Hydrophila Bacteria Research Articles

Dietary vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) modulates growth, digestive enzymes, histopathology, and vulnerability of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a vital function in several biological processes, and fish cannot synthesize it to meet their requirement. So, 56-day research was conducted to examine the influence of vitamin E (vit-E) (α-tocopherol acetate) on the Nile tilapia's growth, digestive enzymes, hematology, histology, and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 450 mono-sex Acclimated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were haphazardly dispersed into 30 aquaria, each with a capacity of 100 liters (15 fish/aquarium) to exemplify five groups with six replicates. A control diet (30 % protein) was enriched with 0.0 (E0), 150 (E150), 300 (E300), 600 (E600), and 1200 (E1200) mg/kg feed. Fish (13.5 ± 0.12 g) were given the trial diets until obvious satiation thrice daily for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, digestive enzymes, hematology, and histology for the mid-intestine were examined. Subsequently, twenty fish from each treatment were challenged to contagion with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, and fish mortality was recorded for a further 14 days. At the end of the bacterial challenge, histology for the mid-intestine, liver, and spleen tissues was examined. Growth performance, feed utilization, and digestive enzyme secretion (proteases, lipase, and α-amylase) were substantially (P < 0.5) improved with raising vit-E levels in fish feeds up to E1200. Increasing the vit-E doses improved fish gut histomorphology by increasing the count and size of intestinal folds bordered by well-arranged enterocytes. The body composition was not influenced by dietary vitamin E, except lipid content, which increased substantially as vitamin E levels increased. Fish fed with vita-E enriched diets had higher resistance to A. hydrophila infection; however, the control group exhibited the greatest fish mortality rate (80 %), while the lowest rate was observed at E1200 (30 %). Hepatic and spleen tissues in the control group (E0) showed severe congestion and degeneration, whereas vit-E-treated fish groups progressively recovered normal histomorphology depending on the vit-E doses. Finally, this research recommends feeding Nile tilapia on vit-E, particularly 1200 mg/kg feed, to enhance its performance, welfare status, and resistance to A. hydrophila contagion.

Biochemical and Molecular Detection of Aeromonas Hydrophila Isolated from Infected Cyprinus Carpio in Salah Al-Din Governorate

This study aimed to identify the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in diseased common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish collected from Salah al-Din Governorate in Iraq. For this purpose, 128 swabs were obtained from skin, gill and fin lesions of 70 fish showing symptoms of hemorrhagic sepsis, skin ulcers and boils, and fin and gill rot. Through different biochemical tests, the isolates showed negative results for Gram stain, methyl red, lactose fermentation, H2S, and string test, while positive results were recorded for glucose fermentation, oxidase, motility test, catalase, Voges-Proskauer, indole, citrate utilization, and gelatin hydrolysis. Eleven isolates were confirmed as A. hydrophila by amplification of the hemolysin gene fragment (hlyA) by conventional PCR. This study represents the first comprehensive study to characterize A. hydrophila bacteria from infected common carp fish in Salah al-Din Governorate. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for developing genetic diagnostic strategies for A. hydrophila infections in this region.

БОЛЕЗНИ ПРОХОДНЫХ ЛОСОСЁВЫХ РЫБ ПРИ ИСКУССТВЕННОМ ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ КРАЙНЕГО СЕВЕРА ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

Replenishment of fish stocks by increasing the release of juveniles during artificial fish farming is currently an urgent problem in the Far North of the Far East. In 1995-2003; 2021, an epizootological survey of natural spawning grounds and fish farming enterprises located in the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea basin was conducted: Ola, Arman, Taui, Yana, Iret, Ola experimental production acclimatization base, Armansky, Taui, Yansky salmon hatcheries. The aim is to study bacterial and protozoal diseases of passing salmonids in artificial fish farming. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the waters of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea basin, bacterial and parasitic diseases were detected in passing salmon fish in natural reservoirs during anadromous migration and artificial fish farming. In pink salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, Aeromonas hydrophila culture isolated from blood and internal organs turned out to be virulent. Aeromonosis was established for the first time in passing salmon fish of natural populations. As a result of bacteriological studies, Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were isolated from different batches of fertilized eggs, yolk sac of larvae, ascitic fluid of the abdominal cavity of juveniles. Due to the detection of the invasion of juvenile fish Trichodina truttae and Myxosoma cerebralis, which amounted to 10.0-46.5%, trichodyniosis and myxosomiasis were registered. The ways of transmission of infection to fish farms have been established. Fertilized eggs are infected from producers on spawning rivers during the selection of sexual products. The epizootological situation of aeromonosis, trichodyniosis and myxozomiasis is recognized as unfavorable. The method of diagnosis of bacterial diseases of salmonids at fish-breeding enterprises of the region has been improved.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPPA-CARRAGEENAN TO INCREASE TO RESISTANCE OF FRESHWATER CRAYFISH Cherax quadricarinatus TO Aeromonas hydrophila INFECTION

Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is one of the fishery commodities that has business prospects not only as an ornamental fish commodity but also as a consumption commodity. Disease attacks caused by bacteria cannot be avoided, so one of the efforts made to increase the resistance of crayfish by giving kappa carrageenan is to increase the resistance of the crayfish. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of resistance of C. quadricarinatus to A. hydrophila bacterial infection by giving kappa carrageenan with different frequencies which is effective for increasing lobster survival after challenge tests with A. hydrophila bacteria. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (RAL) with five treatments and three replications, namely control (without injection of kappa carrageenan), 1 time, 2 times, 4 times, and 6 times of injection kappa carrageenan. During maintenance, kappa carrageenan was given at a dose of 5 μg/g of oyster by dissolving 2.5 mg in 1 ml of Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) and then injected into lobster as much as 20μl/head. on day 30, challenged with A. hydrophila bacteria. The results showed that giving kappa-carrageenan 2, 4, and 6 times showed the same results (P&gt;0.05) on the absolute growth of crayfish. The survival rate of crayfish given kappa-carrageenan showed that the frequency of giving 4 times showed the highest survival rate. Water quality during the study consisting of oxygen 6.25 mg/l, carbodioxide 3.68 mg/l, pH 6.8, ammonia 0.17 mg/l, and temperature 26.9 °C showed that it was still in the range that was feasible as a maintenance media

IMMUNOSTIMULANT EVALUATION OF NEEM LEAVES AGAINTS NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE OF TILAPIA INFECTED BY A. hydrophila

The aim of this study was to find out how neem leaf extract affected the immune systems of Tilapia (O. niloticus) that had A. hydrophila in their bodies. This included looking at its phytochemistry, antibacterial properties, bioactive compounds, and ability to make the immune system stronger. The extraction uses methanol. The phytochemical test of neem leaf extract includes flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. We obtained the isolate A. hydrophila from the Jepara Brackish Water Aquaculture. Before use, we store these bacteria in Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) media at 4 oC and Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) subcultures. re use. Test antibacterial using published We confirmed flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids through phytochemical tests. firmed. The test against A. hydrophila bacteria found that 100% of the extract was the most effective concentration at stopping the growth of A. hydrophila bacteria. After feeding A. hydrophilla bacteria to Tilapia (O. niloticus), the extract of neem leaf (A. indica) significantly boosted the immune system. bserved.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. Methods This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p&lt;0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Effectiveness of Administering Red Belt Leaf Extract (Piper Crocatum) Against Aeromonas Hydrophila Bacteria in Vitro

Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila are a major health concern. However, the use of red betel leaves (P. crocatum) can serve as a potential solution to this problem due to their antibacterial properties. This research aimed to study the antibacterial activity of red betel leaf extract (P. crocatum), the structure and character of the bacteria inhibited by the extract, and the bioactive components present in the leaves. The results of the disc test showed that the average zone of inhibition was 14.28 mm, while the MIC test results revealed that a dose of 100 mg/L could inhibit bacterial growth (bacteriostatic). Moreover, the crude extract of red betel leaf (P. crocatum) damaged the cell walls and cell membranes of A. hydrophila bacteria, thereby affecting their character and structure. The UV-VIS analysis of red betel leaf extract (P. crocatum) and FTIR analysis with 96% ethanol absorption indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. These findings suggest that red betel leaves can be used as a natural remedy to fight bacterial infections caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila

ISOLATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM VANAME SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) AND ITS ANTAGONISM TO PATHOGEN BACTERIA

Vaname shrimp is one of Indonesia's leading export species and is widely cultivated. The main problem in vaname shrimp pond cultivation is the attack of shrimp diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. This study aims to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (BAL) from vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and test their antagonism against pathogenic bacteria. The research was conducted from February to April 2023. The method used in this study is a survey method. Sampling was conducted at the vaname shrimp pond of the Fisheries Service Task Unit (UPT), Tanjung Punak Village, Rupat Utara District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau. The method used in this research was a survey method. BAL was isolated using MRS Agar + CaCO3 media. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to test bacterial antagonism against pathogenic bacteria. Based on the identification of seven isolates, it was found that only four isolates were positively identified as LAB bacteria, namely 47D, 54T1, 73DB1, and 73BD2. The results of the antagonism test against pathogenic bacteria showed that all BAL isolates could not suppress the growth of E. coli bacteria. However, these isolates suppressed the growth of A. hydrophila bacteria, with the widest inhibition zone diameter on isolate 54T1 (4.2 mm). On Vibrio sp. bacteria, the widest inhibition zone of BAL was on isolate 73DB1 (6 mm). These results indicate that the antibacterial activity produced by BAL is still relatively weak

The The effectiveness of galangal (Alpinia galanga) extract for the treatment of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected Aeromonas hydrophila

The purpose of this research is to find out the optimal dose of galangal extract to treatment of sangkuriang catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, the fish fry used are 5-7 cm in size. October-November 2022 was the time the research was carried out. The experimental method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used was immersing with galangal extract for 24 hours with doses of 0 mg/L (A), 250 mg/L (B), 500 mg/L (C) and 750 mg/L (D). Maintenance of test fish for 14 days. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria are used to infect fish with a density of 108 CFU/ml by immersing 10 ml in 10 liters of water. Clinical symptoms of infection, clinical symptoms of recovery period, survival rate and water quality were used as parameters in this research. The results showed that the use of galangal extract for treatment of sangkuriang catfish fry infected with Aeromonas hydrophila by immersion method for 24 hours at a concentration of 500 mg/L was the best treatment with the survival rate of 90%.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. Methods This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p&lt;0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Antibacterial Activity of Extract Green Seaweed Ulva intestinalis in North Waters of Aceh

The appearance of bacterial resistance and pathogenic infections makes efforts to find new drugs as natural bacterial agents continue. One of them is through the utilization of marine organisms such as seaweed. Some studies show the content of seaweed bioactive compounds has potential in the pharmacological field. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Ulva intestinalis. Seaweed extraction using the maceration method for 3 x 24 hours and antibacterial activities were tested by disc diffusion method. The results showed that there were 5 types of secondary metabolite compounds in the extract, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and steroids. The antibacterial activity test of seaweed extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in the concentration range of 50% to 100% showed a moderate inhibition zone diameter

Testing the antibacterial effectiveness of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) against Aeromonas hydrophila Bacterial infection in dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Plants belonging to the Clusiaceae species are Garcinia mangostana Linn (mangosteen fruit). The skin layer of this fruit has been used as a traditional medicine for wound healing, topical infections. Mangosteen rind contains compounds including mangostin, mangostenol, mangostinon A, mangostenon B, trapezifolixanthone, tovofillin B, alpha mangostin, beta mangostin, garsinon B, mangostanol, flavonoids, epicatechin. Gartanin, gamma mangostin, garsinon E, epicatechin. Farming African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) when facing serious problems such as fish are susceptible to disease, mainly due to bacteria. One type of bacteria that causes the disease is Aeromonas hydrophila. This type of bacteria can cause high fish mortality in African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) of various sizes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mangosteen rind extraction on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in vitro, as well as the 96-hour Lethal Dose (LD50) value of mangosteen rind extract after exposure to African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). In this study, the antibacterial activity of the material was tested in vitro with concentrations of 0%, 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25% and 50%.

Effect of Guava Leaf Extract on Aeromonas Hydrophila Bacteria

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) contain terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins, which are believed to have antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria are bacteria that are pathogenic and cause systemic disease. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of guava leaves in inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophil bacteria. The method used in the antibacterial activity test was the diffusion method using the paper disc technique. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test at the 5% level and followed by the Tukey test showed that the effective inhibitory concentration was 7900 ppm with a moderate antibacterial category.

The Addition of Guava Leaves in Feed to the Blood Glucose of Carp reared in Brackish Water and Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Guava leaves can be utilized as feed additives and medicine for aquaculture. Limiting factors in aquaculture, including stocking density, and salinity can cause stress in fish, so they are easily infected with disease. This study was conducted to determine the effect of guava on the blood glucose of carp reared in brackish water media. This research was conducted from August to September 2023 at the Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau. The method used in this study is an experimental method using a completely randomized design with 5 (five) treatments and 3 (three) replicates, the treatments are T0 (control), T1 (1.0g), T2 (1.5g), T3 (2 g), and T4 (2.5g). Carp measuring 5.00 ± 1.00 cm with a weight of 4.00 ± 0.50 g were obtained from farmers in the Koto Panjang hydroelectric reservoir, Sumatra, Indonesia. Fish rearing was carried out for 60 days. The results showed that the provision of guava leaves in the feed affected the blood glucose levels of carp. The dose of 1.5 g/100g feed (T2) was the optimal dose in increasing the blood glucose of carp reared in brackish water media and infected with A. hydrophila bacteria

Efektivitas Formula Jamu PASCOP Sebagai Imunostimulan dalam Penanganan Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila Pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis sp.)

This study aims to determine the best concentration of PASCOP herbal medicine in vitro against the inhibitory growth of A. hydrophila bacteria, evaluate the effectiveness and the best dose of PASCOP herbal medicine in treating tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected with A. hydrophila in vivo. The in vitro design of the study consisted of differences in boiling time of herbs (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and different dosages (control +, control -, 0.2g / 10mL, 0.4g / 10mL, 0.6g / 10mL, and 0, 8g / 10mL). The in vivo design of the study consisted of 3 treatments (control +, control - and the best dose in vitro, 0.2g / 10mL). The fish used is 13-14 cm in size and weighs 35-40 grams. The parameters observed included in vitro analysis of morphological and biochemical characteristics of A. hyrophila, bacterial concentration values, bacterial inhibition zone test, and in vivo analysis of survival, water quality, fish clinical symptoms, and fish hematology. The results showed that the administration of PASCOP herbs through immersion method can increase the number of leukocytes and phagocytic activity. The best dose to increase the immune response is a dose of 20 ppt with the number of leukocytes (159,866 cells / mL) and phagocytic activity (71.2%).

Potential Use of Saga Leaf Extract (Abrus precatorius) as Anti Bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila by in Vitro

Many diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens, for example, Aeromonas hydrophila. One alternative that can be done to overcome this problem is to use saga leaves (Abrus precatorius) which have bioactive ingredients as antibacterial ingredients. The aims of this study were to determine the antibacterial activity of saga (A. precatorius) leaf extract, to study the character and structure of bacteria inhibited by saga (A. precatorius) leaf extract and to study the bioactive components contained in saga (A. precatorius) leaf extract. The results of the disc test showed that the average inhibition zone was 14,29 mm while the MIC test results showed that at the dose 1 mg/L capable of inhibiting bacterial growth (bacteriostatic) and dose 10 mg/L It has been able to kill bacteria (bactericidal). Crude extract of saga leaf extract (A. precatorius) affects the character and structure of A. hydrophila bacteria by damaging the cell walls and cell membranes of bacteria. The results of Infrared Spectrophotometry analysis of saga (A. precatorius) leaf extract and Ultra Violet Spectrophotometry analysis with 96% absorption ethanol were suspected to contain flavonoid compounds

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN BINI SIMPUR (DILENIA SP.), KEDEBIK (MELASTOMA SP.) DAN MENGKIRAI (TREMA ORIENTALIS) TERHADAP BAKTERI AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA

Bini simpur, kedebik, and mengkirai are plants that grow a lot on Bangka Island. This plant has benefits as herbal medicine. The novelty of this research is that the Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai plants can be used to treat fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This research method is to use disc diffusion. The results of the phytochemical screening test proved that the leaves of Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Kedebic plants can inhibit bacteria by 12.7 mm; bini simpur 11.55 mm; and approx 10.8 mm. Conclusion Bini Simpur, Kedebik, and Kirai leaf extracts have antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averhoa blimbi L) Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila Pada Ikan Mas (Cyprinus Carpio)

This research aimed to determine the optimal concentration of wuluh star fruit extract in feed as an effort to prevent the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in common carp. The study was conducted from may to june 2023. The treatments in this study consisted of different levels of wuluh star fruit extract in the feed, comprising five (5) levels:A = 0ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila (positive control = PC), B = 0ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed ( nrgative control – NC), C = 10ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, D = 15ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, and E = 20ml wuluh star fruit extract per kg of feed + injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Each treatment had three (3) replications. The common carp used was 10 cm in size, collected from a fish farm. The fish were kept in aquariums with a stocking density of 5 fish per aquarium. Prior to treatment, the fish were acclimated to the environment for 1 week. During acclimation, the fish were fed commercial pelletswith a protein content of 36% twice a day. ANOVA analysis results showed that the addition of wuluh star fruit extract significantly influenced the growth rete and survival rate of common carp, aiding in the recovery of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIA AND PREVENTING the growth of the bacteria. The optimal concentration of wuluh star fruit extract was 15ml per kg of feed to prevent the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish ( Oreochromis niloticus).

Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia ( O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD 50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia ( O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD 50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p<0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×10 4 cells/mm 3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×10 4 cells/ mm 3. A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Effectiveness of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila

Research on the effectiveness of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) against catfish (Clarias gariepinus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria aims to analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of ginger extract against catfish injected with A. hydrophilla bacteria and to analyze the optimum dose of ginger extract as an immunostimulant in control of A. hydrophila infection. This research was carried out on January 26, 2021 to February 26, 2021 for 30 days and took place at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, the Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and the Wet Laboratory of the Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were P1 (control), P2 (extract dose 30 ppm), P3 (extract dose 60 ppm) and P4 (extract dose 90 ppm). The ginger extract dose of 90 ppm (P4) was the optimum dose in the results of this study because it could give the best results on all the parameters measured. Keywords : Aeromonas hydrophila, , ginger extract. catfish