Hydrolysis Of Tallow Research Articles

Aqueous hydrolysis of tallow for the production of glycerin: Model development and study on parametric sensitivity

Glycerin is produced by aqueous hydrolysis of tallow fat under high pressure and temperature in the absence of catalysts in a countercurrent extractor. A mathematical model describing the material and energy flows across different phases is formulated to study the degree of hydrolysis at different temperatures as well as at different feed raw material ratios. As the temperature and pressure play important roles in the degree of hydrolysis, it is necessary to understand the reaction mechanism and kinetics to find out the safer dynamics of the process. Degree of hydrolysis is found for different operating parameters under the influence of phase equilibrium. Mathematical model consisting of partial differential equation (PDE), ordinary differential equation (ODE), and algebraic equation representing mass and energy balances under both steady and transient operating conditions using first principle method are solved to find temperature profiles along the hydrolyzer which are validated using real-time data. The validation of process model using real plant data shows best fit ensuring the accuracy of process model with negligible model mismatch. Bifurcation/sensitivity analysis has been done to investigate the nature of process parameters.

Modeling, identification, and control for the production of glycerol by the hydrolysis of tallow

AbstractMost of the oleochemical industries use glycerol as raw material for its adverse commercial applications in various fields. In spite of many available methods to produce glycerol from tallow, hydrolysis is one of the most feasible and widely used methods that draw the attention of doing more research for ensuring the safe operation, production level improvement, and accuracy of the synthesis process. The synthesis using biochemical methods in immobilized packed column lacks fastness compared to that of chemical means, which is enriched with more research problems. To attain inherent safety, improved process control methods need to be designed, which requires the knowledge of transient dynamics and sensitivity analysis of the process. This paper gives a state-of-the-art review of experimental analysis, mathematical modeling, parametric identification, and integrated control systems using sensors, actuators, and respective multiloop controllers for the production of glycerol and fatty acids from tallow fat through chemical/biochemical hydrolysis.

Enzymatic fat hydrolysis and synthesis

AbstractThe hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil, by lipase fromCandida rugosa, was studied. The reaction approximates a firstorder kinetics model. Its rate is unaffected by temperature in the range of 26–46 C. Olive oil is more rapidly hydrolyzed compared to tallow and coconut oil. Hydrolysis is adversely affected by hydrocarbon solvents and a nonionic surfactant. Since amounts of fatty acids produced are almost directly proportional to the logarithms of reaction time and enzyme concentration, this relationship provides a simple means of determining these parameters for a desired extent of hydrolysis. All three substrates can be hydrolyzed, almost quantitatively, within 72 hr. Lipase fromAspergillus niger performs similarly. The lipase fromRhizopus arrhizus gives a slow hydrolysis rate because of its specificity for the acyl groups attached to the α‐hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Esterification of glycerol with fatty acid was studied with the lipase fromC. rugosa andA. niger. All expected five glycerides are formed at an early stage of the reaction. Removal of water and use of excess fatty acid reverse the reaction towards esterification. However, esterification beyond a 70% triglyceride content is slow.