were included in this prospective, observational case series study. All subjects underwent ophthalmologic examination. AS OCT scanning was performed on presentation and at follow‐up.Results: 25 patients (55%) had microbial keratitis, 18 patients (40%) had herpetic keratitis and Two patients (4%) had Fungal keratitis. Twelve different patterns were identified. Thirty‐two of the 45 eyes (71%) had epithelial defect associated with sub‐epithelial infiltrates in twenty cases (44%). In 13 of these cases, hydropic changes were observed. Thirty‐six eyes (80%) showed stromal involvement. Stromal infiltrates were also seen, in twenty cases, as a diffuse or local hyper‐reflective area. Five cases (11%) were associated with uveitis: Retrocorneal hyperreflective deposits, thick inflammatory plaque attached to the endothelium and anterior chamber inflammatory cells were imaged.Conclusions: Infectious keratitis has characteristic features on AS‐OCT images. These patterns are not specific and do not orient towards the nature of the microorganisms but AS‐OCT imaging may provide useful supplementary information for diagnosing and monitoring infectious keratitis.

Wild Boars (Sus scrofa, L. 1758) from Castile and Leon Region (Spain): A Histopathology Survey.

Wild boars are wild ungulates with a wide distribution in Europe, with a relevant role in wildlife and public health. In Spain, high (and sometimes artificial) densities of wild boars are responsible for several health problems. Regular surveys, with hunters' collaboration, are crucial to monitor these diseases. Histological analyses were performed for lung, liver, and kidneys from 72 wild boars (58 from Zamora, 16 from Palencia). Lungs were the most affected organs, mainly revealing parasitic pneumonia (34.7%). Hydropic, vacuolar, and other cellular changes (33.3%) and congestion (16.7%) were found in the liver, and only 30.6% of the wild boars presented no alterations in this organ. Regarding the kidney, non-purulent nephritis (22.2%) was the most common lesion. This study gives an overview of the health status of wild boar populations in Castile and León. Other laboratory analyses are needed to obtain definitive diagnoses of these lesions, reach other conclusions, or apply any mitigation strategies to protect animals' or consumers' health.

A blend of Guava, Bitter, and Neem Leaf extracts improves haematology and resistance to co-infection of Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas jandaie but not Liver health in Nile tilapia

Given the intense interest in the use of herbal extracts to improve fish growth, fish health, and disease resistance in fish in culture systems, in this study, we examined the effects of a blend of Guava, Bitter and Neem leaf extracts (GBNL) (i.e., 1:1:1 for GL, BL, and NL respectively) at different inclusion (i.e. 0 GBNL gkg−1, 1 GBNL gkg−1, 3 GBNL gkg−1, 5 GBNL gkg−1, 7 GBNL gkg−1 and 10 GBNL gkg−1) levels on growth, haematology, immunity, liver toxicity and resistance to bacterial co-infections in Nile tilapia. After 8 weeks of feeding, Nile tilapia fed 3 GBNL gkg−1 diets showed significant effects in improving weight gain compared to those fed the control diet. GBNL fed fish showed improved health of fish by stimulating significant increases in levels of White blood cells, Red blood cells, Haemoglobin, and Haematocrit in relation to those fed the control diet. Also, the applications of deferent GBNL levels in Nile tilapia diets showed the potential to upregulate the expression of the immune-related genes heat shock protein 70, chicken type lysozymes, and Beta-defensin, with significant effects shown in fish fed 5GBNL gkg−1 diets in comparison to the control. The results also indicate that GBNL supplementation can decrease mortalities to co-infection of Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas jandaie in Nile tilapia with the lowest mortalities of 13.65% and relative per cent survival of 82.57 % in fish fed 5GBNL gkg−1. Despite the potential of GBNL applications in Nile tilapia, findings of this study indicate fish fed the different concentrations of GBNL, particularly with 7 GBNL gkg−1 can promote the leaching of the liver enzymes: alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphate into the bloodstream which is suggestive of potential liver damage in Nile tilapia. Histological examinations of a cross-section of the liver tissues of fish fed GBNL showed various injuries including hydropic changes, pyknosis nuclei, erythrocytes congestion and vacuolation with the severest seen in those fed 7 GBNL gkg−1. Taking all of the above into consideration, 5GBNL gkg−1 application could improve the health and disease resistance of Nile tilapia; however, prolong use thus after 8 weeks of administration could be injurious to fish liver health.

Upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death Mediate the Protective Effect of Apigenin against Cyclophosphamide Hepatotoxicity

Liver injury is among the adverse effects of the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide (CP). This study investigated the protective role of the flavone apigenin (API) against CP-induced liver damage, pointing to the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Rats were treated with API (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 15 days and received CP (150 mg/kg) on day 16. CP caused liver damage manifested by an elevation of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and histological alterations, including granular vacuolation, mononuclear cell infiltration, and hydropic changes. Hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) were increased and glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes were decreased in CP-administered rats. CP upregulated the inflammatory markers NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS, along with the pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-3. Pre-treatment with API ameliorated circulating transaminases, ALP, and LDH, and prevented histopathological changes in CP-intoxicated rats. API suppressed ROS, MDA, NO, NF-κB p65, iNOS, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative DNA damage, Bax, and caspase-3 in CP-intoxicated rats. In addition, API enhanced hepatic antioxidants and Bcl-2 and boosted the Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA abundance and protein. In conclusion, API is effective in preventing CP hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The hepatoprotective efficacy of API was associated with the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Hesperetin attenuates teicoplanin-induced acute kidney injury by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats

Graphical abstract Abstract Objectives Renal failure has been reported in patients treated with teicoplanin (TEIC), a widely used antibiotic. Hesperetin, a flavonoid in citrus fruits, has been reported to possess nephroprotective effects. This study investigated the protective effect of hesperetin on TEIC-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats (n = 32, 144–180 g) were grouped into four groups of eight rats each. The control, group 1 received water, group 2 received 50 mg/kg of hesperetin orally, group 3 received 10 mg/kg of TEIC intraperitoneally and group 4 received 50 mg/kg of hesperetin and 10 mg/kg of TEIC. Administration was done for 21 days. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration, and the kidney was excised and used for biochemical assays. Results Administration of TEIC resulted in kidney injury that was characterized by significant increase in plasma urea and creatinine level relative to control group (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, a significant increase in the biomarkers of inflammation (NO, myeloperoxidase, TNF-α) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) of TEIC-treated rats was observed when compared to the control group. Furthermore, altered antioxidant status was observed following TEIC treatment. Activities of enzymic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) and concentration of non-enzymic antioxidants (GSH and ascorbic acid) were downregulated. In comparison to the TEIC-treated group, the administration of hesperetin with TEIC significantly reduced all changes in the markers of kidney injury, inflammation and oxidative stress. Histopathological examination revealed that rats given TEIC showed increased glomerular size and considerable hydropic changes in the proximal convoluted tubules, whereas rats given HESP and TEIC showed only mildly enhanced glomerular size and hydropic modifications. Conclusion Hesperetin preserved the histo-architecture of the kidney. From this study, hesperetin offered a protective effect against TEIC-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Significance statement One of the known hazards of TEIC, a frequently used antibiotic, has been renal failure, among others. This study sheds fresh light on the efficacy of hesperetin, a flavonoid found in many citrus fruits, for preventing TEIC-induced kidney damage by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Also, hesperetin should be considered as an alternate supplement against TEIC-induced kidney impairment. Furthermore, the data reported in this study will provide useful information for future research into the therapeutic benefits of hesperetin as an alternative therapy for renal damage.

Neuroglial relationships and structures of interneuronal communication of the white rat sensorimotor cortex layer v after the common carotid artery ligation

The aim of research was to study changes in neurons, gliocytes and structures of the interneuronal communication system (dendrites, terminals) of the mature white rat sensorimotor cortex (SMC) layer V after the common carotid artery (CCA) bilateral ligation.Material and methods. Acute/chronic incomplete cerebral ischemia was simulated in white Wistar rats by the CCA bilateral ligation. The brain was fixed by perfusion. A comparative histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric evaluation of the related structures in the norm (n=6), and in 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after the common carotid artery bilateral ligation (n=30) was carried out. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin stains, immunohistochemical reactions for NSE, MAP-2, p38, GFAP and IBA1 were used. The numerical density of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes and the relative area of p38-positive material (synapse terminals) were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested by nonparametric methods using Statistica 8.0 program.Results. CCA bilateral ligation led to the appearance of destructively altered dark, hypochromic, vacuolated neurons and shadow cells in layer V of the SMC. These changes were accompanied by a decreased overall numerical density of pyramidal neurons, hyperhydration of the neuropil (processes of dendrites, astrocytes, and synapses), and a pronounced reaction (hypertrophy, proliferation) of all neuroglial cell types. One day after the CCA bilateral ligation, the appearance of neurons with both reversible and irreversible changes was accompanied by an increase in the layer V relative area of edema-swelling zones in the neuropil of the rat SMC up to 14.5 (10.6– 16.4) %, in control – 7.2 (6.9–7.5) %. The maximum content of destructively altered neurons (25%) was found in the rat SMC layer V one day after ischemia. The total number density of neurons in layer V of the SMC decreased by 27.9% after 30 days (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.0001). In the areas of damaged neuron accumulation, the content of astrocytes, microgliocytes, and oligodendrocytes increased. The neuroglial index in the control group was 1.30; it was 1.37 in 3 days, it was 1.50 in 7 days, it was 1.63 in 14 days, and it was 1.30 in 30 days. The maximum increase in the number density of microgliocytes was noted after 1 day (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.001), oligodendrocytes – 7 days after CCA ligation (Mann–Whitney U Test; p=0.02). According to the data of immunohistochemical typing of p38, two peaks of the relative area of the terminals were revealed: in the acute period (days 1 and 3) and after 30 days. These quantitative changes were first associated with an increase (on the 1st and 3rd day) and then a decrease in the degree of the neuropil hydration. Negative statistically significant strong correlations were detected in 3 days (R=-0.90) and 7 days (R=-0.70) after CCA ligation. This can be explained by hydropic changes in the terminals (destruction of synapses according to the light type). The total numerical density of neuropil terminals decreased to 102300±19400 (by 35.0%) in 3 days after CCA ligation in layer V of white rats and partially recovered to 135000±27100 (24.4%) after 30 days, compared to the animals of the control (157500±20500 per 1 mm2).Conclusion. Thus, the CCA ligation resulted in destructive and compensatory-restorative changes in the structures of interneuronal communication associated with preservation of a significant part of pyramidal neurons and compensatory reorganization of neuroglial relationships in layer V of white rats.

HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF UTERINE LEIOMYOMA VARIANTS – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

To study the histomorphological spectrum of uterine leiomyoma variants. This study is done over a period of three year (May 2019 to May 2022) in the Department of Pathology, LNMC, Bhopal. Total of 316 hysterectomy and 14 myomectomy specimens were studied. Specimens were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. H&amp;E stained tissue sections were studied. In the study we performed retrospective analysis of hysterectomy and myomectomy specimen and 330 cases of leiomyoma were evaluated. Among 330 cases, 316(95.75%) were hysterectomy specimen for varying indication and 14(4.24%) were myomectomy specimen. Histologically the usual leiomyomas was comprising of 164(49.69%) cases followed by hyalinised leiomyoma 70(21.21%), myxoid leiomyoma 15(4.54%), hydropic change 12(3.63%), cellular 11(3.33%), lipoleiomyoma 10(3.03%), calcification 10(3.03%), infarct type necrosis 10(3.03%), mitotically active 8(2.42%), symplastic 7 (2.12%), schwanonian 6(1.81%), epithelioid 3(0.90%), dissecting leiomyoma 2 (0.60%) and stromal metaplasia (osseous and cartilaginous) 2(0.60%). Leiomyoma is the commonest benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus with a number of histological variants. In this study conventional leiomyoma being the commonest variant followed by hyalinized leiomyoma, myxoid leiomyoma, hydropic leiomyoma and lipoleiomyoma. It is important to categorise various types of leiomyoma on histology to avoid misdiagnosis.

Complex neurocysticercosis lesions on imaging: Explained through correlative histomorphology.

Neurocysticercosis, the commonest neuro-parasite, sometimes presents as complex ring enhancing lesion causing diagnostic dilemma. We aim to establish radio-histo-morphological equivalents of early events in degeneration of the parasite to explain such imaging phenotypes. We compared patterns of degeneration in 23 randomly selected complex NCC on MRI with histo-morphology in 30 cysts obtained from an unrelated post mortem brain. The anatomy of the parasite and the degenerative patterns of the scolex (hydropic changes, calcification, evagination, and fragmentation) and the cyst wall (undulation, accessory loculi, and frank disruption) were well demonstrated on both. The intact scolex remarkably resembled head of intestinal Taenia. The complex lesions were conglomeration of multiple communicating cysts with a single parent cyst and multiple daughter cysts. The parent cysts contained a solitary variably degenerated scolex, had thicker walls and associated chronic inflammation. The remaining cysts of the lesion complex contained no scolex, had poorly organized walls, turbid contents, and florid perilesional enhancement with leakage of contrast. Three lesions assumed a multi-cystic pseudo-tumorous pattern, of which two resolved into solitary calcific remnants on follow up. Complex lesion in NCC result from degeneration of solitary parasite with perilesional gliosis, surrounded by multiple non-larval daughter cysts inciting acute intra and perilesional inflammation due to enhanced antigenic challenge. Possibly, attempted abortive asexual reproduction by the cellulose cyst as a preterminal event results in a "limited Racemose like transition." Correct interpretation has diagnostic and therapeutic implications as active lesions and their fibrocalcific residue may have greater epileptogenic potential.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECT OF DIMETHOATE ON THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF ALBINO MICE

Dimethoate is the widely used organophosphorous pesticide in agriculture land for controlling pests of variety of crops like citrus, cotton, tea, tobacco, fruits, olives, potatoes and vegetables. The aim of present work was to study toxic effect of pesticide dimethoate on some blood constituents and some organs of Swiss albino mice. In present investigation animals were treated with 1/10th of LD50 of dimethoate (DM) via oral gavage. The DM was administered to the animals at a dose 15mg/kg b.w. for 20 consecutive days. After completion of the dose, following hematological parameters were studied ; Hemoglobin (Hb),Red Blood Cells(RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), Packed Cell Volume(PCV) and after that animals were scarified by cervical dislocation; liver and kidney dissected out and fixed for histopathological investigations. The sections were examined under light microscope. Histopathological changes observed in the liver were vacuolation, hepatic pycnosis, blood congestion, hemorrhage, nuclear death, enlargement of portal vein and high lymphatic infiltration throughout the central vein .The kidney showed some changes in cellular lining of the Bowman capsule, glomerular degereration, hemorrhage, compress blood vesslses, tubuar degeration, glomerular shrinkage ,cell rupture and hydropic changes. KEYWORDS- Dimethoate, Histopathological, Hematological, pycnosis, lymphatic infiltration.