Hydrolysis Of Corn Starch Research Articles

Phytate hydrolysing activity of the Aspergillus niger L-4 micromycete strain

The aim of the study was to study the phytase synthesis capability of Aspergillus niger L-4 strain. The method for determining phytase activity is based on establishing the content of inorganic phosphates as a result of the action of phytase on the substrate under certain standard conditions by binding them with a vanadium-molybdenum reagent to form a coloured complex. The use of phytases for the hydrolysis of phytates in animal feed is important from the point of view of preserving the environment: when phytate complexes are destroyed, phosphorus is released, which performs an important structural and regulatory function, ensuring the normal development of bone and dental tissues and supporting their safety and integrity. Phosphoric acid is involved in the synthesis of kinases responsible for the normal course of chemical reactions in cells, in fat metabolism, as well as in the synthesis and breakdown of starch and glycogen. This reduces the release of undigested phosphorus into the environment. The object of the study consisted of native solutions obtained by culturing an industrial strain of acid-forming A. niger L-4 on various carbohydrate-containing media. The A. niger L-4 strain, previously selected at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Food Additives for fermentation of molasses, has the ability to synthesise extracellular phytase. This paper presents the results of studies of phytase activity during the cultivation of A. niger L-4 on carbohydrate-containing media. It was found that in order components of the sucrose-mineral medium provide an elevated level of low-molecular-weight sugars necessary for increasing the productivity of phytase biosynthesis. Phytase activity in the native solution was shown to increase over 72 hours of fermentation to reach a value of 25.8±0.1 units/cm 3 . The phytase activity was 1.5 times higher than the fermentation process of a corn starch hydrolysate with a dextrose equivalent DE = 21±1 %, ensuring the productive biosynthesis of citric acid.

Efficient bioproduction of 5-aminolevulinic acid, a promising biostimulant and nutrient, from renewable bioresources by engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum

Background5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a promising biostimulant, feed nutrient, and photodynamic drug with wide applications in modern agriculture and therapy. Considering the complexity and low yield of chemical synthesis methods, bioproduction of 5-ALA has drawn intensive attention recently. However, the present bioproduction processes use refined glucose as the main carbon source and the production level still needs further enhancement.ResultsTo lay a solid technological foundation for large-scale commercialized bioproduction of 5-ALA, an industrial workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered for high-level 5-ALA biosynthesis from cheap renewable bioresources. After evaluation of 5-ALA synthetases from different sources, the 5-ALA biosynthetic pathway and anaplerotic pathway were rebalanced by regulating intracellular activities of 5-ALA synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The engineered biocatalyst produced 5.5 g/L 5-ALA in shake flasks and 16.3 g/L in 5-L bioreactors with a one-step fermentation process from glucose. To lower the cost of feedstock, cheap raw materials were used to replace glucose. Enzymatically hydrolyzed cassava bagasse was proven to be a perfect alternative to refined sugars since the final 5-ALA titer further increased to 18.5 g/L. Use of corn starch hydrolysate resulted in a similar 5-ALA production level (16.0 g/L) with glucose, whereas use of beet molasses caused seriously inhibition. The results obtained here represent a new record of 5-ALA bioproduction. It is estimated that replacing glucose with cassava bagasse will reduce the carbon source cost by 90.1%.ConclusionsThe high-level biosynthesis of 5-ALA from cheap bioresources will brighten the prospects for industrialization of this sustainable and environment-friendly process. The strategy for balancing metabolic flux developed in this study can also be used for improving the bioproduction of other value-added chemicals.

Биосинтез фитазы микромицетом Aspergillus niger при ферментации гидролизатов кукурузного крахмала в лабораторных условиях

Биосинтез фитазы микромицетом Aspergillus niger при ферментации гидролизатов кукурузного крахмала в лабораторных условиях

Влияние углеводного субстрата из крахмалсодержащего сырья на состав глюканов биомассы микромицета Aspergillus niger ВКПМ F-171

The conditions for biocatalytic cleavage of corn starch and rye whole grain flour for the subsequent cultivation of the Asperillus niger strain VKPM F-171 are described. As a result of this procedure, the amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in the substrates increased by 5-6 times in comparison with the initial raw material, and the content of glucan p-form in the hydrolysate of rye whole grain flour grew by 2-3 times. The content of glucans in the biomass by the end of the cultivation of A. niger VKPM F-171 on corn starch hydrolysate was 28±2% of dry matter, while the proportion of glucans after fermentation on the rye whole grain flour hydrolysate was 21±1%, 96-97% of which were β-glucans. The hydrolysis with Trichoderma longibrachiatum β-glucanase and Trichoderma reesei xylanase resulted in a 1.1-1.2-fold increase in the proportion of soluble carbohydrates in microbial biomass. It was found via gas-liquid chromatography that the structural units of carbohydrates in microbial biomass are represented by glucose and its 2- and 6-deoxy derivatives, fructose, fucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and, to the greatest extent, by the reserve saccharide sedoheptulose. It was established that β-glucans are products of hydrolysis of the chitin-glucan complex and glycopeptides. The molecular weight of the obtained microbial glucan-containing biopolymers ranges from 0.5 to 50 kDa. It was shown that the content of β-glucans in microbial biomass allows the latter to be considered as an alternative to plant sources. biosynthesis, Asperillus niger, biocatalysis, starch-containing raw materials, glucans

Life-cycle sustainability of biomass-derived sorbitol: Proposing technological alternatives for improving the environmental profile of a bio-refinery platform molecule

Improving the environmental performance of the industrial processes for the production of biomass-derived platform molecules is nowadays mandatory to achieve real sustainable bio-refineries. In this work, the sorbitol production starting from corn starch has been evaluated using a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The objective is figuring out the most impacting operations from an energy and environmental point of view and proposing ways for improving them. Two different alternatives for the production of the starting glucose, enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of corn starch, were studied for the first step. In a second stage, a plant for glucose hydrogenation based on a continuous fixed-bed reactor loaded with Raney nickel has also been considered. Finally, the different stages were integrated into a global process to quantify total environmental impacts. All the stages were implemented in Aspen Plus V10 for variables calculation to get the necessary information for process life cycle inventory. Results revealed that the acid hydrolysis is a better alternative for glucose production, mainly due to its lower energy requirements in comparison with the enzymatic pathway. In the second step, the hydrogenation of glucose, the purification of sorbitol and the compression of hydrogen provided important environmental impacts because of their high consumption of both electricity and heat. Analysis of the integrated process evidence that glucose involves an important relative contribution, higher than 60%, to all of the environmental impact categories. Interestingly, including biogenic carbon for calculations makes that CO2 fixed during corn cultivation almost compensates the emissions of the rest of the process steps, highlighting the importance of using autotrophic biomass as raw materials. Finally, based on these LCA results, technological alternatives for improving sorbitol environmental performance have been proposed and detailed.

Evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis via alcoholic fermentation of corn flour

Abstract The research was concerned with the enzymatic hydrolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation of corn flour. Commercial corn flour purchased from local market contained starch of 87.25%, moisture 11.86% and ash 0.70%. The kinetics of corn flour hydrolysis was performed at 50°C, 65°C and 80°C using commercial thermos table-∞-amylase and ∞-amyloglucosidase. During hydrolysis the residual starch content was decreased with increasing hydrolysis time. The line weaver- Burk plot for enzyme hydrolysis of corn starch for 2.5%, 5% and 10% flour solution showed a Km value of 2.46, 2.27 and 1.73 mg/ml and Vmax values 1.23, 1.21 and 0.96 U/ml for 50°C, 65°C and 80°C respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to detect the presence of dextrose in the hydrolyzates. The Rf (Retention factors) values showed that the starch was mainly composed of dextrose and depended on carrier solvent use for dextrose assessment. When 100% ethyl alcohol used as carrier solvent the Rf value was 0.72 and ethyl alcohol: ethyl acetate= 1:1 the Rf value was 0.65. Both corn flour solution and its enzymatic hydrolysates were fermented with commercial baker’s yeast. Both the cases starch content was decreased and alcohol content was increased during hydrolysis and alcohol production was 3 times more from hydrolysates. The results obtained here will be useful for further research in the production of other value added products like white vinegar from the produced alcohol from con flour.

Исследование влияния низких температур на сохранение жизнеспособности штаммов Streptomyces в процессе хранения

The most effective way to store microorganisms of different taxonomic groups is at low temperatures from minus 12°C to minus 150°C. The present research features the influence of low temperature (minus 12°C and 18°C) on the viability of collection strains of actinomycetes Streptomyces lucensis VKPM Ac-1743 and Streptomyces violaceus VKPM Ac-1734, producers of glycosidase inhibitors. The strains were stored without a cryoprotector in a 15% glycerol solution and 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous liquid. The research objective was to check their ability to keep their inhibitor activity against pancreatic amylase during corn starch hydrolysate fermentation. The experiment made it possible to determine the titer (CFU in 1 cm3 of the initial inoculum) and inhibitory activity against pancreatic α-amylase. It was revealed that Streptomyces lucensis and Streptomyces violaceus strains in cell initial concentrations of 107 and 108 CFU/cm3 maintained high viability level during four months conservation in 15% glycerol solution and 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous solution at the temperatures of minus 12 °C and minus 18 °C. Most cells survived at the conservation in a 15% glycerol solution at minus 18 °C. The inhibitor activity level in cultural liquid was higher in Streptomyces lucensis and Streptomyces violaceus strains kept in 15% glycerol solution at low the temperatures than in those kept in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The cultures kept in a 15% glycerol solution at minus 18 °C had higher inhibitor activity indicators 2600 ± 200 IU/cm3 . The research proved that low-temperature storage of Streptomyces produces no negative effect on the viability and biosynthetic activity of the cultures.

Cryopreservation potential of Streptomyces lucensis and Streptomyces violaceus actinomycete collection strains as producers of glycosidase inhibitors

The article presents a study into the effect of long-term, low-temperature (-80 and -150 °С) storage on the properties of Streptomyces lucensis RNCIM As-1743 and Streptomyces violaceus RNCIM As-1734 actinomycete collection strains acting as producers of glycosidase inhibitors. The titre (CFU in 1 cm3 of the initial inoculum) and the inhibitory activity of strains were determined with respect to pancr eatic α-amylase in the solutions obtained by Streptomyces culture on a corn starch hydrolysate. For Streptomyces, a high survival rate (91–100 %) was established after storage at temperatures of -80 and -150 °C using a 15 % glycerol solution in terms of a cryoprotector. Streptomyces violaceus strain was identified to be the most resistant to long-term storage at low temperatures. Its inhibitory activity turns to be completely retained after storage at temperatures of -80 and -150 °С. In Streptomyces violaceus strain, the maximum activity level of 2250±200 IU/cm3 for an inhibitor of pancreatic α-amylase is observed on the 1st day of subculture, while Streptomyces lucensis RNCIM As-1743 demonstrates the highest activity value on the 3rd day to reach a value of 3660±200 IU/cm3 following storage at a temperature of -80 °С. The studied Streptomyces strains are chromogenic. The most intense chromogenesis is noted during the culture of Streptomyces violaceus strain stored at a temperature of -150 °С. The cryopreservation of Streptomyces violaceus and Streptomyces lucensis actinomycete strains was established to provide high (107 –108 ) cell survival and preservation of their inhibitory activity at a high level when exposed to temperatures of -80 and -150 °С with a 15 % glycerol solution as a cryoprotector. Experimental data indicate the low-temperature storage method to be promising for Streptomyces lucensis and Streptomyces violaceus collection cultures. The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Biosynthetic activity study of Lactobacillus acidophilus lactic acid bacteria in the lactose fermentation of whey

The article presents a study into the effect of long-term, low-temperature (-80 and -150 °С) storage on the properties of Streptomyces lucensis RNCIM As-1743 and Streptomyces violaceus RNCIM As-1734 actinomycete collection strains acting as producers of glycosidase inhibitors. The titre (CFU in 1 cm3 of the initial inoculum) and the inhibitory activity of strains were determined with respect to pancr eatic α-amylase in the solutions obtained by Streptomyces culture on a corn starch hydrolysate. For Streptomyces, a high survival rate (91–100 %) was established after storage at temperatures of -80 and -150 °C using a 15 % glycerol solution in terms of a cryoprotector. Streptomyces violaceus strain was identified to be the most resistant to long-term storage at low temperatures. Its inhibitory activity turns to be completely retained after storage at temperatures of -80 and -150 °С. In Streptomyces violaceus strain, the maximum activity level of 2250±200 IU/cm3 for an inhibitor of pancreatic α-amylase is observed on the 1st day of subculture, while Streptomyces lucensis RNCIM As-1743 demonstrates the highest activity value on the 3rd day to reach a value of 3660±200 IU/cm3 following storage at a temperature of -80 °С. The studied Streptomyces strains are chromogenic. The most intense chromogenesis is noted during the culture of Streptomyces violaceus strain stored at a temperature of -150 °С. The cryopreservation of Streptomyces violaceus and Streptomyces lucensis actinomycete strains was established to provide high (107 –108 ) cell survival and preservation of their inhibitory activity at a high level when exposed to temperatures of -80 and -150 °С with a 15 % glycerol solution as a cryoprotector. Experimental data indicate the low-temperature storage method to be promising for Streptomyces lucensis and Streptomyces violaceus collection cultures. The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Maltodextrin and dental caries: a literature review

ABSTRACT Carbohydrates are largely present in our diet. Sucrose the most commonly consumed carbohydrat and presents a high cariogenic potential. Starch has low cariogenic potential but this effect may be increased if it is consumed in combination with a sucrose-rich diet due to a prolonged retention on tooth surfaces. Maltodextrin is derived from the acid hydrolysis and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch and it is increasingly present in a variety of industrialized foods such as infant formulas, sports drinks and energy supplements. Yet, its role in the development of dental caries is not clear. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review of the association between maltodextrin and dental caries. Based on the studies included in this review it can be concluded that maltodextrin has an acidogenic potential lower than sucrose, and that there is a lack of studies about the association between maltodextrin and sucrose and it may not be possible to assess the relationship to dental caries.

Corn Starch Hydrolysis by Alumina and Silica‐Alumina Oxides Solid Acid Catalysts

Starch is an abundant renewable resource and is the raw material for the production of a wide range of products, many of which are obtained by hydrolysis. While the hydrolysis of starch by enzymes and acids has been extensively investigated, there are scant studies with respect to the use of solid acid catalysts for this purpose. In this work, the features of corn starch hydrolysis by alumina (Al) and mixed silica‐alumina (SiAl) oxides solid catalysts have been explored, as they are widely used due to their low cost and ease of synthesis. To this end, native corn starch (CS) aqueous dispersion (0.02 g g−1) is used as such or added with the Al or SiAl (1 g g−1 starch), and gelatinized/hydrolyzed at 90 °C for 180 min. The effect of hydrolysis time on morphology (optical and SEM microscopy), hydrolysis progression (based on total sugar production), apparent amylose content, and starch crystalline structural changes (FTIR) is monitored. It is found that the acidity of the solid acid catalyst is a key factor that affected all of the above‐mentioned parameters. The higher acidity (355.0 mmol NH3 · g−1) of SiAl produces higher maximum hydrolysis progression (90%) and apparent amylose contents (0.60 g g−1 residual starch) than Al (70% and 0.40 g g−1 residual starch, respectively), which exhibit lower acidity (84.0 mmol NH3 · g−1).

Analysis of Umami Taste Compounds in a Fermented Corn Sauce by Means of Sensory-Guided Fractionation.

Corn sauce, an ingredient obtained from the fermentation of enzymatically hydrolyzed corn starch and used in culinary applications to provide savory taste, was investigated in this study. The links between its sensory properties and taste compounds were assessed using a combination of analytical and sensory approaches. The analyses revealed that glutamic acid, sodium chloride, and acetic acid were the most abundant compounds, but they could not explain entirely the savory taste. The addition of other compounds, found at subthreshold concentrations (alanine, glutamyl peptides, and one Amadori compound), contributed partly to close the sensory gap between the re-engineered sample and the original product. Further chemical breakdown, by a sensory-guided fractionation approach, led to the isolation of two fractions with taste-modulating effects. Analyses by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the fractions contained glutamyl peptides, pyroglutamic acid, glutamic acid, valine, N-formyl-glutamic acid, and N-acetyl-glutamine.

Enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch using optimal amylases in a high-adjunct-ratio malt mashing process.

Incompletely degraded corn starch particles often seriously inhibit wort filtration and decrease a brewery's beer productivity. Herein, the inhibiting factors of starch hydrolysis and the application of amylases to degrade residual starch were evaluated. The results showed that resistant starch and the amylopectin of corn starch were not the inhibiting factors. Almost all residual starch left in the spent grain layer was proved to be degradable by amylases. Mesophilic α-amylase was selected through a comparison of nine amylases, which increased the wort filtration rate by 44%. However, >6% of corn starch was still left after mashing when a high ratio of corn starch to water (>1:3.5) was used in liquefaction. The low water content in liquefaction was proved to be the key inhibiting factor. Considering the existing equipment and brewing technology, the application of mesophilic α-amylases should be a simple and effective method for enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch and accelerating the wort lautering process during a high-adjunct-ratio beer brewing process.

Genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity evaluation of savory food ingredients

The potential toxicity of two savory food ingredients produced by fermentation of enzymatically hydrolyzed corn starch (Savory Base 100 and Savory Base 200) was evaluated individually in a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay, an acute oral study and as a mixture in a 90-day dietary study. In the bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assays, neither ingredient was mutagenic at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate and 5000 μg/mL, respectively in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. In the acute study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for each Savory Base 100 and Savory Base 200 in male and female rats was 2000 mg/kg body weight. In the 90-day study, the hematology and clinical chemistry findings and histopathological changes noted in the liver, heart and kidneys were deemed to be of no toxicological significance, as the mean values were within the historical control range, were not dose-dependent, occurred at a similar frequency in control groups, or only occurred in the control group. Considering these findings, the NOAEL for Savory Base 100 and Savory Base 200 was 2333 and 1167 mg/kg body weight, respectively, the highest dose tested in each case.

Development of Trichoderma reesei mutants by combined mutagenesis and induction of cellulase by low-cost corn starch hydrolysate

Abstract The high cost of cellulase production is one of the key barriers to commercialization of cellulose-based biofuels. Screening high cellulase-producing strains and exploring low-cost inducers of cellulase are efficient strategies to address this issue. In this study, Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 mutants were obtained by treatment with Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate (EMS) and plasma-irradiation. Mutant T. reesei D-7 was selected as the most promising cellulase producer based on screening through phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose plates. The filter paper activity (FPA) of T. reesei D-7 was 57.55% higher than that of the wild-type strain. Corn starch hydrolysate (CSH) prepared through hydrolysis of corn starch by α-amylase were used as soluble inducer for cellulase production with T. reesei D-7. FPA of 4.53 IU/ml was achieved at an optimal initial concentration of CSH (40 g/l reducing sugar). Moreover, CSH and cellulose were proved to be the most effective soluble and insoluble inducers for cellulase production with T. reesei D-7. Mixture of CSH and cellulose further improved FPA up to 15.62 IU/ml, which was 3.45-fold or 1.52-fold as high as that achieved using CSH or cellulose as an inducer.

Catalytic Properties of Amylolytic Enzymes Produced by Gongronella butleri Using Agroindustrial Residues on Solid-State Fermentation.

Amylases catalyze the hydrolysis of starch, a vegetable polysaccharide abundant in nature. These enzymes can be utilized in the production of syrups, alcohol, detergent, pharmaceutical products, and animal feed formulations. The aim of this study was to optimize the production of amylases by the filamentous fungus Gongronella butleri by solid-state fermentation and to evaluate the catalytic properties of the obtained enzymatic extract. The highest amylase production, 63.25 U g−1 (or 6.32 U mL−1), was obtained by culturing the fungus in wheat bran with 55% of initial moisture, cultivated for 96 h at 25°C. The enzyme presented optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 55°C. The amylase produced was stable in a wide pH range (3.5–9.5) and maintained its catalytic activity for 1 h at 40°C. Furthermore, the enzymatic extract hydrolyzed starches from different vegetable sources, presenting predominant dextrinizing activity for all substrates evaluated. However, the presence of glucose was observed in a higher concentration during hydrolysis of corn starch, indicating the synergistic action of endo- and exoamylases, which enables the application of this enzymatic extract to produce syrups from different starch sources.

Heat-moisture treatment and acid hydrolysis of corn starch in different sequences

Dual modification of corn starch was carried out by combining acid hydrolysis (AH, 6, 12, 24 h) and heat-moisture treatment (HMT, 15, 30, 60 min) in different sequences (AH-HMT and HMT-AH). X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and rheometer were used to characterize the differences in molecular structure and physicochemical properties resulting from the sequences. Both AH-HMT and HMT-AH sequences increased the metastability of the starch granules. Starch hydrolyzed by AH for 12 h and then subjected to HMT for 15 min (AH12-HMT15) has onset, peak, and conclusion gelatinization temperatures that were 4.2, 3.9 and 6.4 °C higher than those of HMT15-AH12 one, respectively. The relative crystallinity of HMT15, 30-AH decreased as AH time increased; however, it increased in the HMT60-AH sample. Besides, all the temperature ranges of gelatinization of AH-HMT15, 30 were higher than those of HMT15, 30-AH, but lower in the case of AH-HMT60 when compared to HMT60-AH. This indicates that the perfection effect became more prominent over destruction on HMT60 for AH-HMT samples. The AH-HMT sequence also resulted into lower relative crystallinity, swelling power, solubility, gelatinization enthalpy, and pasting viscosity than in those samples produced using HMT-AH sequence.

Dietary sugars versus glucose tablets for first-aid treatment of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in awake patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundWhile glucose tablets have been advocated for treating symptomatic hypoglycaemia in awake patients, dietary sugars may be more convenient. We performed a systematic review to compare the impact of these...

Lepisanthes alata (Malay cherry) leaves are potent inhibitors of starch hydrolases due to proanthocyanidins with high degree of polymerization

Type-II diabetes has become a health threat globally. One major challenge for diabetes patients is to control their post-prandial hyperglycaemia, which could be achieved through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Lepisanthes alata (Malay cherry) was discovered as a promising edible plant with high starch hydrolase inhibition activities for corn starch hydrolysis with IC50 of its aqueous extracts at 0.77 ± 0.09 µg/mL (for porcine α-amylase) and 10.83 ± 0.67 µg/mL (for rat intestinal α-glucosidase). Proanthocyanidins were identified to be responsible as active compounds. The proanthocyanidin exhibited high degree (mDP at 27) of polymerization and was composed of (epi)catechins and (epi)gallocatechins linked through B-type 4–8 interflavanyl bonds. Inhibition kinetic study revealed that the proanthocyanidins were a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor against α-amylase but competitive inhibitor against α-glucosidase. Our discovery highlighted the potential of the leaves of L. alata for use in prevention of post prandial hyperglycaemia.

Effects of ionic conduction on hydrothermal hydrolysis of corn starch and crystalline cellulose induced by microwave irradiation

This study investigated the effects of ionic conduction of electrolytes under microwave field to facilitate hydrothermal hydrolysis of corn starch and crystalline cellulose (Avicel), typical model biomass substrates. Addition of 0.1M NaCl was effective to improve reducing sugar yield by 1.61-fold at unit energy (kJ) level. Although Avicel cellulose was highly recalcitrant to hydrothermal hydrolysis, addition of 0.1M MgCl2 improved reducing sugar yield by 6.94-fold at unit energy (kJ). Dielectric measurement of the mixture of corn starch/water/electrolyte revealed that ionic conduction of electrolytes were strongly involved in facilitating hydrothermal hydrolysis of polysaccharides.