Hydrogeological Survey Research Articles

Study on dynamic characteristics of Karst Spring in Jinan

In order to ensure the efficient and reasonable utilization of groundwater and the sustainable development of groundwater systems in Jinan City, a hydrogeological survey was conducted in the study area of the spring area, collecting groundwater dynamic observation data over the years, and sampling and testing the water chemistry of the spring water. The characteristics of spring water flow and spring water chemical dynamics comprehensively summarize the spring water dynamics. Research shows that besides the influence of precipitation, the water level of Baotu Spring is also affected by the discharge of Wohushan Reservoir and various recharges, especially artificial supplementary measures have played a certain role in maintaining the water level attenuation of Baotu Spring during the dry season; The change law of spring water flow and groundwater level is the result of the combined effects of direct recharge of atmospheric precipitation, indirect recharge of river leakage, and groundwater excretion; due to the influence of human activities, the conventional ion composition of spring water has an upward trend. The research results provide technical basis for spring water protection.

Potential of Water Pollution in Girimulyo, West Progo

Hydrogeological survey activities have been carried out to identify potential water pollution in the Girimulyo area, West Progo. The research method was conducted with a field hydrogeological survey to get hydrogeological data and water quality in the form of pH and TDS. Water quality status evaluation is to determine the pollution index based on water quality standards. The results showed that the water in the study area was generally colorless, tasteless, and odorless and transparent (not turbid). The pH value of water measured in the field is 7 - 8.1, while the TDS is 15 - 305 ppm. The results of the water chemistry laboratory test show that groundwater quality is quite good with a pH of 7 - 8.1 and TDS 112-240 ppm. Groundwater violence is in the middle to medium class - hard, as is river water. Chemical types develop as groundwater Ca - bicarbonate and Ca, Mg - bicarbonate. The index of water pollution studied is in the mildly polluted category (Pollution Index of 1, 81 – 4, 81), with the highest level of pollution found in river water is in Niten.

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Health Effects of Iodine in Groundwater in Wei River Basin

Existing studies show that drinking high-iodine or low-iodine groundwater on a long-term basis may cause goiter and other health problems. However, currently there is a lack of systematic research on the distribution, formation and health effects of iodine in groundwater at the basin scale. Taking the Wei River Basin in the Loess Plateau as a typical study area, this paper used hydrogeological surveys, sample collection, multivariate statistical analysis, health effect evaluations, and other methods, and found that iodine content in groundwater in 60.3% of the region poses potential risks to human health. Groundwater recharge areas were iodine-deficient, mainly located on the upstream Loess Plateau of the Wei River Basin in the vicinity of the Liupan Mountain watershed, and at the piedmont of the Qinling Mountains. Groundwater was low mineralization, neutral, and low-F bicarbonate, and was controlled by the weathering and dissolution of silicate minerals and evaporites, the dissolution and precipitation of carbonates, and active water circulation conditions. Iodine-deficient endemic goiter had a potential incidence of 5–38% in these areas. Groundwater runoff areas had suitable groundwater iodine content, and the groundwater hydrochemical type was dominated by HCO3–Ca, HCO3–Na, and HCO3·SO4–Na type water. The mineralization degree was modest and the I− content distribution of suitable iodine content areas was controlled by relatively active water circulation conditions. Groundwater discharge areas were high-iodine groundwater areas, where the groundwater hydrochemical type was dominated by meta-alkaline and alkaline HCO3·SO4, SO4·Cl, and Cl·SO4 type water, and controlled by the evaporation–concentration of shallow groundwater, the biodegradation of enriched organic matter, and the competitive adsorption of HCO3− and I−. Here iodine-excess endemic goiter had a potential incidence of 5–100%. Considering the results from the study area, this paper recommends that the groundwater iodine safety range for endemic goiter be set to 10.0–300.0 μg/L.

Mapping of uplift hazard due to rising groundwater level during floods

AbstractEuropean Directive 2007/60/EC only briefly mentions the problem of hazard arising due to groundwater flooding, and techniques for the mapping of hazard occuring due to rising groundwater have not yet been scientifically developed. The groundwater‐related threats that occur during floods may include concentrated leakage of groundwater behind levees, heave, or potential uplift of the topsoil layer at the protected area. The hazard corresponding to rising groundwater level depends on a number of factors related to the flood course, groundwater regime, geology, and topology of the protected area. The limit state approach is applied to the assessment and mapping of hazard induced by rising groundwater level in the area behind flood protection barriers, and the contributing factors are discussed, quantified, and incorporated into the limit state condition for topsoil layer uplift (UPL). An over‐design factor is expressed as a function of the spatial co‐ordinates (x, y). Data from geological and hydrogeological surveys and groundwater flow modelling are used to evaluate individual terms in the limit state condition. Uncertainties in the input data are expressed via partial factors. Data collection and their geographic information systems analysis completed with hydraulic modelling are crucial techniques in the hazard mapping of potential UPL during floods. The article includes a case study featuring a flood protection scheme for a shopping centre in the city of Brno, Czech Republic.

Characterization of complex groundwater flows in the environment of singular buildings by combining hydrogeological and non‐destructive geophysical (ground‐penetrating radar) techniques: Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, Spain)

AbstractLocating and quantifying groundwater flow in many built‐up areas are a priority with regard to its complete restoration. In this work, a hydrogeological survey of the surroundings of the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, Bizkaia), built on a coastal cliff, was completed by using ground penetrating radar (GPR) testing. Thus, the preliminary characterization of soils and rocks in accessible areas of the cliff was first improved by hydrogeological information gathered from a single survey borehole, including permeability measurements by low pressure injection tests (LPTs) and continuous water level monitoring. As a complementary method, the non‐destructive GPR technique was performed during both dry and wet hydrological periods and in tandem with the injection tests, providing more complete spatial and temporal images of water flows. Specifically, GPR allows mapping of flow paths in soils and assessing the continuity of fractures in rock masses. Altogether, this complementary approach provides greater knowledge of complex underground flow dynamics in built environments, thus making it easier to make decisions for their management.

Chemical Type Variation of Groundwater in Borobudur and Surroundings Area, Magelang District

Hydrogeological surveys have been carried out in the Borobudur area and its surroundings, the northern part of the West Progo Hills to the Magelang intermountain plains. The purpose of this study is to determine the variations in groundwater’s chemical types in the study area and to interpret the hydrochemical processes. Primary data was taken in the field, including groundwater data and rock petrology. Physical / chemical data of groundwater were obtained from laboratory test results. Data analysis includes hydrochemical analysis using the Stiff, Piper, and Durov diagrams. The result shows that groundwater in the study area has a wide variety of chemical types, namely Ca, Mg - bicarbonate; Ca, Mg, alkaline – bicarbonate; Alkaline, Ca – chloride, and Alkaline - chloride. Groundwater in the study area is fresh (type Va) to brackish (type Vc), with low -moderate TDS content (119 - 6,810 ppm), and soft calcium carbonate hardness (6.0 - 16.6 ppm). Hydrochemical processes occur in groundwater are simple dissolution and cation exchange caused by clay materials originating from Quaternary deposits or weathering of Old Andesite Formation volcanic breccia. In addition, the presence of brackish water in Karangrejo and Candirejo may be triggered by mixing with fossil water.

Hazardous substances in karst aquifer waters - one of the results of the operational monitoring of groundwater in Serbia

Hydrogeological survey of wider Majdanpek mining area in the Carpathian mountain arch of eastern Serbia, including open mine pits, tailings sites, and major karstic springs and caves has been undertaken in order to estimate environmental conditions in groundwater body (GWB) ?Krs?sever?, groundwater quality, and to investigate causes of their earlier indicated poor chemical status. Bearing in mind that Majdanpek copper mine field is directly bordering the karst aquifer and delineated GWB ?Krs?sever?, the two karst springs namely Valja Fundata and Kaludjerica were in situmeasured and sampled in high and low-water periods (spring 2019, late autumn 2019 and spring 2020). Sampling and analysis of groundwater were carried out under the frame of project ?Operational Monitoring of Groundwater of the Republic of Serbia?, established by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of Serbia. The field measurements of unstable chemical components and physical properties as well as laboratory analyses confirmed very poor and even hazardous water quality of both surveyed springs Valja Fundata and Kaludjerica. Registered concentrations of some ions, such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, SO4 2?are high above maximal permitted level for potable water in Serbia. High turbidity rate also confirms impact of colloidal suspensions from the tailing which is located in karstic blind valley. Leakage of mine water passes through joints, open cavities and even large cave system Valja Fundata. Results of undertaken survey confirm that low-water period results with worse water quality and much higher concentration of hazardous substances than that characterized high-water season when infiltrated rainy water and/or melted snow dilute tailing?s wastewater. Strict application of environmental protection measures and de - sign/construction of the smaller water treatment facility at both surveyed springs should possibly mitigate the impacts of mining activities to karst groundwater and dependant ecosystem.

Identification of Aquifer Properties in the Eastern Part of Kushtia District, Bangladesh

The present study has been undertaken to depict spatial distribution of different aquifer parameters in the eastern part of Kushtia district through a detailed hydrogeological survey. For this investigation, 119 lithologs and 92 pumping test data have been used. These data have been processed, analyzed, interpreted and krigged for the spatial assessment of the aquifer properties viz. transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic diffusivity, specific yield, radius of influence, and specific drawdown. It is seen from the investigation that the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity values obtained from the pumping tests of the wells are varying from 1811 m2/day to 2568 m2/day and 32.5 m/day and 61.5 m/day respectively, the hydraulic diffusivity being ranging from 181,143 m2/day to 256,788 m2/day. The estimated specific yield of 17.97% - 23.46% supports that the area is dominated with coarse grained sands. This study reveals that the distribution of deep tube wells in the area are not within the radius of influence (638 - 760 m) each other, but few shallow and hand tube wells existed within the radius of influence. The estimated specific draw down is varying from 57 m/cumec to 126.1 m/cumec. From the overall analysis, it is found that the area is favorable for groundwater exploration.

QUALITY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW AT DEGAN, BANJARARUM, WEST PROGO

This research is a hydrogeological survey activity with the aim to determine the quality and pattern of groundwater flow in the Degan and surrounding areas, Banjararum Village, Kalibawang, West Progo District. The research method is carried out by hydrogeological surveys to collect groundwater data and groundwater quality in the form of pH, TDS and EC. The research area is included in the Dome of the Kulon Progo physiography, where this area is a non CAT area. The geomorphology of the study area in the north and west is dominated by relatively coarse landscapes forming hills, while in the central, eastern and southern parts it is a weak wavy landscape to the plains. The results showed that shallow groundwater depth of 1.2 - 10.8 m (under surface). The pattern of groundwater flow is to the east / southeast, with boundary conditions H5 and V1. Groundwater aquifers are composed of colluvium deposits and weathered - medium weathered rock. The pH value of water in the study area ranges from 6.7 -7.1; TDS is 165 - 901 ppm, while EC ranges from 187 - 1240 µS / cm. Thus, groundwater in the Degan area is neutral and tasteless.

The Pilato Lake (Sibillini Mts., Central Italy): first results of a study on the supposed variations of its hydrogeological conditions induced by the seismic sequence 2016-2017

The Pilato Lake has glacial origin, is located in the Sibillini Mountains, Central Italy, and is characterized by the endemism of the small crustaceous Chirocephalus marchesonii. In the context of a research agreement with the Monti Sibillini National Park, the ISPRA Geological Survey of Italy is carrying on some studies aimed to evaluate the supposed effects of the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquakes on the hydrogeological conditions controlling the lake’s evolution. The study, started in July 2018, aims primarily at the reconstruction of the geological and hydrogeological subsoil setting, beneath the valley hosting the lake. In order to define the conceptual model of groundwater circulation and, thus, to evaluate the emptying and recharge seasonal cycle of the lake, hydrogeological surveys and geophysical investigations were performed. The research program is still in progress and only preliminary results may be proposed. The hydrogeological surveys demonstrate the absence of geomorphological evidence of seismic-induced surface fractures generated by the seismic sequence 2016-2017. Consequently, the complete drying of the lake, occurred in summer 2017, was probably due to meteoclimatic reasons and/ or to not yet verified variations in the permeability characteristics of the surficial deposits and/or bedrock affecting the infiltration towards the subsoil, caused by the severe seismic shaking. The low electrical conductivity values of the lake’s waters are in accordance with the prevailing origin of the lake’s recharge by snow melting and direct rainfall. As concerns the first geophysical surveys in the Pilato Lake area, seismic surveys by surface wave method assessed that the maximum thickness of debris here estimated is about 12.5-14 m. As a whole, the factors responsible for the progressive lowering of the lake level are: i) the water overflow through the Fonte del Lago spring, ii) the evaporation from the lake surface and iii) the drainage through the scarcely permeable glacial deposits towards the Basal Calcareous Aquifer, hosted within the limestone at lower altitude.

Calculation of the Soil Risk Control Value through a Hydrus-1D Model for Groundwater Protection

A combined Hydrus-1D and groundwater dilution model was employed to determine the risk control value and risk control volume of soil in correspondence of an electroplating workshop located in the Pearl River Delta. In particular, we considered the risk control value and risk control volume of soil in relation to characteristic chromium (Ⅵ) and nickel pollutants, which can affect the quality of groundwater. Based on the absorption of pollutants by the soil in the vadose zone, we obtained soil risk control values of 41.6 mg·kg-1 and 619.1 mg·kg-1 for chromium (Ⅵ) and nickel, respectively. These values were 10 and 45 times greater than those obtained from theoretical calculations (based on the soil/water partition equation combined with the groundwater dilution model), while the soil risk control volumes of chromium (Ⅵ) and nickel were 1804 m3 and 44590 m3, respectively. The soil risk control values calculated through the soil/water partition equation combined with the groundwater dilution model tend to be excessively conservative for the contaminated sites of the Pearl River Delta (characterized by a shallow buried depth of the underground water level and a close hydraulic connection); hence, it is necessary to carry out further hydrogeological surveys and fully consider the migration process of pollutants in the vadose zone. We conclude that the combined Hydrus-1D and groundwater dilution model for groundwater protection can be used to determine the soil risk control value, potentially saving the costs involved in later remediation and risk control.

Application of remote sensing technology to hydrogeological environment survey in the Luoji mountain area, western Sichuan Province

Application of remote sensing technology to hydrogeological environment survey in the Luoji mountain area, western Sichuan Province

Hydrogeological site investigation and economic evaluation to assess the potential of managed aquifer recharge in the Lower Jordan Valley

Improving water availability and distribution is key to combatting water stress in semi-arid regions. This study presents an approach that integrates hydrogeological surveys and economic analysis at a pilot site in the eastern Lower Jordan Valley to assess the potential for managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Based on exploratory drillings, hydraulic tests, water-quality analyses and previous studies, an appropriate storage space in the alluvial fans along the eastern margin of the valley was found. Average measured infiltration rates of 9.8 × 10−5 m/s in a gravel pit and average hydraulic conductivity values of 6.8 × 10−5 m/s in the aquifer indicate that up to 1 Mm3/year can be infiltrated and stored underground. It is assumed that water is trapped towards the center of the valley where the alluvial sediments inter-finger with fine-grained layers. An increase in electrical conductivity values in the same direction probably indicates irrigation return flow and the presence of evaporitic layers and suggests a water recovery before reaching these saline zones. Depending on whether the water provided by MAR is used for irrigation or domestic water purpose, an average incremental profit of 0.81 and 2.44 US$/m3 can be achieved, respectively. These calculations result in a net present value of the MAR plant of 10.6 or 31.9 million US$, respectively, over a lifetime of 30 years. The presented study serves as a basis for further investigations and planning of a MAR plant, and can be transferred and upscaled to other sites in the Jordan Valley.

Geostatistical Approach for Groundwater Quality Evaluation in Zarin Abad Plain, Iran

Background and Purpose: This study was undertaken, first, to investigate the hydrogeological setting of the study area and geophysical data, second to examine the general nature of the groundwater quality. In this regard, ordinary Kriging, Co-Kriging, and Inverse Weighted Distance (IWD) strategies were applied to develop spatial variability maps, and study the fluctuations in groundwater quality parameters in Zarin Abad plain, Zanjan Province, Iran in 2017-2018.
 Materials and methods: To inquire the groundwater quality parameters, samples were provided from 61 shallow and deeply drilled observed wells in Zarin Abad Goltapeh plain. The studies were carried out by using geostatistical methods to find out the most applicable method, which can be used to develop spatial variability maps in order to study the changes in groundwater quality parameters (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3-, Cl- and EC). The local geophysical, geological, and hydrogeological surveys were precisely accomplished to specify the architecture of various subsurface geological horizons. In addition, a geophysical investigation with a Schlumberger configuration was performed in the study region for the purpose of field data generation.
 Results: Based on key results, the values of electrical conductivity (EC) were recorded within the range of 480 and 6580 μS/cm. The order of major cations and anions were Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+ and SO42->Cl->HCO3-, respectively. It is worthwhile mentioning that groundwater salinity was found to be dependent upon factors, such as water long residence time and minerals dissolution.
 Conclusion: To assess the spatial distribution in groundwater parameters, the variable mode was used. The results obtained from Kriging, Co-Kriging, and IDW methods were then evaluated by the error indices of RMSE and MAE. Co-Kriging Model was the most optimal approach in studying the spatial variation of groundwater quality parameters.

Evaluation of groundwater remediation strategies at petroleum contaminated sites based on groundwater modelling approach

Based on the hydrogeological survey and groundwater environmental investigation at an abandoned oil refinement factory, a site-specific groundwater flow and solute transport model was constructed to support the development of groundwater remediation strategy. The contamination plume of Benzene is simulated and predicted in 30-year scale for designed scenarios. The results indicate that the groundwater quality takes long time to recover even though the contamination source above the water table is cleaned up. This is due to the large quantity of solved contaminants in local aquifer, and additionally the contribution from groundwater circulation is limited. The groundwater remediation actions, such as Pump & Treat (P&T) and In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) could greatly improve the groundwater quality. However, under the site-specific circumstance, the ISCO technique is efficient but costly; the P&T takes longer time but more flexible and effective in protecting target drinking wells. Therefore, a combined remediation approach including both P&T and ISCO would be recommended. In summary, by the quantitative analysis regarding the feasibility, time scale, and effectiveness for the potential applicable remediation approaches, the groundwater modelling framework provided a insight on the system behavior and reliable support for the decision making in groundwater protection.

Review: Advances in groundwater potential mapping

Groundwater resources can be expected to be increasingly relied upon in the near future, as a consequence of rapid population growth and global environmental change. Cost-effective and efficient techniques for groundwater exploration are gaining recognition as tools to underpin hydrogeological surveys in mid- and low-income regions. This paper provides a state of the art on groundwater potential mapping, an explorative technique based on remote sensing and geographical databases that has experienced major developments in recent years. A systematic review of over 200 directly relevant papers is presented. Twenty variables were found to be frequently involved in groundwater potential investigations, of which eight are almost always present: geology, lineaments, landforms, soil, land use/land cover, rainfall, drainage density, and slope. The more innovative approaches draw from satellite images to develop indicators related to vegetation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and thermal anomalies, among others. Data integration is carried out either through expert judgement or through machine-learning techniques, the latter being less common. Three main conclusions were reached: (1) for optimal results, groundwater mapping must be used as a tool to complement field work, rather than a low-cost substitute; (2) the potential of remote-sensing techniques in groundwater exploration is enormous, particularly when the power of machine learning is harnessed by involving human judgement; (3) quality assurance remains the main challenge ahead, as exemplified by the fact that a majority of the existing studies in the literature lack adequate validation.

Shallow groundwater quality evolution after 20 years of exploitation in the southern Lake Chad: hydrochemistry and stable isotopes survey in the far north of Cameroon

Two field hydrogeological surveys were conducted in 1992 and 2013 using hydrochemistry and isotope techniques in the far north region of Cameroon which corresponds to the southern part of Lake Chad basin. The dataset relates to shallow groundwaters of the Quaternary and substratum aquifers that were sampled at the same locations to potentially reveal any temporal variation in the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the groundwater resource. Groundwater shows mainly a CaMg–HCO3 water type but CaMg–Cl–NO3 and NaK–HCO3 water types can also be found. The mineralization is governed essentially by cation exchange processes. However, we also observe dissolution processes of carbonates. Strong anthropogenic contamination of groundwater with nitrates, chlorides, and sulfates is highlighted. It is found that the nitrate content after 20 years has increased by an average factor of 6. These high concentrations in nitrate (up to 600 mg/l) are related to local anthropogenic activities and to the very bad conditions of maintaining of wells and boreholes. The isotopic content is ranging from − 6.46‰ to + 0.46‰ for 18O in 2013 and from − 5.57‰ to + 0.37‰ in 1992 without noticeable evolution. The stable isotope approach underlined the hydraulic connection between basement and quaternary aquifers. Stable isotopes also demonstrated that groundwater in the region is recharged by modern precipitation, but also by evaporated surface waters from rivers during flood episodes. After 20 years, the evolution in Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− concentrations in groundwater is worrying in terms of public health and the government is encouraged to develop a monitoring of this transboundary resource.

Hydrogeological, chemical and water isotopes survey to characterize the groundwater flow system of Moresco springs (Apuan Alps ? NW Tuscany)

This study focuses on three springs located within the Baccatoio Stream basin (Southern Apuan Alps) that are fed by a carbonate aquifer system. This area is characterized by intense mineralization, mostly formed of barite-pyrite-iron oxides, which was mined until the early 90s. The springs were investigated with a multidisciplinary approach based on hydrogeological, chemical and stable isotopetechniques. Groundwater hydrochemistry, aquifer hydrodynamic conditions and springs-stream relations were preliminarily studied. The achieved results suggest the existence of two different groundwater flow systems: the first one shallower feeding two of the three springs (VSMOA and VSMOS), and the second one deeper feeding the third one (VSMOG). In addition, the results seem to point out the presence of a connection between the Baccatoio Stream and the springs VSMOA and VSMOS.

DIGITALIZATION OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEYS RESULTS IN ArcGIS

DIGITALIZATION OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEYS RESULTS IN ArcGIS

Hydrogeological Hazards and Control Measures in Engineering Geological Exploration

For engineering geological investigation, hydrographic surveys are particularly important. By operating the equipment, relevant technicians analyze hydrogeological data around the project. A series of corresponding measures were taken to ensure the smooth completion of the project. However, due to the inadequate completion of hydrogeological survey work, it has great harm to the later stage of engineering work, and even will lead to the final failure of the project. Based on this, this paper explores the hazards and prevention measures of hydrogeology in engineering surveys.