Hydrolysis Process Research Articles

Development of oriented multi-enzyme strengthens waste activated sludge disintegration and anaerobic digestion: Performance, components transformation and microbial communities

Low methane production and long retention time are the main dilemmas in current anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS). This work used WAS as only substrate to prepare oriented multi-enzyme (ME) that directly used for WAS pretreatment. Under the optimal parameters, the highest activities of protease and amylase in ME could respectively reach 16.5 U/g and 580 U/g, and the corresponding methane production attained 197 mLCH4/g VS, which was increased by 70.4% compared to blank group. It was found that ME pretreatment could strengthen WAS disintegration and organic matters dissolution, lead to the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was increased from the initial 486 mg/L to 2583 mg/L, and the corresponding volatile suspended solid (VSS) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were reduced by 27% and 73.8%, respectively. The results of three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that protein disintegration may be the critical step during the process of WAS hydrolysis with ME, of which the release of tyrosine-like proteins achieved the better biodegradability of WAS, while the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the formation of protein derivatives was the main harmful factor that could extend the lag phase of AD process. Microbial communities analysis further suggested that ME pretreatment facilitated the enrichment of acetogenic bacteria and acetotrophic methanogens, which caused the transition of the methanogenesis pathway from hydrogenotrophic to acetotrophic. This study is expected to furnish valuable insight for ME pretreatment on enhancing WAS disintegration and methane production.

SODIUM, MONOETHANOLAMMONIUM AND POLYETHYLENE POLYAMMONIUM CITRATES AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

pH and conductometric study of aqueous (0.1 ÷ 9.0)⋅10-3 mol/l solutions of sodium (Na3Cit), monoethanolammonium (H3Cit⋅3MEA) and polyethylenepolyammonium (kH3Cit⋅3PEPA) citrates was carried out. Features of the electrochemical behavior of monoethanolamine and polyethylenepolamine ammonium citrates aqueous solutions were revealed in comparison with Na3Cit. As the temperature increases from 293 to 303 K, the pH values and Na3Cit solutions molar electrical conductivity increase. Due to hydrolytic processes, when diluting H3Cit⋅3MEA solutions, a change in pH is observed from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, in contrast to Na3Cit. An increase in temperature (in the region of 293–308 K) leads to an increase in the medium acidity, in contrast to sodium citrate solutions, which is accompanied by an atypical decrease in molar electrical conductivity at the same H3Cit⋅3MEA content. It has been shown that an increase in temperature in the range of 293-308 K leads to a decrease in H3Cit⋅3MEA aqueous solutions pH, in contrast to Na3Cit and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA solutions, which is accompanied by an atypical decrease in molar electrical conductivity at the same H3Cit⋅3MEA content. The component composition of Na3Cit, H3Cit⋅3MEA and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA aqueous solutions was calculated. The probability of the existence of negatively charged ion-molecular complexes in H3Cit⋅3MEA and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA aqueous solutions is shown. The concentration and temperature dependence of citrate ions hydrolysis constant was obtained. The concentration and temperature dependence of these complexes was assessed. The atypical negative effect of heating on H3Cit⋅3MEA aqueous solutions molar electrical conductivity is associated with a change in the radius of the ion-molecular complex and its stability. The value of the limiting molar electrical conductivity of sodium, monoethanolammonium and polyethylenepolyammonium citrates aqueous solutions in the range of 293–313 K was estimated. Correlations were revealed between the values of the limiting electrical conductivity and ion-molecular complexes formation constants in H3Cit⋅PEPA aqueous solutions. The values of energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation of molar electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions were calculated. For the solutions studied, compensation effects were noted in the activation parameters of molar electrical conductivity.

Biobased polyesteramides derived from bisfuranic diamine and aliphatic diesters of varied chain lengths: synthesis and chemical stability

This study presents the development of a series of biobased polyesteramides, labeled as PEAF1–3, via a greener approach, from bisfuranic diamine and commercially available aliphatic diesters of varied chain lengths. The resulting polymers showed reasonable molar masses, in accordance with inherent viscosities ranging between 0.19 and 0.35 dL/g. Evaluation of their thermal properties by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showcased excellent thermal stability (Td ,max ≥ 335 °C), amorphous character and low glass transition temperature (Tg ) decreased with the increasing chain length. Moreover, notable finding was the exceptional stability of these polyesteramides against both hydrolytic and oxidative degradation processes. This resistance underscores their potential as highly stable materials, making them promising for various applications where durability and resistance to degradation are crucial.

Whole transcriptome analysis identifies differentially expressed mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA associated with male sterility in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Insect sterility technology is gradually being applied to the control of lepidoptera pests, and the target gene for male sterility is the core of this technology. JMS is a mutant silkworm that exhibits male sterility, and to elucidate its formation mechanism, this study conducted a full transcriptome analysis of the testes of JMS and its wild-type silkworms 48 h after pupation, identifying 205 DElncRNAs, 913 mRNAs, and 92 DEmiRNAs. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DEmRNAs revealed that they were involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and ECM-receptor interactions. Combined with ceRNA regulatory network KEGG analysis suggests that pathways from amino acid biosynthesis to hydrolytic processes of protein synthesis may play a crucial role in the formation of JMS mutant variants. Our study deepens our understanding of the regulatory network of male sterility genes in silkworms; it also provides a new perspective for insect sterility technology.

γ-Valerolactone/CuCl2 biphasic system for high total monosaccharides recovery from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis processes of eucalyptus

γ-Valerolactone/CuCl2 biphasic system for high total monosaccharides recovery from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis processes of eucalyptus

Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate with less-expensive formulation of homemade cellulase cocktails

This study focused on the efficient production of fermentable sugars from high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic substrate, using homemade cellulase preparation (from China company) combined with surfactants, plant-derived proteins, and accessory enzymes. Results show that various non-ionic and ionic surfactants worked together very effectively, resulting in the 48-h glucose yield of enzymatic hydrolysis increasing by 21.4 %, compared with a single surfactant. The surfactant mixture was particularly competitive at a lower enzyme loading and higher solid content of the enzymatic hydrolysis. Many plant-derived proteins were found to be useful in enzymatic hydrolysis. With the optimized mixture of surfactants, plant-derived protein, and accessory enzymes, the homemade cellulase preparation produced 170 g/L of fermentable sugars (∼ 90 % of the yield) from the enzymatic hydrolysis (2 mg/g dried substrate, 20 % (w/v), 72 h), which was promisingly economic and close to the starchy sugar. The homemade cellulase preparation by formulation with various surfactants and plant-derived proteins supplied a feasible solution for the development of a cost-effective enzymatic hydrolysis process.

Bioethanol Production from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) by Microwave-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Pretreatment

The world's high consumption of fossil energy increases carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The depletion of fossil fuel sources, combined with rising CO2 emissions, has prompted intensive research into renewable energy sources. Bioethanol is an environmentally friendly energy source that has the potential to reduce reliance on gasoline. Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of monosaccharides. The first and second generations of bioethanol are derived, respectively, from food crops, agricultural waste, and plantations, while the third generation is derived from algae. However, the third generation bioethanol research is still being conducted intensively to develop an optimal process. Macro/microalgae are low-level plants that have the potential to become raw materials for bioethanol. Arthrospira platensis, a spirulina species, is a microalgae with a high carbohydrate content. Apart from that, this type of microalgae is easy to cultivate and grow. This research aims to determine the reducing sugar content which are monosaccharides produced from acid hydrolysis using a microwave at a temperature of 100 °C for 60 – 120 minutes with 0.2 M H2SO4 as the solvent. The hydrolysate obtained was then fermented anaerobically with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a shaking water bath. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) test was carried out to identify the reducing sugar groups in the hydrolysate. Moreover, the solid content of the biochar remaining from the hydrolysis process was analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). From the test results, it was found that the highest concentration of D-glucose (1.19 g/L) occurred at 90 minutes of the hydrolysis. In addition, the hydrolysis of microalgae was also carried out with 0.3 M H2SO4 solvent for 90 minutes. The hydrolysate was then fermented for 96 hours. From the distillation process, it was obtained a bioethanol yield of 2.89%.

24-epibrassinolide as a multidimensional regulator of rice (Oryza sativa) physiological and molecular responses under isoproturon stress

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can regulate various processes in plant development and defense against environmental stress. In this study, the contribution of BRs in the degradation of isoproturon (IPU) in rice has been established. IPU has a significant effect on rice growth, chlorophyll content, and membrane permeability. When treated with 1.0 μmol/L 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a BR analogue, the associated symptoms of rice poisoning were alleviated as the IPU levels in the rice and growth media were decreased. In the presence of EBR, the activities of several IPU-related detoxification enzymes were enhanced to cope with the stress due to IPU. An RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been performed to determine the variation of transcriptomes and metabolic mechanisms in rice treated with EBR, IPU, or IPU+EBR. Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were Phase I-III reaction components of plants, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter). The expression of some signal transduction genes was significantly up-regulated. The relative content of low-toxicity IPU metabolites increased due to the presence of EBR as determined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS. The IPU metabolic pathways include enzyme-catalyzed demethylation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis, glycosylation, and amino acid conjugation processes. The results suggest that EBR plays a key role in the degradation and detoxification of IPU. This study has provided evidence that BRs regulate the metabolism and detoxification of IPU in rice, and offers a new approach to ensuring cleaner crops by eliminating pesticide residues in the environment.

Pemanfaatan Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) Amilolitik untuk Fermentasi Tepung Terigu dan Gandum

The national demand for carbohydrates in flour continues to increase significantly due to the emergence of contemporary food products that use flour as the primary ingredient. One of the products used in producing food is sourdough, which is fermented flour. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a role in food fermentation by producing lactic acid. Amylolytic LAB can produce amylase enzyme, a biocatalyst in the starch hydrolysis process. One of the products made from the fermentation of wheat flour is sourdough. This study aims to determine the character of amylolytic LAB in wheat and wheat flour fermentation. The research methods include rejuvenation of LAB, selection of isolates, fermentation of starchy materials, and characterization of fermented liquid. The selection of bacteria was based on cell viability and pH, which showed that isolated Pediococcus pentasaceus E1222 could be used as a starter for starchy fermentation. The highest total acid and cell viability were produced in 24-hour wheat and wheat flour fermentation. Fermented wheat flour and flour had the most favorable aroma and texture, and fermented flour had the most favorable taste. Isolate Pediococcus pentasaceus E1222 is an isolate that can be used in making sourdough.

The resistance of hydrogenotrophic methanogenic microorganisms to ofloxacin in sludge anaerobic digestion process

Ofloxacin (OFL) is a commonly used antibiotic that can enter wastewater treatment plants and be adsorbed by the sludge, resulting in a high OFL concentration in sludge and affecting the subsequent sludge anaerobic digestion process. However, the micro mechanisms involved in this process have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, this study focuses on the effect of OFL on the sludge anaerobic digestion of sludge to provide such support. The experimental results showed that the maximal methane yield decreased from 277.7 to 164.7 mL/g VSS with the OFL concentration increased from 0 to 300 mg/L. Additionally, OFL hindered the intermediate biochemical processes of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and acetoclastic methanogenesis. However, it promoted hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis process, using H2 as substrate, with the concentration of 300 mg/L OFL was 5.54 fold methane production of that in the control. Further investigation revealed that the negative effect of OFL was likely due to the induction of reactive oxygen species, which led to a decrease in cell activity and interference with the activity of key enzymes. Microbiological analysis revealed that OFL reduced the relative abundance of hydrolysis and acidogenesis bacteria, and Methanosaeta archaea, while increasing the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis microorganism from 36.54% to 51.48% as the OFL concentration increase from 0 to 300 mg/L.

Development of Bioactive Hybrid Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PLA/PMMA) Electrospun Fibers Functionalized with Bioglass Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

Hybrid scaffolds that are based on PLA and PLA/PMMA with 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 weight ratios and functionalized with 10 wt.% of bioglass nanoparticles (n-BG) were developed using an electrospinning technique with a chloroform/dimethylformamide mixture in a 9:1 ratio for bone tissue engineering applications. Neat PLA and PLA/PMMA hybrid scaffolds were developed successfully through a (CF/DMF) solvent system, obtaining a random fiber deposition that generated a porous structure with pore interconnectivity. However, with the solvent system used, it was not possible to generate fibers in the case of the neat PMMA sample. With the increase in the amount of PMMA in PLA/PMMA ratios, the fiber diameter of hybrid scaffolds decreases, and the defects (beads) in the fiber structure increase; these beads are associated with a nanoparticle agglomeration, that could be related to a low interaction between n-BG and the polymer matrix. The Young's modulus of PLA/PMMA/n-BG decreases by 34 and 80%, indicating more flexible behavior compared to neat PLA. The PLA/PMMA/n-BG scaffolds showed a bioactive property related to the presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in the fiber surface after 28 days of immersion in a Simulated Body Fluids solution (SBF). In addition, the hydrolytic degradation process of PLA/PMMA/n-BG, analyzed after 35 days of immersion in a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), was less than that of the pure PLA. The in vitro analysis using an HBOF-1.19 cell line indicated that the PLA/PMMA/n-BG scaffold showed good cell viability and was able to promote cell proliferation after 7 days. On the other hand, the in vivo biocompatibility evaluated via a subdermal model in BALC male mice corroborated the good behavior of the scaffolds in avoiding the generation of a cytotoxic effect and being able to enhance the healing process, suggesting that the materials are suitable for potential applications in tissue engineering.

Genome-wide identification and mining elite allele variation of the Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) gene family in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

BackgroundMonoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) genes belong to the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily, catalyze the terminal step of triglyceride (TAG) hydrolysis, converting monoacylglycerol (MAG) into free fatty acids and glycerol.ResultsIn this study, 30 MAGL genes in upland cotton have been identified, which have been classified into eight subgroups. The duplication of GhMAGL genes in upland cotton was predominantly influenced by segmental duplication events, as revealed through synteny analysis. Furthermore, all GhMAGL genes were found to contain light-responsive elements. Through comprehensive association and haplotype analyses using resequencing data from 355 cotton accessions, GhMAGL3 and GhMAGL6 were detected as key genes related to lipid hydrolysis processes, suggesting a negative regulatory effect.ConclusionsIn summary, MAGL has never been studied in upland cotton previously. This study provides the genetic mechanism foundation for the discover of new genes involved in lipid metabolism to improve cottonseed oil content, which will provide a strategic avenue for marker-assisted breeding aimed at incorporating desirable traits into cultivated cotton varieties.

Determination of Reducing Sugar Groups from Hydrolysis of Arthrospira platensis Microalgae using Microwaves

The depletion of fossil fuel sources and increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have encouraged research into renewable energy sources. Bioethanol is an environmentally friendly energy source with considerable potential for reducing dependence on gasoline. Bioethanol is produced from the fermentation process of monosaccharides. The first and second generations of bioethanol are derived from food crops, agricultural waste, and plantation waste, whereas the third generation is produced from microalgae. Arthrospira platensis is a carbohydrate-rich microalgae. This study attempts to determine the content of reducing sugar groups which are monosaccharides formed from a hydrolysis with microwaves. A total of 10 g of microalgae powder was added to 100 mL of 0.3 M H2SO4 solution. The hydrolysis process was carried out in a microwave reactor at a temperature of 100°C for 90 minutes. The hydrolysate obtained was then fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaerobically in a shaking water bath. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) test was performed to identify reducing sugar groups in the hydrolysate, and the Gas Chromatography (GC) test was performed to determine the concentration of bioethanol produced during the fermentation process. Meanwhile, the solid content of biochar that remained after hydrolysis was analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectoscopy (FTIR). The HPLC test findings showed that the glucose concentrations before and after fermentation were 10.52 and 1.91 g/L, respectively, indicating that 81.8% of the glucose was converted to bioethanol. Furthermore, the distillation results from the fermented hydrolysate were analyzed using GC, yielding a bioethanol content of 3.90 g/L.

Lipase-catalyzed preparation, bioavailability and functional properties of a DHA-enriched tuna oil

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) are widely recognized for their health benefits. As naturally occurring DHA in the form of TAG are limited, this work developed and optimized a Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed selective hydrolysis process to enrich DHA in tuna oil. The DHA-enriched tuna oil produced at optimal conditions (lipase concentration of 4 %, ratio of water to tuna oil of 1:3, reaction temperature of 55°C) contained 46.12 % of DHA, in which 55.24 % of DHA was located in sn-2 position of the glycerides. In-vitro bioavailability test shows, the DHA-enriched tuna oil (7.89 %) had significantly higher cellular uptake of DHA as compared to unprocessed oil. The DHA-enriched oil demonstrated increased intracellular oxidation and mitochondrial damage of Caco-2 cell.

ON-OFF Control of Marangoni Self-propulsion via A Supra-amphiphile Fuel and Switch.

Marangoni self-propulsion refers to motion of liquid or solid driven by a surface tension gradient, and has applications in soft robots/devices, cargo delivery, self-assembly etc. However, two problems remain to be addressed for motion control (e.g., ON-OFF) with conventional surfactants as Marangoni fuel: (1) limited motion lifetime due to saturated interfacial adsorption of surfactants; (2) in- situ motion stop is difficult once Marangoni flows are triggered. Instead of covalent surfactants, supra-amphiphiles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts linked noncovalently, hold promise to solve these problems owing to its dynamic and reversible surface activity responsively. Here, we propose a new concept of 'supra-amphiphile fuel and switch' based on the facile synthesis of disodium-4-azobenzene-amino-1,3-benzenedisulfonate (DABS) linked by a Schiff base, which has amphiphilicity for self-propulsion, hydrolyzes timely to avoid saturated adsorption, and provides pH-responsive control over ON-OFF motion. The self-propulsion lifetime is extended by 50-fold with DABS and motion control is achieved. The mechanism is revealed with coupled interface chemistry involving two competitive processes of interfacial adsorption and hydrolysis of DABS based on both experiments and simulation. The concept of 'supra-amphiphile fuel and switch' provides an active solution to prolong and control Marangoni self-propulsive devices for the advance of intelligent material systems.

ON–OFF Control of Marangoni Self‐propulsion via A Supra‐amphiphile Fuel and Switch

AbstractMarangoni self‐propulsion refers to motion of liquid or solid driven by a surface tension gradient, and has applications in soft robots/devices, cargo delivery, self‐assembly etc. However, two problems remain to be addressed for motion control (e.g., ON–OFF) with conventional surfactants as Marangoni fuel: (1) limited motion lifetime due to saturated interfacial adsorption of surfactants; (2) in‐ situ motion stop is difficult once Marangoni flows are triggered. Instead of covalent surfactants, supra‐amphiphiles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts linked noncovalently, hold promise to solve these problems owing to its dynamic and reversible surface activity responsively. Here, we propose a new concept of ‘supra‐amphiphile fuel and switch’ based on the facile synthesis of disodium‐4‐azobenzene‐amino‐1,3‐benzenedisulfonate (DABS) linked by a Schiff base, which has amphiphilicity for self‐propulsion, hydrolyzes timely to avoid saturated adsorption, and provides pH‐responsive control over ON‐OFF motion. The self‐propulsion lifetime is extended by 50‐fold with DABS and motion control is achieved. The mechanism is revealed with coupled interface chemistry involving two competitive processes of interfacial adsorption and hydrolysis of DABS based on both experiments and simulation. The concept of ‘supra‐amphiphile fuel and switch’ provides an active solution to prolong and control Marangoni self‐propulsive devices for the advance of intelligent material systems.

Different regulation strategies of anaerobic digestion by AC/CaO2 and Fe3O4/CaO2: Reactive oxygen species induction, methanogenic performance, and microbial response

This study examined the combination of activated carbon and magnetite with calcium peroxide in enhancing the anaerobic digestion (AD) performance of food waste (FW). The individual mechanisms of these two approaches were also clarified. The results indicated that AC/CaO2 achieved the highest specific methane yield of 434.4 mL/g VS, followed by Fe3O4/CaO2 (416.9 mL/g VS). Both were significantly higher than other groups (control, AC, Fe3O4, and CaO2 were 330.1, 341.4, 342.8, and 373.2 mL/g VS, respectively). Additionally, compared to Fe3O4/CaO2, AC/CaO2 further increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enhancing the hydrolytic acidification process. Simultaneously, the higher ROS levels of Fe3O4/CaO2 and AC/CaO2 promoted the formation of microbial aggregates and established a more robust enzymatic defense system and unique damage repair strategy. The research comparatively analyzed the synergistic mechanism of iron-based and carbon-based conductive materials with CaO2, providing new perspectives for optimizing the AD of FW.

The composition and flavor change mechanism of membrane-filtered sugarcane syrup during the acid hydrolysis process based on 1H NMR and GC–IMS

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were employed to comprehensively characterize both non-volatile and volatile components present in membrane-filtrated sugarcane syrup (MS). A total of 19 non-volatile compounds and 65 volatile compounds were successfully identified within the MS sample. Among the volatile compounds, 12 were determined to be key aroma contributors based on their Relative Odor Activity Values (ROAV). Our investigation elucidated that hydrolysis and Maillard reactions serve as the primary pathways during acid hydrolysis, with reaction kinetics strengthened by increasing heating temperature and citric acid concentration, thereby enhancing the caramel and roasted aromas of MS. These findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the composition of sugarcane syrup but also offer valuable insights into flavor characterization and quality control within the sugarcane industry. Furthermore, this research lays a foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing processing techniques to enhance syrup flavor and overall product quality.

Value addition of mango kernel for development and characterization of starch with starch nanoparticles for packaging applications

The present research was conducted to explore the potential of mango kernel starch from the Chaunsa variety to develop starch and starch nanoparticles (SNPs) based films. The investigation included starch isolation from mango kernel followed by the preparation of SNPs by acid hydrolysis and a thorough examination of various physicochemical properties for film formation. The properties of SNPs were found to be distinctly different from those of native starch. SNPs exhibited an aggregated form with an irregular surface, whereas native starch had an oval and elongated shape with a smooth surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the starch type in SNPs was of the A-type. Additionally, the pasting properties of SNPs were minimal due to the acid hydrolysis process. SNP-based composite film was developed with (5 %) SNP concentration added. This successful incorporation of SNPs enhanced biodegradability, with complete degradation occurring within three weeks. Moreover, the composite films displayed increased burst strength, measuring 1303.51 ± 73.7 g, and lower water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) at (7.40 ± 0.50) × 10−3 g per square meter per second and reduced water solubility at 35.32 ± 3.0 %. This development represents a significant advancement in the field of eco-friendly packaging materials.

Enhancing encapsulation efficiency: Konjac glucomannan hydrolysate as a novel coating material for flavone derivatives in rice leaves extract

This study aimed to develop a novel coating material from Konjac Glucomannan Hydrolysate (KGMH) to flavone derivates from rice leaves extract (RLE). A suitable process for producing KGMH solution with different degrees of polymerization (DP) by enzymatic treatment was developed. Mannanase enzyme (250 and 150 units/g) were used in the hydrolysis process to obtain KGMH with lower (DP4 – 7) and higher DP (DP7 – 10), respectively. The solution was then used as a coating material in spray drying with an inlet air temperature of 190 °C, and the powder characteristics were assessed. The results showed that although the KGMH produced a lower production yield (64%–66%) compared to gum Arabic (72.45% ± 0.74%), KGMH was superior in terms of encapsulation efficiency of bioactive compounds (85%–95%) and antioxidant activity retention (90%–100%). FTIR spectra and X-ray diffraction confirmed the success of encapsulation by KGMH in the spray drying process. KGMH DP7-10 has successfully improved the bioaccessibility of Tricin O-glycoside after digestion. Furthermore, adding RLE encapsulated with KGMH enhanced and preserved tea products' bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity (3%–10% lower than after 24 days of storage).