Hydrolyzed Protein Research Articles

Integration of Ultrasound into the Development of Plant-Based Protein Hydrolysate and Its Bio-Stimulatory Effect for Growth of Wheat Grain Seedlings In Vivo.

This study was dedicated to increasing the efficiency of producing plant-based protein hydrolysate using traditional and non-traditional treatments. Low- and high frequency ultrasound (US) at different intensities were applied to corn steep liquor (CSL) at 50 °C for 30 min, and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using industrially produced alkaline protease. The efficiency of US and enzymatic treatments was characterized by protein solubility (soluble protein (SP) content, hydrolyzed protein (HP) concentration, and free amino acid (FAA) profile) and kinetic parameters: Michaelis–Menten constant (KM) and apparent breakdown rate constant (kA). A significant effect of 37 kHz US pre-treatment for CSL enzymatic hydrolysis was found and resulted in the highest HP concentration (17.5 g/L) using the lowest enzyme concentration (2.1 g/L) and the shortest hydrolysis time (60 min). By using US pre-treatment, on average, a 2.2 times higher FAA content could be achieved compared to traditional hydrolysis. Additionally, results for the kinetic parameters kM and kA confirmed the potential of applying US treatment before hydrolysis. The effect of CSL protein hydrolysate on plant growth was tested in vivo on wheat grain seed germination and resulted in the significant increase in germination parameters compared to the control treatment. These findings indicate that by-products of starch industry could be a promising source for the production of low-cost sustainable biostimulants.

Antioxidant, pancreatic lipase, and α-amylase inhibitory properties of oat bran hydrolyzed proteins and peptides.

This work aimed to determine the antioxidant properties of identified hydrolyzed oat proteins and peptides, and their capacity to inhibit lipase and α-amylase. The protein hydrolysates retarded the oxidation of peanut oil by reducing peroxide values (up to 2.5-fold), relative to the control oil. Of the five tested peptides, P1 (YFDEQNEQFR), P3 (SPFWNINAH), and P4 (NINAHSVVY) significantly reduced the oxidation of linoleic acid. In the enzyme assays, P3 was the best lipase inhibitor (IC50 85.4±3µM) while P1 was the most potent inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50 37.5±1.1µM). The structure-activity relationship assessed using the CABS-dock computational model predicted that interactions between peptides and pancreatic lipase residues of Ser153 , His264 , and Asp177 were important for the inhibition. In the case of α-amylase, interactions with residues of the active sites (Asp197 , Glu233 , and Asp300 ), but not those of calcium- or chloride-binding domains, were important for the inhibition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In recent years, there have been many studies focussing on isolating multifunctional peptides from food and food waste with antioxidant and bioactivity potential to promote human health. Some of these antioxidant peptides have been found to be effective to prevent diseases and complications such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. The peptides studied in this work showed a great potential to prevent oxidation in a lipid system and demonstrated a significant ability to reduce the enzymatic activity of lipase and α-amylase. These enzymes contribute to the digestion of fat and carbohydrate, and their inhibition can reduce the absorption of these macronutrients and make them a great target for designing antioxidant and anti-obesity compounds. With the multifunctional activity of oat bran-derived peptides, it is proposed that these peptides can be used in food formulations due to their antioxidant and potential anti-obesity properties.

Postprandial amino acid availability after intake of intact or hydrolyzed meat protein in a mixed meal in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized, single blind crossover trial.

The absorption of dietary proteins affects the anabolic response, among others protein synthesis. For elderly, optimal amino acid absorption is warranted to preserve the amino acid pool of the body, especially skeletal muscle proteins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize if hydrolyzing meat protein (HMP) would improve the amino acid absorption after ingestion of meat compared to equal amounts of the same meat proteins but present in a different structure; steak or minced meat. With a crossover study design on 12 healthy older adults (> 65 years of age, BMI 18.5-30), the amino acid absorption kinetics were explored by ingesting 0.55 g protein/kg LBM as a mixed meal together with intrinsically [2H5]phenylalanine labeled meat proteins prepared as a STEAK, MINCED meat, or HMP. Plasma [2H5]phenylalanine enrichment as well as AA concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry from blood samples drawn during a 5-h postprandial period. After HMP ingestion, [2H5]phenylalanine was faster absorbed in the initial 2 h compared to STEAK and MINCED. The peak time in AA concentrations was faster in HMP compared to STEAK and MINCED. However, the peak AA concentrations were not different between STEAK, MINCED, and HMP. Although HMP showed to have the fastest initial amino acid appearance in older adults, the peak EAA concentrations were similar after ingesting meal with either STEAK, MINCED, or HMP in the 5-h postprandial period.

Development of Preparation of Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein and Its Application to Produce Thermal Reaction Meat Stock

Vegetable proteins have the advantages of widespread resources, multi-variety and low price. In the early years, meat flavorings were produced with thermal reaction meat stock and blending of flavors, where the former of undesirable meat flavor was prepared using hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) as the main raw material. Consequently, up to now hydrolyzed animal protein (HAP) and animal fat have been utilized in preparation of meat stock and the resulted meat flavorings are popularly industrialized therefore due to good meat flavor. However, in recent years with the awareness of health and environmental protection, vegetarian meat flavorings with no materials from animal tissue are favored. Thus preparation of desirable meat flavorings with HVP instead of HAP is becoming a new issue in the flavor and fragrance industry. Technologies of hydrolysis of vegetable protein and preparation of thermal reaction meat stock from HVP along with flavor compounds reported therein were summarized and reviewed in this paper. This review could provide reference for development of meat stock preparation-technology aiming at vegetarian meat flavorings.

Novel Dietary Fiber Blend Alters Metabolism of Gastrointestinal Microbiome to Improve Digestive Health and Produce Beneficial Postbiotics in Adult Cats

The feline gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is capable of fermenting a variety of plant fibers. Addition of dietary fibers from select plant sources may promote improvements in feline GI health. A novel fiber blend was prepared with pecan shells, flaxseed, beet pulp, citrus pulp & crushed cranberries.16 adult cats were assigned to group 1 & fed a control food (CF1): hydrolyzed protein formula without the novel fiber blend during a 3 week pre-feed, then switched to a test food (TF1): hydrolyzed protein formula with the novel fiber blend for 3 weeks (CF1: 3850 kcal/kg, 0.7 g total dietary fiber (TDF), 0.3 g soluble fiber (SF), & 0.4 g insoluble fiber (INSF), per 100 kcal; TF1: 3813 kcal/kg, 1.2 g TDF, 0.1 g SF, 1.0 g INSF per 100 kcal). 16 cats were assigned to group 2 & fed a control food (CF2): high grain formula without the fiber blend during a 3 week pre-feed, then switched to a test food (TF2): high grain formula with the fiber blend for 3 weeks (CF2: 3900 kcal/kg, 1.2 g TDF, 0.1 g SF, & 1.1 g INSF, per 100 kcal; TF2: 3950 kcal/kg, 1.8 g TDF, 0.5 g SF, 1.3 g INSF per 100 kcal). All foods were nutritionally complete & balanced dry foods & met 2019 AAFCO guidelines for adult cats. All cats were fed to maintain body weight. Stool samples were collected on pre-feed day 19±2& on day 19±2 of feeding each test food, & were scored on a 5 point scale (1= liquid stool to 5= firm stool), homogenized, & frozen at −70C within 4 hours of defecation. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed by a commercial lab. Fecal proximate & short chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses were conducted using certified official compendial methods. All study protocols were reviewed & approved by the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. A linear mixed model was used to analyze fecal moisture, pH, SCFAs, & metabolites. Results significant at p<0.05 are reported. Cats in both groups had increased levels of fecal metabolites derived from fiber, including phenolic compounds (eriodictyol, hesperidin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, narirutin & tangeritin), terpenoids (limonin, oleanolate, & pheophorbide A) & microbially-produced postbiotics (enterodiol, hesperetin, naringenin, ponciretin, & secoisolariciresinol) when fed TF1 & TF2 vs CF1 & CF2, respectively. Cats in group 1 had improved stool scores, decreased fecal moisture, decreased fecal pH, & increased fecal levels of the fiber derived saccharolytic metabolite arabinose when fed TF1 vs CF1. Cats in group 2 had decreased fecal levels of putrefactive metabolites, including branched SCFAs (isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, & isovaleric acids) & polyamines (cadaverine, putrescine, & sperimidine) when fed TF2 vs CF2. Test foods containing this novel fiber blend improved stool parameters, increased fecal saccharolytic & fermentative metabolites, decreased putrefactive end products, & delivered antioxidant & anti-inflammatory plant-derived polyphenol postbiotics to the lower GI tract of adult cats.

Novel Dietary Fiber Blend Alters Metabolism of Gastrointestinal Microbiome to Improve Digestive Health and Produce Beneficial Postbiotics in Adult Dogs

The canine gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome is capable of fermenting a variety of plant fibers. Addition of dietary fibers from select plant sources may promote improvements in canine GI health. A novel fiber blend was prepared with pecan shells, flaxseed, beet pulp, citrus pulp & crushed cranberries.16 adult dogs were assigned to group 1 & fed a control food (CF1): hydrolyzed protein formula without the novel fiber blend during a 3 week pre-feed, then switched to the test food (TF1): hydrolyzed protein formula with the novel fiber blend for 3 weeks (CF1: 3770 kcal/kg, 0.3 g total dietary fiber (TDF), 0.1 g soluble fiber (SF), & 0.3 g insoluble fiber (INSF), per 100 kcal; TF1: 3646 kcal/kg, 2.7 g TDF, 0.4 g SF, 2.2 g INSF per 100 kcal). 16 dogs were assigned to group 2 & fed a control food (CF2): high grain formula without the novel fiber blend during a 3 week pre-feed, then switched to the test food (TF2): high grain formula with the novel fiber blend for 3 weeks (CF2: 3613 kcal/kg, 1.4 g TDF, 0.3 g SF, & 1.1 g INSF, per 100 kcal; TF2: 3580 kcal/kg, 2.0 g TDF, 0.1 g SF, 1.8 g INSF per 100 kcal). All foods were nutritionally complete & balanced dry foods & met 2019 AAFCO guidelines for adult dogs. All dogs were fed to maintain body weight. Stool samples were collected on pre-feed day 19±2& on day 19±2 of feeding each test food, & were scored on a 5 point scale (1= liquid stool to 5= firm stool), homogenized, & frozen at −70C within 1 hour of defecation. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed by a commercial lab. Fecal proximate & short chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses were conducted using certified official compendial methods. All study protocols were reviewed & approved by the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. A linear mixed model was used to analyze fecal moisture, pH, SCFAs, & metabolites. Results significant at p<0.05 are reported. Dogs in both groups had improved stool scores, decreased fecal pH, & increased levels of fecal metabolites derived from fiber, including saccharolytic products arabinose & ribulose/xylulose, phenolic compounds (apigenin, diosmetin, eriodictyol, hesperidin, narirutin & tangeritin), & microbially-produced postbiotics (4-hydroxycinnamate, enterodiol, hesperetin, naringenin, ponciretin, & secoisolariciresinol) when fed TF1 & TF2 vs CF1 & CF2, respectively. Dogs in group 1 had decreased fecal moisture & increased straight SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, & propionic acid) when fed TF1 vs CF1. Dogs in group 2 had decreased fecal levels of putrefactive metabolites, including branched SCFAs (isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, & isovaleric acids) & polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, & spermine) when fed TF2 vs CF2. Test foods containing this novel fiber blend improved stool parameters, increased fecal saccharolytic & fermentative metabolites, increased vital energy sources for colonocytes, decreased putrefactive end products, & increased antioxidant & anti-inflammatory plant-derived polyphenol postbiotics to the lower GI tract of adult dogs.

Efficient encapsulation of fish oil: Capitalizing on the unique inherent characteristics of whey cream and hydrolyzed whey protein

The effects of protein concentration and of blending a phospholipid-rich whey coproduct, Procream (Salibra 700 Procream, Glanbia Nutritionals), with intact or hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate, on fish oil microencapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability were assessed. Trypsin and protease M, from Aspergillus oryzae, were used to produce 2 unique hydrolysates. All microcapsules had excellent encapsulation efficiencies (>92%) and good physical properties, regardless of protein content and Procream inclusion. Intact α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their peptides were involved in stabilizing oil droplets. Disulfide interchange resulted in formation of protein aggregates, which were more pronounced in samples containing Procream. Although all microcapsules had relatively good oxidative stability, most had better stability at 2 versus 0.5% protein. Protease M hydrolysate + Procream microcapsules had the highest stability, regardless of protein content. Results demonstrated that Procream, at a reduced protein inclusion level, can partially replace more expensive whey protein ingredients in microencapsulation, when blended with a select hydrolysate.

Comparison of milk replacer composition and effects on growth and health of preruminant lambs, and health-associated costs of artificial rearing

This research evaluated the effects of 2 milk replacer (MR) formulations on lamb performance, morbidity, mortality, and antibiotic usage and health-associated costs of artificial lamb rearing. East-Friesian male lambs (n = 206; BW = 4.9 ± 0.24 kg; 2–5 d of age) were stratified by BW and age and randomly allocated to 1 of 8 pens per treatment (10–15 lambs/pen). Lambs were artificially reared on 1 of 2 commercially available MR formulations [MR1 (100% milk protein): 25.3% protein, 26.5% milk fat, 34.9% lactose; MR2 (milk protein + hydrolyzed wheat protein): 23% protein, 24.3% vegetable oil, 30.4% lactose]. The MR was offered ad libitum via automatic feeders, mixed on-demand at 230 g/L of MR at 37°C. Lambs had free access to grass hay throughout the study. Lamb BW was recorded on entry and weekly thereafter to determine ADG and the time taken to reach a minimum of 13.5 kg of BW. Individual animal health assessments were undertaken daily for the first 4 d and weekly thereafter, and any animal health issues were recorded. All animal health interventions including antibiotic use, mortality, and labor requirements for animal health and hygiene management were recorded. Lamb mortality was similar between MR1 and MR2 lambs (8 vs. 10%, P = 0.79). Overall, ADG was greater for MR1 than MR2 (mean ± SE: 296 ± 17.6 vs. 242 ± 17.7 g/d, P = 0.02). For lambs not treated with antibiotics, ADG was greater in MR1 versus MR2 lambs (331 ± 12.3 vs. 305 ± 13.5 g/d, P = 0.03) resulting in fewer days to reach a minimum of 13.5 kg of BW (target for weaning: 30 ± 1.3 vs. 33 ± 1.4 d, P = 0.03). Thus, the percentage of lambs that reached 13.5 kg without antibiotic treatment was greater in MR1 than in MR2 lambs (73 ± 4.4 vs. 48 ± 4.9%, P < 0.001). Overall, 4 times more lambs failed to reach 13.5 kg by the end of the study in MR2 than in MR1 (16 vs. 4%, P = 0.009) reflecting their 53 g/d lower ADG. A much lower incidence (range from 1.5 to 13 times) of animal health issues and associated antibiotic use was observed with MR1 compared with MR2 lambs. As a result, the costs associated with animal health interventions were greater for MR2 than for MR1 ($NZ17.2 vs. $NZ7.32 per head). Milk replacer formulation did not affect mortality rates; however, ADG was greater and morbidity, antibiotic use, and costs of animal health interventions were lower in lambs reared on a MR formulated from 100% milk proteins and fats compared with MR containing a combination of milk protein, hydrolyzed wheat protein, and vegetable oil.

Production of enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate by a novel neutral protease from Enterobacter sp. NRCM1 to be used as a base precursor of thermal process flavours

A novel neutral protease from a newly isolated and identified bacteria Enterobacter sp. NRCM1 was used to produce the enzymatic hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate (E-SPM1). The protease was purified and biochemically characterized. The effect of hydrolysis time on degree of protein hydrolysis and released free amino acids was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysates (E-SPM124, E-SPM148 and E-SPM172) produced after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively were used as main precursors of beef-like flavours. The generated volatiles were determined by solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography- mass spectrophotometer (SPME- GC-MS). The results revealed that the optimum pH and temperature of protease activity were 7.0 and 50oC, respectively. Sample E-SPM172 showed the highest degree of hydrolysis (43.71%) and content of free amino acids (5.78 g/mL). The headspace volatiles of the model mixture based on E-SPMI72 comprised the highest content of the most important compounds for meat aroma. The results of odour sensory analysis confirmed those of GC-MS for all investigated samples. The highest score of beefy note of sample E-SPMI72was mainly correlated to the significant increase of 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, the most potent aroma compound in beef flavour. The gradual increase of savoury note was consistent with that of the disulfide compounds, which possess savoury aromatic note.

Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates.

Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential.

Brief descriptions of the principles of prominent methods used to study the penetration of materials into human hair and a review of examples of their use.

Consumers are attracted to the latest fashion trends and different looks. This drives the search for novel hair treatments. Some chemicals present in hair treatment products can penetrate the hair shaft. These materials can either nourish or injure the hair cortex. Different techniques have been used to investigate the mechanism of molecule penetration and the conditions under which penetration occurs. This article reviews the techniques applied for this purpose. Various microscopy techniques are used to capture clear and colourful images to determine the diffusion pathways and the exact location of the molecules under study. However, the laborious sample preparation often leads to sample destruction since cross-sectioning is often required. While various other techniques have been successfully used for investigating the penetration methods, most of these require different amounts of work to be put in for sample preparation and instrumentation. Several spectroscopic techniques have been used to study the penetration of the molecules because of the high levels of accuracy and the quick response time of these techniques. Moreover, the samples are not damaged during the investigation.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolyzed protein from pig bones on some biological and functional properties.

Pig bone residue is considered a potential source of hydrolysates from its protein with added value uses in the food industry. This work deals with the enzyme hydrolysis of pig bone protein. The conditions for extracting the protein hydrolysate were optimized and the equation obtained allowed samples with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) to be extracted to study how the biological properties of in-vitro hydrolized protein affected digestibility, determination of the inhibitory activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the antioxidant activity and its functional properties. It was found that the emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability increased at intermediate DH values, after which these properties decreased with the increase in DH. The in-vitro digestibility and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) of the hydrolysates are also clearly affected by the DH. The amino acid composition of the hydrolized protein is also determined.

Физическое развитие и характеристика метаболической активности микробиоты у детей первого года жизни, перенесших резекцию кишечника

Aim: to assess the rate of growth and metabolic activity of gut microbiota in infants who experienced bowel resection within the first year of life and received specialized nutrition with extensive hydrolyzed whey proteins with medium-chain triglycerides and nucleotides. Patients and Methods: prospective cohort study was conducted in two groups of infants. The study group included 37 infants with partial bowel resection within the first months of life. The control group included 75 healthy infants. Postoperatively, study group children were bottle-fed and received an infant formula (extensive hydrolized whey proteins with medium-chain triglycerides) till the age of 12 months. Some control group children were breast-fed while control group children on a mixed or formula feeding. In all children, antenatal and perinatal anamnesis and physical development within the first year of life were assessed. Additionally, the amounts of short-chain fatty acids in the stool were evaluated. Results: the rate of growth in infants who experienced bowel surgery was similar to that of healthy infants within the first year of life. By the age of 12 months, steady increase in the proportion of infants with average weight (SD -1 to +1) and significant reduction in the proportion of infants with low weight (SD -1 to -2) were reported. A group of overweight infants (SD +1 to +2) emerged since the age of 6 months. The specifics of metabolic activity of gut microbiota in children after surgery were a significant increase in propionic acid amount in the stool and a trend to an increase in anaerobic index by the age of 12 months. Conclusions: this growth pattern illustrates an adequate nutrition during the recovery of bowel functional activity and its ability to absorb and to uptake nutrients. KEYWORDS: infants, specialized nutrition, physical development rate, bowel metabolic activity. FOR CITATION: Vakhlova I.V., Fedotova G.V., Boronina L.G., Samatova E.V. Physical development and of gut microbiota in infants who experienced bowel resection within the first year of life. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):155–161. DOI: 10.32364/2618- 8430-2021-4-2-155-161.

Evaluation of waste chicken feather protein hydrolysate as a bio-based binder for particleboard production

The present study investigate the beneficiation potential of extracted keratin protein hydrolysate from chicken feather waste biomass as bio-adhesive for the production of particleboard. Chicken feathers were hydrolyzed using hybrid alkaline hydrolysis, and the obtained keratin protein fraction was used for bio-adhesive formulation. The formulated adhesive was employed for particleboard fabrication using the American National Standards Institute (A208.1) 1-L-1 grade specification. The quality of bio-adhesive and the particleboard mechanical strength performance were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and density. The FTIR spectra confirmed the amine, alkyl side chains and carboxylic groups of the amino acids in the unmodified keratin-based binder. The spectra revealed the covalent bonding between the azetidinium of the citric acid-based polyamide-epichlorohydrin cross-linking and the hydroxyl groups of the keratin protein hydrolysate. The fabricated particleboard's mechanical strength performance met the specification for the 1-L-1 grade of the American National Standards Institute (A208.1). The respective values obtained for modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the panels made with unmodified keratin-based adhesive were 6, 5 and 1184, 34 ​MPa, respectively. The cellulose nanocrystals incorporation as a filler enhanced the formulated bio-adhesive static bending and bonding strength properties. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that keratin hydrolysate protein extracts from chicken feather waste could be considered as a potential feedstock for environmentally friendly wood composites bio-binder production.

PROPORTION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF PROTEIN AND PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FROM EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA

This research aimed to explore the anticancer potential in the protein and hydrolysate protein produced by epiphytic bacteria associated with marine algae on the in vitro model of lung cancer LK-2. Protein was isolated from the bacterium Enterobacter unhas strain SG-A1 in which has an association with brown algae, Sargassum sp. A fractionation method has used in separating the protein. It was used as a dialysis process added by Tris HCl to conduct pre-purified of the fractions, and the pepsin enzyme was used in producing protein hydrolysate (pH 2.0, 37 C) at 3:100 ratio of enzyme-substrate. Pre-screening of toxicity can be conducted using BSLT or Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The cytotoxic effects of protein and protein hydrolysate on LK-2 cell lines during 16 h were determined by the yellow tetrazolium salt 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The BSLT test revealed that the hydrolysate fractions were very toxic. It showed a higher magnitude of decreasing (significance p < 0.05) in cell viability in LK-2 cells. These findings suggested that the hydrolysate of protein produced by epiphytic bacteria brown algae associated, Sargassum sp. has a high probability of being used as cancer therapy agents.

Cow’s milk protein allergy and antihistamines using in infants

Allergy to cow’s milk is a frequent diagnosis in infants and amounts to 2-3%. In most cases, manifestations of allergy to cow’s milk proteins are combined polyorganic in nature with the involvement of two or more systems of the child’s body, more frequent are lesions of the skin and gastrointestinal mucosa. Supporting breastfeeding remains the first task of a pediatrician when observing a child in the first year of life, but if there is a need to appoint and choose from a variety of formulas for supplementary feeding or as a basic diet, there is a difficult question of choosing the right one. Children at risk without clinical manifestations of allergy to cow’s milk proteins should use hypoallergenic preventive formulas based on partially hydrolyzed cow’s milk proteins. In formed clinical manifestations of allergy – formulas based on highly hydrolyzed protein, and in their severe manifestations – on the basis of amino acids. Unfortunately, a significant part of infants have polyvalent sensitization, so even a properly selected formula does not fully eliminate all symptoms. Therefore, in addition to diet correction, antihistamines, both systemic and topical, as well as hormonal topical remedies, emollients, etc., are often used. Pathogenetic treatment for food allergies has not yet been developed, and the only solution we can make, in addition to elimination diets, is to apply symptomatic therapy. A special problem in pediatrics is the lack of drugs, including antihistamines, allowed for use in children under the age of 1 year. At this age, allowed to use only a few: dimetindene, ceirizine, in emergency cases – chloropyramine, starting with the age of 1 month. Optimal forms of administration for infants may be syrup, suspensions, drops, as well as topical forms - lotion, gel, emulsion or cream. Taking into account many years of experience with dimethindene, clinical data on the efficacy and safety of the drug, allow its use in pediatric practice. The drug has good antihistamine activity, antipruritic, anti-edema and antispastic effect, and is able to quickly and firmly relieve symptoms of allergy.

Effects of fishmeal replacement with composite mixture of shrimp hydrolysate and plant proteins on growth performance, feed utilization, and target of rapamycin pathway in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

An 82 days' feeding trial was conducted to investigate the potentiality of fishmeal replacement with the composite mixture of shrimp hydrolysate and plant proteins in diets for largemouth bass. Triplicate groups of fish were fed the experimental diets with 45 (FM45, the control), 40 (FM40), 35 (FM35), 30 (FM30) and 25% (FM25) fishmeal twice daily. Results showed that the mixture of protein sources can reduce the use of fishmeal to 30% with obvious improvement of growth performance, whereas higher substitution level (FM25 group) inhibited growth slightly compared to the control group. The fishmeal replacement supported significantly higher apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and amino acids compared to the control, which may be partly involved in the activation of amino acid-sensing target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. Consistently, the replacement of fishmeal elevated the expression of TOR and ribosomal protein S6, but significantly decreased the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and this confirmed the activation of TOR pathway induced by the fishmeal replacement in the present study. In summary, appropriate fishmeal replacement with composite mixture of shrimp hydrolysate and plant proteins can activate the TOR pathway and improve the growth performance of largemouth bass, and fishmeal content in the diets for largemouth bass can be reduced to 30% with the compound proteins.

Influence of rice protein hydrolysate on lipid oxidation stability and physico-chemical properties of linseed oil microparticles obtained through spray-drying

In recent years, the use of plant protein in various food applications is an increasing trend in the food industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of rice protein hydrolysate as an encapsulating material on lipid oxidation stability and the physico-chemical properties of linseed oil microparticles obtained through spray-drying. Rice protein isolate was hydrolyzed to an 8% degree of hydrolysis by the proteases Alcalase and Flavourzyme. Linseed oil was microencapsulated using protein hydrolysate or intact protein combined with maltodextrin. Sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature of microparticles were determined by the static gravimetric method and differential scanning calorimetry. Lipid oxidation stability of microparticles, evaluated by peroxide value, was carried out at 45 °C for 55 days. The sorption isotherms corresponded to the characteristics of BET II type isotherm and the GAB model was used to calculate thermodynamic properties of water adsorption. The monolayer moisture content values were between 3.76 and 4.96 g/100 g dry matter. Protein hydrolysates obtained by Alcalase and Flavourzyme did not significantly depress the glass transition temperature of microparticles (~98 °C and 103 °C, respectively) and did not change the structure of microparticles. On the contrary, the Alcalase protein hydrolysate improved the protection of the microparticles against lipid oxidation in approximately 95% when compared to the intact protein. This result can be due to the higher antioxidant capacity of Alcalase protein hydrolysate (3239 μmol TE/g protein) when compared to the intact protein (352 μmol TE/g protein).

Canine diet and cutaneous adverse food reactions

The veterinary nurse can play an important role in providing nutritional advice to dog owners. With the wide range of commercial diets that are available, it is important to tailor the diet to each individual animal. Selection of a diet to investigate a cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR) should be made after taking a thorough dietary history from the owner and a conversation to decide which diet is most appropriate for each individual. Selection of a diet should involve the use of a novel or hydrolysed protein source for that dog, but other factors such as palatability, convenience, nutritional content and cost need also to be considered. If a diet is carefully matched to owner and pet requirements, the chances of good owner compliance and a response to the diet can be maximised.

Nutritional safety and suitability of a specific protein hydrolysate derived from whey protein concentrate and used in an infant and follow-on formula manufactured from hydrolysed protein by Danone Trading ELN B.V.

The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver an opinion on the nutritional safety and suitability of a specific protein hydrolysate. It is derived from whey protein concentrate and used in an infant and follow‐on formula by Danone Trading ELN B.V, which submitted a dossier to the European Commission to request an amendment of Regulation (EU) 2016/127 with respect to the protein sources that may be used in the manufacture of infant and/or follow‐on formula. This opinion does not cover the assessment of the safety of the food enzymes used in the manufacture of the protein hydrolysate. The protein hydrolysate under evaluation is sufficiently characterised with respect to the fraction of the hydrolysed protein. In the pertinent intervention study provided, an infant formula manufactured from the protein hydrolysate with a protein content of 2.3 g/100 kcal and consumed as the sole source of nutrition by infants for 3.5 months led to growth equivalent to a formula manufactured from intact cow's milk protein (2 g protein/100 kcal). No experimental data have been provided on the nutritional safety and suitability of this protein source in follow‐on formula. However, given that it is consumed with complementary foods and the protein source is considered nutritionally safe and suitable in an infant formula that is the sole source of nutrition of infants, the Panel considers that the protein hydrolysate is also a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in follow‐on formula. The Panel concludes that the protein hydrolysate under evaluation is a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in infant and follow‐on formula, as long as the formula in which it is used contains a minimum of 2.3 g/100 kcal protein and complies with the compositional criteria of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127 and the amino acid pattern in its Annex IIIA.