Hydrophilic Lipophilic Deviation Concept Research Articles

The effect of cationic polyamide-amine dendrimer on HLD equation and interface behavior of nonionic polyether water clarifier

Cationic polyamide-amine dendrimer can promote the clarification performance of nonionic block polyether water clarifier for treating produced water from heavy oil field, but the reason is lack of study. In this paper, a cationic polyamide-amine dendrimer TA which can effectively improve the oil removal speed of nonionic polyether DMEA-PE and reduce the onset temperature of DMEA-PE clarification performance was prepared, and the reason was explored from both thermodynamic and dynamic aspects by studying the effect of TA on the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) equation and oil-water interface behavior of DMEA-PE. The research results showed that TA moved up the HLD vs T curve of DMEA-PE and decreased its temperature corresponding HLD = 0, which was a favor of decrease in onset temperature of DMEA-PE clarification performance. TA had no effect on the DMEA-PE's capacity of oil-water interface adsorption and decreasing oil-water interface film strength. However, TA can reduce the electronegativity of oil droplet in water and enhance the oil droplets coalescence, hence the oil removal speed and efficiency of DMEA-PE were enhanced. This is the first time that HLD concept was used to investigate the action mechanism of composite water clarifier and the results are useful for the water clarifier design.

Application of Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Deviation Equations to the Formulation of a Mixed‐Surfactant Washing Agent for Crude Rice Bran Oil Removal from Spent Bleaching Earth

AbstractIn Thailand, spent bleaching earth (SBE) (20–40 wt.% remaining oil), an industrial waste from edible oil refineries, has usually been disposed of by improper landfilling at industrial sites. This study aims to formulate microemulsion‐based washing solutions from mixed surfactants for cleaning SBE contaminated with crude rice bran oil using the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. Binary nonionic‐anionic surfactant mixtures consisting of System A (Dehydol LS3TH‐Levenol WX), System B (Dehydol LS5TH‐Levenol WX), and System C (Dehydol LS7TH‐Levenol WX) were formulated for use as microemulsion‐based washing formulations. A HLDmixed equation extended with the excess free energy term (GEX/RT) was developed and proposed for predicting the optimum salinity. The optimum salinities obtained from the HLDmixed equation were close to those obtained from the phase behavior. In the SBE washing study, the mixed‐surfactant systems showed a washing efficiency of 90% with low surfactant adsorption capacity on bleaching earth (qmax = 0.01–0.03 mol g−1). The mixed surfactants showed improved washing performance compared to that of the single‐surfactant system. This work highlights the utility of using the HLD concept in designing microemulsion‐based washing formulations from surfactants for the removal of vegetable oil from SBE.

Formulation of microemulsion-based washing agent for oil recovery from spent bleaching earth-hydrophilic lipophilic deviation concept

The disposal of spent bleaching earth (SBE), an industrial refining waste from the bleaching process, is a crucial environmental issue. The objective of this work was thus to formulate a microemulsion-based washing agent for the removal of residual rice bran oil from SBE using the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. The HLD equation was used to calculate the optimum salinity at various temperatures in the washing agent solution based on the alkane carbon number (ACN) of the rice bran oil. Three fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactants (Dehydol LS series) were selected for use as nonionic surfactants. From the HLD equation and phase experiments, Dehydol LS3TH was selected to formulate the microemulsion-based washing agent for oil recovery from the SBE. The HLD equation predicted a Winsor Type III microemulsion to occur at 8.5 wt.% of NaCl at 25 °C. Phase behavior studies demonstrated that a Type III microemulsion occurred over a NaCl concentration range of 10–20 wt.%. From these results, a correlation was confirmed between the theoretical HLD prediction and the experimental phase behavior. In the oil recovery study, the microemulsion-based washing agent provided the highest total oil extraction efficiency: up to 71.38 ± 1.75% at the optimum salinity of 15 wt.% NaCl, and a contact time of 30 min at 25 °C. Thus, the HLD concept for predicting microemulsion formulation was found to be an effective way to formulate a microemulsion-based washing agent for vegetable oil removal from SBE.

Formulation of crude oil spill dispersants based on the HLD concept and using a lipopeptide biosurfactant

Solvent-free dispersants for crude oil spills were formulated based on the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept and using lipopeptides from Bacillus sp. GY19. The lipopeptides were recovered and concentrated from cell-free broth by foam fractionation and freeze-drying. They had good surface activity under varying temperatures, pH and NaCl levels. Moreover, the lipopeptides had low toxicity to copepods (LC50 1174mg/L) and whiteleg shrimp (LC50 1050mg/L). The characteristic curvature (Cc) of the lipopeptides showed that they were more hydrophobic (Cc 4.93) than sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDHS, Cc −0.92). The HLD equation was used to calculate the lipopeptide and the SDHS fractions in the dispersant formulations according to the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of hydrocarbons and seawater salinity. The molar fraction of lipopeptides increased with increasing EACN. The lipopeptide-SDHS mixtures formed microemulsion Type III with specific hydrocarbons and crude oils. Oil displacement and baffled flask tests showed that the formulations reduced the interfacial tension and solubilized crude oil in the water column at higher efficiency than commercial dispersants or lipopeptides alone. In summary, the effectiveness of the lipopeptide-based dispersant corresponded to the optimal HLD.

A block polyether designed quantitatively by HLD concept for recovering oil from wastewater

So far, the functional polymer molecular design is both a hot research topic, but also a difficult problem. In this paper, a new principle of designing polyether for recovering oil from wastewater has been proposed according to the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept. The key parameter of polyether (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide) has been calculated. The designed polymer has been synthesized, and the oil removal experiment has been performed to confirm the effectiveness. The droplet-to-planar coalescence experiment was used to study the deoiling mechanism. The results showed that the designed and synthesized block polyether was effective in deoiling of oily wastewater. The deoiling mechanism indicated that the addition of synthesized polymer can promote the coalescence of oil droplets to realize phase separation.

Detergency of Vegetable Oils and Semi‐Solid Fats Using Microemulsion Mixtures of Anionic Extended Surfactants: The HLD Concept and Cold Water Applications

AbstractIn spite of the increasing interest in cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and fats, very limited research has been published on this topic. Extended surfactants have recently been shown to produce very promising detergency with vegetable oils at ambient temperature. However, the excessive salinity requirement (4–14 %) for these surfactants has limited their use in practical applications. In this work, we investigated the mixture of a linear C10–18PO–2EO–NaSO4 extended surfactant and a hydrophobic twin‐tailed sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant for cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils and semi‐solid fats. Four vegetable oils of varying melting points (from −10 to 28 °C) were studied, these were canola, jojoba, coconut and palm kernel oils. Anionic surfactant mixtures showed synergism in detergency performance compared to single surfactant systems. At temperatures above the melting point, greater than 90 % detergency was achieved at 0.5 % NaCl. While detergency performance decreased at temperatures below the melting point, it was still superior to that of a commercial detergent (up to 80 vs. 40 %). Further, results show that the experimental microemulsion phase behaviors correlated very well with predictions from the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation concept.

HLD concept as a tool for the characterization of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils

AbstractThe HLD (hydrophilic lipophilic deviation) concept was applied to several water/i‐C13En/2‐propanol/hydrocarbon oil systems. For each oil, the optimum formulation, corresponding to HLD = 0, was determined by systematically changing the formulation as a monotonic variation of the surfactant ethylene oxide number (EON) scanned variable. The optimum value for EON (symbolized as EON*) was accurately pinpointed both by estimating the solubilization and by measuring the interfacial tension with a spinning‐drop tensiometer. This method allowed the classification of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils such as isohexadecane, paraffin oil, squalane, squalene and hydrogenated polydecenes in C30, C40, C40–C50, on an equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) calibration scale based on five linear alkanes covering the liquid range (C5 to C16).© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry