Hydrophile-lipophile Balance Values Of Surfactants Research Articles

Encapsulation of Black Rice Bran Extract in a Stable Nanoemulsion: Effects of Thermal Treatment, Storage Conditions, and In Vitro Digestion.

This study aimed to improve the dispersibility of phenolic compounds from black rice bran through the encapsulation process within nanoemulsion. The study focused on assessing the stability of the nanoemulsions, which were prepared using a combination of surfactants with distinct hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values and sunflower oil under different thermal treatments and storage conditions. The study revealed a significant correlation between the mixed surfactant HLB value and the nanoemulsions properties, including average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ζ-potential. Specifically, an increase in the HLB value was associated with a decrease in the initial average particle size. The encapsulated polyphenols exhibited remarkable stability over a storage period of up to 30 days at different temperatures with no significant changes observed in particle size or PDI. The study also investigated the impact of different ionic strengths (0.2, 0.5, and 1.00 mol L-1 NaCl) on the physical stability and antioxidant black rice bran extract nanoemulsion, and the results revealed that adding NaCl influenced the particle size and surface charge of the nanoemulsions. Total phenolic content and DPPH results demonstrated a significant impact of salt concentration on antioxidant properties, with varying trends observed among the HLB formulations. Furthermore, the behavior of the encapsulated extracts during digestion was examined, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated.

Application of Alkyletanolamide Surfactants Based on Nyamplung (Callophylum Inophylum L.) Seed Oil in Cream Base

Cream preparation is cosmetic preparation consisting of aqueous and oil phases that immiscible. Thus, a surfactant with hydrophilic and lipophilic groups is needed to reduce the interfacial tension between the two phases. Petroleum-based surfactants such as Triethanolamine (TEA) are often used in the cosmetic industry. In this study, however, alkyletanolamide surfactant synthesized from vegetable oil was used. Nyamplung, Callophylum inophylum L. (C. inophylum) oil is one of non-commercial vegetable oil that can be used as a substitute to produce surfactants. The aims of this study was to apply surfactant synthesized from C. inophylum oil on the cream preparation and to characterize the alkylethanolamide surfactant by determining the value of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Four different surfactant concentration, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 0% were tested as base for the cream preparation. The best surfactant concentration for the cream-based formulation obtained in this study was 2.5% and the surfactant HLB value obtained was 14.40 indicating that alkyletanolamide surfactants can be applied to the oil-in-water (O/W) type of cream base formula.

Nanoemulsions of terpene by-products from cannabidiol production have promising insecticidal effect on Callosobruchusmaculatus

Nanoemulsions of a terpene-rich by-product (TP) from commercial cannabidiol (CBD) production were successfully formulated and characterized. An enriched terpene distillate (DTP) was also obtained from steam distillation of TP and used for making nanoemulsions. The effects of formulation conditions including the hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant, TP and surfactant content, and sonication time on the properties of the emulsions were analyzed. The optimal formulation conditions were determined as surfactant HLB value of 13, TP content of 5 wt% in water, surfactant content of 2 times of TP, and sonication time of 1.5 min. A scaled-up production of the optimal nanoemulsion was also achieved using a microfluidizer and the effect of pressure and number of passes on emulsion properties was determined. The stability of the nanoemulsions was evaluated and the DTP nanoemulsion was determined to be the most stable. The nanoemulsions with desirable properties were then selected and evaluated for their insecticidal activity against the legume pest, Callosobruchus maculatus, with nanoemulsion of neem oil made under the same conditions as a control. Both TP and DTP nanoemulsions were found to exhibit excellent insecticidal activity, and the latter had the highest efficacy against the Callosobruchus maculatus.

Strategies for Improved Stability of Methanol-in-Diesel Emulsions

Abstract This study is motivated by the need to present a robust methodology for preparing stable methanol-in-diesel emulsions for use in compression ignition engines with the specific objective of maximizing the methanol content. Specifically, it involved exploring the feasibility of methanol-in-diesel emulsions with conventional surfactants such as Tween-80 and Span-80 and nonconventional surfactants such as 1-dodecanol, pentanol, and butanol. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values of the surfactant varied from 7 to 15 to investigate the role of the surfactant HLB on the stability of the macroemulsion. It is observed that the macroemulsion with an HLB value of 10 provides the best stability results. Using surfactant HLB value of 10, three macroemulsions with 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt% of methanol were prepared using ultrasonication. However, only the macroemulsion with 10 wt% of methanol was observed to be stable for at least 20 days after preparation. Next, the microemulsions of diesel–methanol were produced by using nonconventional surfactants such as 1-dodecanol, pentanol, and butanol. Among these, 1-dodecanol was found out as the most suitable surfactant owing to its ability to form microemulsions with any mixing ratio of diesel–methanol and its high cetane number (63.6). This study has clearly brought out the strategies for preparing both macro and microemulsions. Overall, the results presented in the current work are expected to aid efforts in adapting compression ignition engines for diesel–methanol fuel blends.

Solvent affinity and its applications in the prediction of mutual solubility

The solvent affinity may be defined as the degree of similarity between solute and solvent molecules in terms of the solute–solvent interactions at infinite dilution, which comprises contributions from resemblance in molecular structure (size and energy) Se and resemblance in Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) Sh. The physical meaning of Sh may be the ratio of mixing deriving force to mixing resisting force. A theoretical concept and estimation method of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) for surfactants (emulsifiers) defined in terms of solvent affinity was proposed in this work. Its applications in the prediction of liquid organic − water mutual solubility, solubility of solid solutes in pure solvents and HLB values of surfactants have been examined extensively with successful results.

Effect of surfactant HLB value on Methane hydrate formation in non-ionic surfactant-oil water emulsions systems

The methane hydrate formulation in emulsion is an important factor affecting the blockage of the subsea oil and gas transportation pipeline. In this study, to understanding the behavior of methane hydrate in different emulsion and the influence of surface active components, emulsions with the different hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of surfactant mixture were prepared with mineral oil, deionized water and two kinds of non-ionic surfactant (Span80 and Tween80) with different rat io. And the format ion kinetics of methane hydrate in different emulsion was measured using pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method. The experimental results demonstrate that the surfactant HLB value has a great influence on methane hydrate formulation in non-ionic surfactant-oil water emulsions systems. It could be divided into three parts. When the HLB value is below8, the emulsion is water-in-oil emulsion, and the hydrate is easy to form with the hydrophilic increasing. And methane hydrates are most likely to generated with the HLB value range from 8 to 10. And when the HLB value above 10, the emulsion is oil-in-water, and the methane hydrate is hard to form in the emulsion with 30vol% water as the continuous phase.

Encapsulation of Mangosteen Extract in Virgin Coconut Oil Based Nanoemulsions: Preparation and Characterization for Topical Formulation

Nanoemulsions containing extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has been developed and characterized as a topical formulation. The encapsulation of mangosteen extract in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to utilize the available bioactive compounds, particularly α-mangostin. In this study, a high-speed homogenization method was used to produce nanoemulsions of virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, combined Tween 80 and Span 80 as the oil-in-water surfactant, and distilled water as the aqueous phase. The homogenizer speed, oil and surfactant composition, and, hydrophilic lipophilic balance values of the surfactants were varied in order to get stable nanoemulsions formulation. The most stable nanoemulsion was obtained using a homogenizer speed of 8000 rpm, oil to surfactant volume ratio of 1:1.4, and surfactant hydrophilic lipophilic balance value of 12. Nanoemulsion formulation with average droplet size of 181 nm, zeta potential of -30.9 mV, and 0.01% α-mangostin loading was stable for 28 days without phase separation. Based on the accelerated stability test, the nanoemulsion shelf life is estimated to reach one year. The present study revealed that the virgin coconut oil-based nanoemulsion is a promising carrier of mangosteen extract for topical formulation.

Effect of Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance (HLB) Values of PEG-based Non-ionic Surfactant on Reverse Micellar Dyeing of Cotton Fibre with Reactive Dyes in Non-aqueous Medium

The effect of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of polyethylene glycol-based non-ionic surfactants of polyoxyethylene stearyl ether and polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether series of seven types on reverse micellar dyeing system of cotton was studied in non-aqueous heptane solvent medium. The relationships between HLB values of surfactants and reflectance, K/Ssum value and levelness of the dyed samples were investigated. The experimental results reveal that reflectance percentage increases and K/Ssum value decreases with increase of HLB value while good levelness and visual appearance of dyed samples can be achieved only with optimum HLB value. The most suitable HLB value for reverse micelle dyeing of cotton ranges from 12 to 14 since there is stable formation of reverse micelle under this range. Fastness to washing of dyed cotton samples was also evaluated. The results show that samples dyed by both non-ionic surfactant series can achieve excellent washing fastness supporting reproducibility of K/Ssum value, reflectance percentage and levelness of reverse micelle dyed samples with various surfactants.

Influence of the surfactants' nature on the structure and rheology of organo-montmorillonite in oil-based drilling fluids

Aiming to select appropriate organo-montmorillonites (OMt) for the use in oil-based drilling fluids, the influences of surfactants' nature on the structure of OMt, structure and rheology of OMt in oil-based drilling fluids were studied in this work. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated a tendency that bigger modifiers resulted in higher basal spacing and more ordered internal arrangement. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images testified a trend that modifiers with bigger size and low Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) value resulted in more OMt lamellaes (thickness of ca. 50nm) scattered. Contact angle tests demonstrated that lipophilicity of OMt was influenced by the HLB values of surfactants. XRD results of OMt in oil-based drilling fluids indicated a tendency that surfactants with bigger size and low HLB values led to easier exfoliation in oil. OMt modified with small size and high HLB values obviously shrank while OMt modified with bigger size and low HLB values kept exfoliation above 180°C. The rheological flow model of OMt in oil-based drilling fluids was very different from the surfactants' size and polarity. Exfoliation of OMt in oil improved the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids, such as viscosity and thixotropy. Thixotropy of oil-based drilling fluids benefited from the exfoliation of OMt in oil while excessive exfoliation was harmful to increasing viscosity.

비이온계 계면활성제 수용액에서 Polyester/Cotton(65/35) 오염포의 습윤특성과 세척성

The effects of nonionic surfactant solutions of 0.1g/dL on detergency and liquid wetting/retention properties of soiled polyester/cotton(65/35) cloth were studied. Soiled polyester/cotton(65/35) cloth (EMPA 104) and 10 different nonionic surfactants (Span 20, Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, 21, 61, 81, 65, 85) were used in the study. The water retention and liquid retention capacity values of soiled cloth were decreased compared with those of unsoiled cloth. The wetting and water retention of soiled cloth improved with addition of surfactants, whereas water retention ratio(W/H) values didnot change markedly. Generally surfactants with low surface tension and high HLB (Hydrophile-lipophile balance) were more effective in improving the wetting/retention properties of soiled cloth. Nonionic surfactants having high ethylene oxide contents of 20 moles; i.e., Tween 20, 40, 60 & 80, showed better detergency than low ethylene oxide contents of 4 moles; i.e., Tween 21, 61 & 81. As HLB values of surfactants and <TEX>$cos{\theta}$</TEX> of the soiled cloth increase, the detergency values of soiled cloth increased.

The spreading and superspeading behavior of new glucosamide-based trisiloxane surfactants on hydrophobic foliage

In order to find how the molecular structure and HLB (hydrophilic–lipophilic balance) value of trisiloxane surfactant affect its wetting and spreading behavior on leaf surface, the time-dependent and the concentration-dependent spreading performance of five new glucosamide-based trisiloxane surfactants on wheat and cabbage leaf surface were investigated and compared with that of Silwet L-77 ®. The effect of different epicuticular waxes on surfactants’ spreading behavior was also investigated, and the extent of adsorption on epicuticular waxes was calculated. The results showed that the HLB values of surfactants play a very important role for showing superspreading behavior. Furthermore, the spreading performance was also affected by the molecular structure of surfactant and leaf epicuticular waxes. A new trisiloxane surfactant II show a good superspreading behavior on cabbage and wheat foliage, which is similar with that of Silwet L-77 ®. This indicated that surfactant II have a great potential to being an excellent foliage ‘superspreader’.

Effect of temperature, and surfactant's HLB and dose over the TPH-diesel biodegradation process in aged soils

Aged soils are difficult to treat by biological methods, since contaminants, i.e. hydrocarbon compounds, can be tightly adsorbed into the soil particles. This problem can be solved by using small quantities of specific surfactants to increase the compounds’ bioavailability. Selection of the right surfactant and dose is of crucial importance to the biodegradation process, but frequently the selection process is based on a trial-and-error method. Surfactant's hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value is an expression of the surfactant's molecule affinity to the organic and water phases. This parameter can be a helpful tool in the selection of the adequate surfactant. The aim of this work is to clarify the combined effect of temperature, and surfactant HLB and dose effects over TPH-diesel removal in a Mexican aged soil. A statistical design was used in order to minimize the number of experiments needed for achieving that purpose. The results of this work indicate that the parameter that mostly affected the biodegradation process was temperature, followed by the surfactant's HLB value, and surprisingly, surfactant dose at the end. On the other hand, TPH-contaminated soil was microbiologically characterized in order to identify the microflora responsible for the biodegradation process. One Bacillus, two Corynebacterium, and three Micrococcus species were found among the existing Gram-positive bacteria. Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas sp. were detected among the Gram-negative bacteria.

Influence of Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance Values of Surfactants on Ephedrine Absorption and Release from Emulsified Systems after Oral Administration to Dogs

Ephedrine release and availability characteristics in vivo were investigated from liquid emulsion systems as they are affected by the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of the emulsifiers present. Three control and five test groups were used; the latter were all emulsified systems made with surfactants having hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values from 10 to 14. All experiments were performed under an acidic urine control, and all urine samples were assayed by GLC to detect the excretion of unchanged drug. The urinary excretion data were best described by the two-compartment model with a zero-order absorption process. Correlations of availabilities between in vivo and in vitro data were determined, where appropriate. Correlations of ephedrine present in urine in vivo with the total amount dialyzed in vitro were significant at each HLB value. Poor correlation of absorption rate with dialysis rate was noted at an HLB of 10.

Influence of HLB Values of Surfactants on Ephedrine Release from Emulsified Liquid Systems

This study treated primarily the release characteristics of ephedrine from liquid emulsion systems as they were affected by the hydrophilic–lipophilic nature of the emulsifier present. Polysorbate 60 and sorbitan monostearate were varied by weight percent to produce emulsifiers having different hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values. The experiments utilized a dialysis technique and consisted of seven controls plus the study of the emulsified systems throughout an HLB range of 4.7–14.9. The data indicated that the HLB value of the surfactants affected the release rate of ephedrine from an emulsified system, with the largest release rates occurring in the upper HLB range. The release of ephedrine from the oil phase was shown to be the rate-limiting step in its release from the emulsion. Surfactants did not impair the release of ephedrine from an oil system (control), whereas an inhibitory effect was noted in the water system (control). The data also indicated than an interfacial barrier was present in the emulsion and that ephedrine was released at two different rates from each of the various systems; the initial rate was greater than the second.