Hydrolysis Time Research Articles

Hydrogen production from sodium borohydride using Co nanoparticles

In this study, hydrogen [H2(g)] production from sodium borohydride (NaBH4) using cobalt (Co) nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated with a hydrolysis process. Optimum experimental conditions were examined at different hydrolysis times (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 min), at different hydrolysis temperatures (25, 35, 45, and 65oC), and at increasing Co NPs nanocatalyst concentrations (5, 15 and 30 mg/l) at pH = 13.0, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed for characterization studies. H2(g) measurements were made in gaschromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The maximum 81% H2(g) yield was observed before the hydrolysis process after 90 min, at pH = 13.0, at 25 oC. The maximum H2(g) yields were recorded as 98% after 45 min hydrolysis times at 45 oC, at a pH of 13.0. 99% H2(g) yields were found after 14 min hydrolysis times, at pH a pH of 13.0 at 65 oC. The maximum NaBH4 concentration and using Co NPs concentrations were kept constant at 300 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l, respectively.

Investigation of the peptides with calcium chelating capacity in hydrolysate derived from spent hen meat.

Calcium peptide chelates are developed as efficient supplements for preventing calcium deficiency. Spent hen meat (SHM) contains a high percentage of proteins but is generally wasted due to the disadvantages such as hard texture. We chose the underutilized SHM to produce peptides to bind calcium by proteolysis and aimed to investigate chelation between calcium and peptides in hydrolysate for a sustainable purpose. The optimized proteolysis conditions calculated from the result of response surface methodology for two-step hydrolysis were 0.30% (wenzyme/wmeat) for papain with a hydrolysis time of 3.5h and 0.18% (wenzyme/wmeat) for flavourzyme with a hydrolysis time of 2.8h. The enzymatic hydrolysate (EH) showed a binding capacity of 63.8±1.8mg calcium/g protein. Ethanol separation for EH improved the capacity up to a higher value of 68.6±0.6mg calcium/g protein with a high association constant of 420M-1 (25°C) indicating high stability. The separated fraction with a higher amount of Glu, Asp, Lys, and Arg had higher calcium-binding capacity, which was related to the number of ─COOH and ─NH2 groups in peptide side chains according to the result from amino acid analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Two-step enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol separation were an efficient combination to produce peptide mixtures derived from SHM with high calcium-binding capacity. The high percentage of hydrophilic amino acids in the separated fraction was concluded to increase calcium-binding capacity. This work provides foundations for increasing spent hen utilization and developing calcium peptide chelates based on underutilized meat.

Enhanced dimensional stability of straw-based biocomposites modified with UV light-cured coatings

This study demonstrated an effective method to enhance the dimensional stability of straw-based biocomposites with modified lignosulfonate as a binder. The ultraviolet (UV) light-curable nanosol was prepared by adding 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MEMO) as sol–gel precursor into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The MEMO/PVA coatings were generated using 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (Darocur 1173) as radical photo-initiator and chitosan (CS) as additive, on straw-based biocomposites via UV-curing process. The effects of the crucial steps, such as the UV-curing process, hydrolysis time, Darocur 1173 dosage, and CS dosage on the dimensional stability of straw-based biocomposites, were evaluated. The optimum preparation parameters, obtained using the Box–Behnken design, were 31.9 min hydrolysis time, 4.5% Darocur 1173 dosage, and 2.7% CS dosage. Moisture resistance of minimum TS of CS-MEMO/PVA-coated straw-based biocomposites resulted in ~23.1% reduction in dimensional stability without significant decline in the mechanical properties when compared with those without UV curing. Moreover, the glossy spherical particles underwent arrangement in a fish-scale shape with scales closely linked with each other and no agglomeration occurred in CS-MEMO/PVA hybrid film. The CS promoted the cross-linking of MEMO/PVA coating on the biocomposite surface. The resulting biocomposites can be directly applied to public humid-environment applications such as bath furniture and bathroom partitions.

Effect of different pretreatments on the hydrolysis efficiency and flavor of squid viscera (Dosidicus gigas)

In order to better utilize the proteins in squid viscera (Dosidicus gigas), the effects of different pretreatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and volatile compounds of hydrolysates were studied. The DH was used as an indicator to select alkaline protease as the optimal protease from 8 types of proteases. The hydrolysis conditions of alkaline protease and the flavor of the hydrolysates were investigated through single-factor, response surface methodology, and pretreatment-assisted hydrolysis experiments. The results showed that alkaline protease had the highest DH (42.08 ± 0.58%), with enzyme dosage of 1.5%, hydrolysis temperature of 45 °C, hydrolysis time of 5 h, and liquid-solid ratio of 4:1. The DH of the ultrasound group was significantly higher than other groups, with the highest DH (45.67 ± 0.34%) after ultrasound for 40 min (U40). The proportion of molecular weight < 1 kDa and the content of free amino acids (1613.64 mg/100 g) were the highest at U40. The electronic nose results indicated that the composition of organic sulfur and aliphatic compounds in U40 showed significant differences compared to other products. The U40 sample had the highest type and content of volatile compounds (especially benzaldehyde), which was more conducive to the volatilization of flavor substances. In conclusion, U40 pretreatment can effectively improve the DH and flavor of hydrolysates.

Enzymatic processing of animal by-products: production of antioxidant hydrolysates with Bacillus sp. CL18 crude protease.

Protein hydrolysates might display diverse bioactivities with potential relevance to human and animal health and food technology. Enzymatic hydrolysis of agro-industrial by-products is increasingly focused. In this study, a crude protease from Bacillus sp. CL18 was applied to obtain antioxidant protein hydrolysates from porcine, bovine, poultry, and fish by-products. The crude enzyme hydrolyzed all the twelve investigated by-products, as detected by increased soluble protein contents after 4h of proteolysis. Hydrolysates exhibited higher radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating and reducing power capacities than non-hydrolyzed by-products. Hydrolysis times (0-8h) and enzyme-to-substrate (E/S) ratios (384, 860, and 1,400 U/g) were assessed to produce antioxidant bovine lung hydrolysates. The highest E/S ratio accelerated both hydrolysis and increases in antioxidant activities; however, it did not result in bioactivities higher than hydrolysates obtained with the intermediate E/S ratio. Optimal antioxidant activities could be reached after 6h of hydrolysis using 860 U/g. Animal by-products are interesting sources of bioactive protein hydrolysates, which could be produced with a non-commercial bacterial protease. This might represent a promising strategy for the valorization of animal by-products generated in large amounts by the agri-food sector.

Optimization of the Process for Obtaining Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysates from Pumpkin Seed Oil Cake Using Response Surface Methodology

Pumpkin seed cake, a byproduct of cold-pressed oil production, represents a food waste material with a great potential for valorization. The objective of the present study is to optimize the papain enzymatic hydrolysis process of pumpkin seed cold-pressed oil cake (CPC) to obtain protein hydrolysates with the highest antioxidant activity. Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the simultaneous effects of an enzyme concentration of papain, a temperature, and a reaction time on the process of enzymatic hydrolysis on pumpkin seed cold-pressed oil cake (CPC). For these three input factors, different values are used—1, 2, and 3% for papain concentration, 20, 30, and 40 °C for temperature, and 60, 120, and 180 min for hydrolysis time. Thus, the design generated a total of 21 experimental runs. The aim is to obtain protein hydrolysates with the highest antioxidant activity. The responses DPPH and ABTS were calculated and the determined regression models were statistically analyzed and validated. The results revealed that optimal conditions included a papain concentration of 1.0%, a temperature of 40 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 60 min to retrieve the highest level of bioactive compounds.

Pepsin immobilization on activated carbon and functionalized with glutaraldehyde and genipin for the synthesis of antioxidant peptides of goat casein

In this article, the synthesis of antioxidant peptides in the enzymatic hydrolysis of caprine casein was analyzed at three different time points (60 min, 90 min, and 120 min) using immobilized pepsin on activated and modified carbon (AC, ACF, ACG 50, ACG 100). The immobilization assays revealed a reduction in the biocatalysts' activity compared to the free enzyme. Among the modified ones, ACG 50 exhibited greater activity and better efficiency for reuse cycles, with superior values after 60 min and 90 min. Peptide synthesis was observed under all studied conditions. Analyses (DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid, FRAP) confirmed the antioxidant potential of the peptides generated by the immobilized enzyme. However, the immobilized enzyme in ACG 50 and ACG 100, combined with longer hydrolysis times, allowed the formation of peptides with an antioxidant capacity greater than or equivalent to those generated by the free enzyme, despite reduced enzymatic activity.

Changes in the Main Physicochemical Properties and Electrochemical Fingerprints in the Production of Sea Buckthorn Juice by Pectinase Treatment.

Enzymatic hydrolysis using pectinase is critical for producing high-yield and quality sea buckthorn juice. This study determined the optimal temperature, time, and enzyme dosage combinations to guide manufacturers. A temperature of 60 °C, hydrolysis time of 3 h, and 0.3% enzyme dosage gave 64.1% juice yield-25% higher than without enzymes. Furthermore, monitoring physicochemical properties reveals enzyme impacts on composition. Higher dosages increase soluble solids up to 15% and soluble fiber content by 35% through cell wall breakdown. However, excessive amounts over 0.3% decrease yields. Pectin concentration also declines dose-dependently, falling by 91% at 0.4%, improving juice stability but needing modulation to retain viscosity. Electrochemical fingerprinting successfully differentiates process conditions, offering a rapid quality control tool. Its potential for commercial inline use during enzymatic treatment requires exploration. Overall, connecting optimized parameters to measured effects provides actionable insights for manufacturers to boost yields, determine enzyme impacts on nutrition/functionality, and introduce novel process analytical technology. Further investigations of health properties using these conditions could expand sea buckthorn juice functionality.

Influence of sonication pretreatment on antiradical and anti-ACE activity of protein hydrolysates from fermented pork loins

The aim of this study was to assess whether ultrasound treatment (sonification time: 5, 15, and 30 min; constants: ∼40 kHz, ∼2.5 W cm2) can be applied prior to hydrolysis to enhance the anti-radical and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting (anti-ACE) effect of the hydrolysates from fermented pork loins. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using pepsin, followed by pancreatin. The influence of meat matrix on the course of hydrolysis, shaped using a lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based starter culture, was also analyzed. It was found that proteases caused a systematic increase in the content of peptides, while pancreatin limited the peptide content in the protein hydrolysate from the loins subjected to spontaneous fermentation. Moreover, for these tests, sonication time had a negligible effect on the peptides content of the hydrolysates. On the other hand, for the sample of LAB-fermented products, both sonication time and stage of hydrolysis promoted the biological activity of the hydrolysates. Samples from the LAB-fermented meat had more peptides at the stage of digestion with pepsin and pancreatin, exhibiting much faster antiradical and anti-ACE activity compared to the control sample. The obtained results suggest that the use of LAB promotes the release of antiradical peptides during the two-step enzymatic hydrolysis, the duration of which can be shortened to achieve satisfactory biofunctionalities. Additional application of sonication pretreatment allows controlling the course of the hydrolysis, as the pro-health, biological effect of some protein-derived sequences is associated with the content of peptides.

Assessment of functional efficacy of sheep plasma protein hydrolysates and their utilization in mutton sausage

The present study examines the bioactive potential of sheep plasma protein hydrolysates (SPPH) produced by in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-obesity agents, and inhibitors of lipid oxidation in sausage to address the oxidative stability and shelf-life issues of mutton. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, indicate a positive relationship between the degree of hydrolysis and digestion duration. The study finds that SPPH has a potent inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase. It has higher oil holding capacity than sheep plasma protein, observed at one hour of hydrolysis time. SPPH exhibit an improved behavior in foaming properties along alkaline pH and digestion time while display lower emulsifying activity and stability with hydrolysis advancement. The SPPH act as a natural preservative in developing functional mutton sausage by inhibiting lipid-oxidation. This study showed that the recovery of SPPH can be a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for generating available ingredients for enhanced shelf-life of meat products.

Combining thermal–alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment with catalytic supercritical water gasification for hydrogen production from sewage sludge

An integrated process consisting of a thermal–alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment (TAHP) combined with catalytic supercritical water gasification (CSCWG) was developed to treat sewage sludge to produce H2. TAHP facilitated the transfer of organics from sludge into liquid products for subsequent CSCWG to produce H2. Upon increasing the hydrolysis temperature, time, and alkali dosage, the continuous transfer of organics to liquid products was observed, wherein the hydrolysis temperature had the greatest effect. Under the optimal pretreatment conditions (180 °C, 1 h, and mNaOH/mOM = 25 %), approximately 70 % of proteins, carbohydrates, and 50 % of humus in sludge, i.e., easily gasified organic species, were transferred. Using this process, the TOC concentration in the liquid products reached about 17,000 mg/L, and the polysaccharide and soluble protein concentrations reached 2400 and 15,000 mg/L, respectively. With this integrated process, the H2 yield and selectivity increased by 3.7–7.6 times and 5.94–52.92 times, respectively, compared with the directly catalyzed gasification of sludge. This improvement occurred because TAHP promoted the transfer of easily gasified organic species into the liquid products, while the difficult-to-gasify organics and inorganics in ash remained in the solid phase, which prevented them from inhibiting the catalyst.

Preparation of Yeast Extract from Brewer's Yeast Waste and Its Potential Application as a Medium Constituent.

Yeast extract serves as a source of nutritional components essential for human dietary requirements, feed formulations, and the vital growth factors and nutrients necessary for microorganisms. However, the production cost of yeast extract using cultivated active dry yeast is relatively high. This study aims to utilize the autolysis of discarded yeast post beer brewing to produce yeast extract. The concentration, temperature, pH, and time conditions are systematically optimized. It reveals that the yield of amino nitrogen and solids in the extract was increased by 3.3% and 20.9% under the optimized conditions (1.2% wall-breaking enzyme, 1% yeast extract enzyme, and a hydrolysis time of 24h) than that of the documented 4.03% and 69.05%. Additionally, a comparative analysis with commercially available yeast powder demonstrates that the yeast extract derived from this study adequately fulfills the nutritional requirements for microbial growth. Hence, the utilization of discarded beer yeast presents an opportunity for the valuable reclamation of waste yeast, showcasing promising potential applications.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Peptide from Rabbit Meat Hydrolysate Prepared by Trypsin and Zingibain.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Rabbit meat is a livestock product potentially viable as a protein source to obtain peptides. Antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides are ingredients extracted from various foods through enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis and fermentation to produce health-promoting foods. This research aims to investigate the potential of rabbit meat as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides through hydrolysis using trypsin and zingibain enzymes. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; This research conducted an explorative-descriptive approach, focusing on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Rabbit meat was extracted using trypsin, zingibain and a combination of trypsin and crude extract zingibain. The hydrolyzed rabbit meat extract was tested at intervals of 0, 2, 6, 16, 24, 40 and 48 hrs to determine the degree of hydrolysis and the profile of hydrolyzed proteins with electrophoresis SDS PAGE. The antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method and the antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The degree of hydrolysis increased with the hydrolysis time. The highest protein content of rabbit meat extract hydrolyzed with trypsin was 287.65 mg/mL, observed during 12 hrs hydrolysis. The optimum conditions for the hydrolysis of rabbit meat protein were obtained at 24 hrs, with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of 52.45% hydrolyzed by trypsin. As per antimicrobial activities, &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; sp. were more effective in inhibiting rabbit meat hydrolysates compared to &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt;. The inhibition of all pathogen increased until 12 hrs hydrolysis but decreased in 24 hrs hydrolysis. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The combination zingibain enzyme and trypsin is feasible for hydrolyzing rabbit meat and the optimum hydrolysis time was 24 hrs with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 52.45 ppm, although accompanied by reduction in antibacterial activities.

A Study on the Potentiality of Bioethanol Production from Selected Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Increasing population growth, industrialization, and the harmful impacts of fossil fuel burning on the environment fascinated the researchers to find a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative substitute. A potential substitute feedstock for the synthesis of second-generation bioethanol is the lignocellulosic biomass from invasive weedy plants. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of bioethanol production from two weedy plant species using physical, chemical, and physiochemical pretreatment methods, as well as to optimize the pretreatment and culture conditions to obtain a higher reducing sugar amount and ethanol yield. The collected invasive weedy plants, Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens, were cleaned, then pretreated with different acids and bases (4% v/v) at 121oC for 15 min. Then the filtrate was incubated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker‘s yeast) in the peptone yeast extract and nutrient medium (PYN) at room temperature, the pH was maintained at 5.0. T. procumbens plant substrate with the performic acid pretreatment agent produced a significant amount (0.2%) of ethanol, and further studies were conducted with the same substrate and the pretreatment agent. The conditions were optimized successively by changing one factor at a time while keeping the other variables constant. Several important hydrolysis factors were studied for the optimization, including performic acid concentration (0.2–5%), hydrolysis time (10–60 min), fermentation time (24–120 h), inoculum concentration (1.25–7.5 g/100 ml), and rotation speed (50–250 rpm). The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47% was observed at 0.6% performic acid concentration, 30 min of hydrolysis time, 48 h of fermentation time, 5 g/100 ml of inoculum concentration, and 100 rpm rotation speed with T. procumbens using S. cerevisiae.&#x0D; Keywords: Bioethanol, Lignocellulosic biomass, Acid hydrolysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The extraction process of nanocellulose from organic waste and incorporating it into biopolymers for mechanical property enhancement

Nanocellulose possesses excellent properties such as an elastic modulus of 220 GPa, Young’s modulus of 10- 150 GPa, low density of around 1.6 g/cm3, and high thermal stability. To enhance mechanical flexibility, nanocellulose can strengthen the bio-polymers. This research project aims to review the extraction methods and the characterization of the nanocellulose extracted from organic waste materials such as banana peel, pineapple leaf fiber, crown, corncob, palm oil, etc., focusing on the possibility of adding the nanocellulose to enhance the properties such as tensile strength, young’s modulus, water vapor permeability of the biopolymers. Chemical extraction methods like alkaline treatment, bleaching treatment, sulfuric and formic acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and mechanical extraction methods such as ball milling, ultrasonication, high-pressure homogenization, and grinding have been studied. The results obtained from all the characterization techniques have been tabulated. From the results tabulation, the length of cellulose nanocrystal and cellulose nanofiber is 100-350 nm and 350 nm and above, respectively. The hydrolysis time and the types of acid used will affect the yield and aspect ratio; the acid concentration will also affect the degradation temperature. Mechanical treatment results in a higher yield of the nanocellulose, but mechanical treatment is not economically solvent due to the heavy use of power. Considering that nanocellulose extracted via chemo-mechanical treatment has outstanding characteristics that can potentially improve the mechanical properties when incorporated into the biopolymers.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose banana stem (alkaline microwave-assisted pre-treatment)

The banana stem waste holds immense promise as a readily available and abundant source of lignocellulosic biomass, making it a compelling alternative for biofuel and biochemical applications. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the impact of both time and substrate loading on the enzymatic hydrolysis of banana stem cellulose that has undergone alkaline microwave-assisted pre-treatment. The pre-treatment method involves subjecting the biomass to 5% KOH for 30 min, followed by microwave exposure at 300 W for 5 min, a process aimed at enhancing the accessibility of cellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were carried out utilizing cellulase enzymes derived from Aspergillus niger, with variations in hydrolysis times (ranging from 5 to 45 h) and enzyme-to-substrate ratios (ranging from 1:1 to 1:10). The results of this investigation revealed a substantial improvement in hydrolysis efficiency, owing to the synergistic effects of alkaline microwave-assisted pre-treatment, signifying enhanced cellulose accessibility. Notably, the highest concentration of reducing sugars (1.3 mg mL−1) was achieved at a substrate-to-enzyme ratio of 1:1 and a hydrolysis duration of 45 h. These findings provide valuable insights into the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, emphasizing the potential of integrated pre-treatment strategies for sustainable biorefinery applications. This research contributes to advancing our understanding of lignocellulosic biomass utilization, offering a promising avenue for biofuel and biochemical production from banana stem waste.

Enzymatic protein hydrolysates of a residue from grape by-products industry for winemaking application: influence of the starting material and hydrolysis time

Enzymatic protein hydrolysates of a residue from grape by-products industry for winemaking application: influence of the starting material and hydrolysis time

Effect of acid treatment of eucalyptus fibers for improved poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) containing fibrillated cellulose extracted from eucalyptus fibers were prepared and characterized. This study focuses initially on the method to follow the acid treatment of eucalyptus cellulose fibers (ECF) through an experimental design, where the studied parameters were the H2SO4 concentration, hydrolysis time, and reaction temperatures as independent variables for statistical analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the ECF revealed that mild hydrolysis conditions shifted the degradation temperature of the fibers to higher values. The crystallinity index (CI) obtained by the X-ray diffraction was greater when intermediate hydrolysis conditions (30% H2SO4, 60 °C, 150 min) were employed. Afterward, the most promising ECFs hydrolyzed according to the experimental design were used to produce nanocomposites of PHB(ECF/PHB) containing 5 wt% of the fiber reinforcement via twin-screw mini extruder Haake MiniLab II operating at 180 °C, and varying the rotation speeds (60, 120, and 180 rpm). The ECF/PHB nanocomposites were characterized by TGA and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), through which the selected composites with higher thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ECF/PHB nanocomposites processed at 120 rpm resulted in a material with improved properties. The DMA storage and loss moduli as well as the tensile elastic modulus increased 65%, 196% and 15%, respectively, as compared to the neat PHB. The SEM of the composites revealed nanowhiskers, microcrystalline and microfibrillated cellulose incorporated into PHB, which were attributed to improvements in the thermal and mechanical properties of the PHB matrix.

Effect of hydrolysis of sweet potato starch by pullulanase enzyme on the formation of slowly digestible starch

The benefits of slowly digestible starch (SDS) are a slow or moderate increase in postprandial blood glucose levels and the maintenance of steady blood glucose levels. These created good conditions for diabetes control, satiety-hunger, physical and mental performance. Therefore, products related to slow digestion have attracted many researchers in recent years. In this research, technological factors affecting the formation of SDS from sweet potato starch (SPS) by the branching enzyme pullulanase were studied. These factors included SPS concentration, pullulanase enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, and hydrolysis time of pullulanase enzyme. The results showed that the maximum SDS yield was obtained by debranching for 5 hrs with an enzyme concentration of 20 ASPU/g, reaction temperature of 55°C, pH of 5.0, and a SPS concentration of 10% (w/w). In these conditions, the SDS content of SPS reached 28.04%. The findings indicated that sweet potato starch can be used as a raw material at a low cost and is feasible in the production of SDS which provides benefits for human health.

Comparative study for enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using free and nanoparticle immobilized holocellulolytic enzyme cocktail

This study aimed at a comparative analysis of enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse biomass by using a free holocellulase cocktail of an enzyme (Cellic CTec2) and immobilized enzyme system on IOMNP@SiO2-NH2 support to make the process cost-effective. The immobilization was substantiated by examining the nano biocatalysts using FTIR, TEM, and DLS analysis. IOMNP@SiO2 –NH2 and immobilized enzyme system have average particle sizes of 81.1, and 455.9 nm confirmed by DLS. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box Behnken design was employed to optimize the saccharification process conditions. The free cellulase cocktail showed a maximum hydrolysis yield of 70.71 % at 12.5FPU/gm enzyme dose, while the immobilized enzyme at a dose of 20 FPU/gm achieved a conversion rate of 74.19 % under optimized parameters likes hydrolysis time, surfactant and substrate concentration. Pretreated sugarcane bagasse substrate was used to evaluate the reusability potential of magnetically immobilized cellulase enzyme compared to recovered free enzyme up to 5 cycles. In the second and third cycles, the conversion rates of cellulose to glucose were determined to be 68.21 %, and 52.6 %, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate that the immobilized Cellic CTec2 enzyme cocktail on functionalized IOMNP is effective for hydrolyzing sugarcane bagasse which also provides the advantages of easy recovery and reusability of enzyme for multiple hydrolysis cycles.