Hydrogen Usage Research Articles

Green hydrogen feasibility in oman

Global warming is one of the most important factors in unpredictable climatic changes and a challenging issue in the world. The MENA region is one of the hottest areas in the world, and most of its revenue is based on oil resources. The sultanate of Oman, as per Vision 2040, aims to increase the number of renewable energy plants to reduce their electrical energy dependence. At present, Oman produces 650 MW of electrical power using renewable energy sources, this may increase in the upcoming years. High energy density and transportability make hydrogen a suitable energy carrier compared to the existing fossil fuels. This paper discusses the various possible techniques to produce green hydrogen and a brief comparative study of these techniques for their feasibility in the regional scenario so that an effective usage of hydrogen sources and better energy management can be achieved in Oman. Hence, making the usage of green hydrogen as a renewable energy source more feasible and conventional in the upcoming years is in line with Vision 2040.

Green hydrogen production: Analysis for different single or combined large-scale photovoltaic and wind renewable systems

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier to provide sustainable energy use throughout the world. Researchers and policy-makers have focused on investigations in three areas of hydrogen-related technologies in the energy market: (1) alternative fuel production based on hydrogen and carbon dioxide; (2) hydrogen injection to the natural gas pipeline networks; (3) usage of hydrogen in transportation applications. One of the most important challenges facing hydrogen technology development is the production of green hydrogen, which can be achieved through water electrolysis coupled with renewable power generation. Although many studies have been conducted, there is still a need for further development, which requires open-source big data and models and standardization of the processes to compare different renewable-based hydrogen production systems. To fill this research gap, the performance of a grid-connected hybrid wind turbine and solar photovoltaic-based water electrolysis systems for large-scale green hydrogen production were investigated. The objective is to propose an accurate methodology to compare wind and solar systems, or hybrid ones, for green hydrogen production worldwide. A large dataset describing the hybrid wind turbine-photovoltaic hydrogen production in various locations was created by performing dynamic simulations using TRNSYS and analyzed using MATLAB and Excel. Several dimensionless indicators were employed and assessed for standardizing the performance evaluation procedure of renewable-based hydrogen production systems, including the electrolyser load portion satisfied by the wind turbine and photovoltaic, the generated wind turbine and photovoltaic energy portion supplied to the electrolyser load and the quantity of energy exported to and imported from the grid. The annual and monthly values of these indicators together with the total amount of green hydrogen production were estimated for 28 global locations. The procedure applied can be easily used to test small-scale applications like residential users or large-scale applications like industrial users, as well as for any hydrogen demand and climatic conditions.

A stochastic agent-based cooperative scheduling model of a multi-vector microgrid including electricity, hydrogen, and gas sectors

With increasing hydrogen usage, hydrogen subsystem should be considered in the multi-energy chain and a model is required that assumes current energy infrastructures, while preserving independent energy subsystems. In this study, a stochastic agent-based model is introduced for the coordinated scheduling of multi-vector microgrids considering interactions between electricity, hydrogen, and gas agents. Power to hydrogen (P2H) through electrolysis, hydrogen to power (H2P) through fuel cells, hydrogen to gas (H2G) through methanation, and gas to power (G2P) through distributed generation (DG) units are modeled to present the interactions among energy agents. The interactions in terms of shared variables and coupling constraints are described using augmented Lagrangian relaxation (ALR) and alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to obtain three correlated optimization problems, preserving the privacy of energy sectors with minimum data exchange. An iterative process is accomplished among energy sectors to reach a consensus. Uncertainties in the wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) power output, hydrogen vehicles (HVs), demands, and prices are captured using a stochastic method. To evaluate the proposed method, case studies are conducted using a multi-energy microgrid. The results verify that the microgrid is well scheduled and the interactions are accurately modeled, representing the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction process monitoring with optical emission spectroscopy – Establishing the basis for the method

In the world of ever-increasing demand for carbon-free steel, hydrogen and recycling have an undeniable role in achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions for the steel industry. However, even though steel is one of the most recycled materials globally, the quantity of steel that can be made from recycled steel will probably not match the demand in the future. This in turn means that steel must be also produced from the conventional resource, the iron ore. Hydrogen has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to carbon as a reducing agent. To tackle the problems related to the usage of hydrogen for this purpose, hydrogen plasma smelting reduction has been studied extensively in the last few years. This article aims to provide means for process control of the hydrogen plasma, which may show erratic and chaotic behavior during the smelting process. The method used is optical emission spectroscopy, with which the plasma can be characterized, its composition can be evaluated, and its temporal evolution can be assessed. This study sheds light on how the plasma behaves with different electrode gaps and flow gas compositions together with how the position of the arc with respect to the center of the crucible can be assessed. In Ar/H2 plasma, the plasma temperatures derived with OES varied between 4000 and 10000 K, and up to a 26% decrease in electron density was observed when increasing the electrode gap in 1 cm increments.

High-Throughput Screening of Bicationic Redox Materials for Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis.

Ammonia recently has gained increasing attention as a carrier for the efficient and safe usage of hydrogen to further advance the hydrogen economy. However, there is a pressing need to develop new ammonia synthesis techniques to overcome the problem of intense energy consumption associated with the widely used Haber–Bosch process. Chemical looping ammonia synthesis (CLAS) is a promising approach to tackle this problem, but the ideal redox materials to drive these chemical looping processes are yet to be discovered. Here, by mining the well‐established MP database, the reaction free energies for CLAS involving 1699 bicationic inorganic redox pairs are screened to comprehensively investigate their potentials as efficient redox materials in four different CLAS schemes. A state‐of‐the‐art machine learning strategy is further deployed to significantly widen the chemical space for discovering the promising redox materials from more than half a million candidates. Most importantly, using the three‐step H2O‐CL as an example, a new metric is introduced to determine bicationic redox pairs that are “cooperatively enhanced” compared to their corresponding monocationic counterparts. It is found that bicationic compounds containing a combination of alkali/alkaline‐earth metals and transition metal (TM)/post‐TM/metalloid elements are compounds that are particularly promising in this respect.

Large-scale overseas transportation of hydrogen: Comparative techno-economic and environmental investigation

Overseas hydrogen transport via ships is crucial to meet the global energy supply as we shift from the carbon-based fuel era. In this study, the hydrogen supply chain, which includes chemical and physical storage processes as well as sea and land transport and terminals, was economically and environmentally investigated. Five different storage technologies (i.e., liquid hydrogen, ammonia, toluene-methylcyclohexane [TOL-MCH], dibenzyltoluene-perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H0DBT-H18DBT), and methanol) were applied to a defined intercontinental hydrogen supply chain that carries 300,000 t of hydrogen per year via ships. The five hydrogen storage technologies were evaluated and compared based on their economic and environmental performance. To achieve a higher energy efficiency, the models were upgraded by integrating liquid natural gas (LNG) to achieve hydrogen liquefaction and utilizing the waste heat of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Additionally, assuming that renewable energy capacity will be dominant in the future, renewable electricity and green hydrogen usage were investigated. The results showed that the TOL-MCH supply chain is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology with 5.8 $/kgH2 levelized cost and 18.5 kgCO2-eq/kgH2 carbon intensity, followed by the ammonia supply chain, due to its suitable operating conditions. In the case of renewable electricity and green hydrogen dominance, the ammonia supply chain generates the lowest carbon emissions (i.e., 2.23 kgCO2-eq/kgH2) with a cost of 4.92 $/kgH2, and the TOL-MCH chain is the most cost-effective technology (i.e., 4.57 $/kgH2). Therefore, a decrease in process energy consumption and the use of renewable energy sources are essential for efficient and sustainable hydrogen seaborne transport.

Scenarios to Decarbonize Austria’s Energy Consumption and the Role of Underground Hydrogen Storage

The European Union is aiming at reaching greenhouse gas (GHG) emission neutrality in 2050. Austria’s current greenhouse gas emissions are 80 million t/year. Renewable Energy (REN) contributes 32% to Austria’s total energy consumption. To decarbonize energy consumption, a substantial increase in energy generation from renewable energy is required. This increase will add to the seasonality of energy supply and amplifies the seasonality in energy demand. In this paper, the seasonality of energy supply and demand in a Net-Zero Scenario are analyzed for Austria and requirements for hydrogen storage derived. We looked into the potential usage of hydrogen in Austria and the economics of hydrogen generation and technology and market developments to assess the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). Then, we cover the energy consumption in Austria followed by the REN potential. The results show that incremental potential of up to 140 TWh for hydropower, photovoltaic (PV), and wind exists in Austria. Hydropower generation and PV is higher in summer- than in wintertime, while wind energy leads to higher energy generation in wintertime. The largest incremental potential is PV, with agrivoltaic systems significantly increasing the area amenable for PV compared with PV usage only. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) use energy more efficiently than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars; however, the use of hydrogen for electricity generation significantly decreases the efficiency due to electricity–hydrogen–electricity conversion. The increase in REN use and the higher demand for energy in Austria in wintertime require seasonal storage of energy. We developed three scenarios, Externally Dependent Scenario (EDS), Balanced Energy Scenario (BES) or Self-Sustained Scenario (SSS), for Austria. The EDS scenario assumes significant REN import to Austria, whereas the SSS scenario relies on REN generation within Austria. The required hydrogen storage would be 10.82 bn m3 for EDS, 13.34 bn m3 for BES, and 18.69 bn m3 for SSS. Gas and oil production in Austria and the presence of aquifers indicates that sufficient storage capacity might be available. Significant technology development is required to be able to implement hydrogen as an energy carrier and to balance seasonal energy demand and supply.

Mathematical modeling and analysis of a hydrogen based internal combustion engine

The depletion of fossil fuels has raised an urgent demand for carrying out work for researchers and scientists to find an alternative fuel for a more stabilized emission and to minimize the environmental damage and their impact on the future generation. In the future, the energy system needs to be stabilized and has too renewable, sustainable, convenient, and efficient. The convection of all the combustion-based cars into the electric car may not be a suitable idea since the massive creation of the electricity in present technology is also a non-renewable source. So, research has come up with the idea of using alternative fuels in transportation to reduce carbon emissions and preserve fossil fuels for future generations. There is a variety of alternative fuels for an internal combustion engine. However, the hydrogen based internal combustion engine is estimated to be one of the most significant fuels in the near future to meet the stringent emission norms. The hydrogen usage in the internal combustion engine represents the alternation of petrol to produce the maximum amount of energy. In this paper, a study has been performed to understand the performance of the four-stroke hydrogen engine, which is compared with the standard four-stroke petrol engine to observe the energy supplied, energy losses by the exhaust gasses, thermal efficiency, and work done for both the engines.

Hydrogen to clean up energy with $10 trillion spend

Rethink Research's Harry Morgan details new figures that show green hydrogen usage will rise far faster than predicted. He also picks out the biggest H2 projects and best technology innovations driving this growth.

Role of hydrogen-based energy carriers as an alternative option to reduce residual emissions associated with mid-century decarbonization goals

Hydrogen-based energy carriers, including hydrogen, ammonia and synthetic hydrocarbons, are expected to help reduce residual carbon dioxide emissions in the context of the Paris Agreement goals, although their potential has not yet been fully clarified in light of their competitiveness and complementarity with other mitigation options such as electricity, biofuels and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study aimed to explore the role of hydrogen in the global energy system under various mitigation scenarios and technology portfolios using a detailed energy system model that considers various energy technologies including the conversion and use of hydrogen-based energy carriers. The results indicate that the share of hydrogen-based energy carriers generally remains less than 5% of global final energy demand by 2050 in the 2 °C scenarios. Nevertheless, such carriers contribute to removal of residual emissions from the industry and transport sectors under specific conditions. Their share increases to 10–15% under stringent mitigation scenarios corresponding to 1.5 °C warming and scenarios without CCS. The transport sector is the largest consumer, accounting for half or more of hydrogen production, followed by the industry and power sectors. In addition to direct usage of hydrogen and ammonia, synthetic hydrocarbons converted from hydrogen and carbon captured from biomass or direct air capture are attractive transport fuels, growing to half of all hydrogen-based energy carriers. Upscaling of electrification and biofuels is another common cost-effective strategy, revealing the importance of holistic policy design rather than heavy reliance on hydrogen.

Total Site Hydrogen Integration with fresh hydrogen of multiple quality and waste hydrogen recovery in refineries

This paper proposes a novel method combining Pinch Methodology and waste hydrogen recovery, aiming to minimise fresh hydrogen consumption and waste hydrogen discharge. The method of multiple-level resource Pinch Analysis is extended to the level of Total Site Hydrogen Integration by considering fresh hydrogen sources with various quality. Waste hydrogen after Total Site Integration is further regenerated. The technical feasibility and economy of the various purification approaches are considered, demonstrated with a case study of a refinery hydrogen network in a petrochemical industrial park. The results showed that fresh hydrogen usage and waste hydrogen discharge could be reduced by 21.3% and 67.6%. The hydrogen recovery ratio is 95.2%. It has significant economic benefits and a short payback period for Total Site Hydrogen Integration with waste hydrogen purification. The proposed method facilitates the reuse of waste hydrogen before the purification process that incurs an additional environmental footprint. In line with the Circular Economy principles, hydrogen resource is retained in the system as long as possible before discharge.

Hydrogen: The Future’s Fuel

The exploitation of fossil fuels at a tremendous scale, especially after the industrial revolution in the 18th century, has instigated damage to the environment. The usage of fossil-based fuels results in an excess accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs), i.e., mainly CH4 and CO2, in the atmosphere. This is the reason for decreased air quality, increased global warming, and disturbed seasonal variations in many world regions. The usage of Hydrogen (H2) as a fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high calorific value, clean-burning characteristics, and abundance availability from different feedstocks. H2 can be a game-changer in the fuel industry especially if utilized commercially in the transportation sector giving net-zero carbon emission. The recent research is going on the techno-economic feasibility of H2 production, and recently an Indian Oil & Gas conglomerate Reliance Industries pledged to produce blue H2 at $1.2-$1.5 /Kg. The concept of the H2 economy is encouraging and supports the pledges of the Paris Agreement. The different H2 production techniques, along with the corresponding color spectrum, have been discussed in this article. Finally, the prospects and advantages of green H2 have been discussed over its other color spectrum.

Suitability of helium gas as surrogate fuel for hydrogen in H2-Air non-reactive supersonic mixing studies

Owing to the safety concerns associated with the usage of hydrogen (H 2 ) fuel in conducting experiments, the current study investigates the suitability of using helium (He) gas as a surrogate fuel for H 2 for supersonic mixing studies. The study adopts a steady state computational approach to compare the mixing performance between the two injection cases, where a wall-based pylon-cavity aided flameholder configuration is used for the investigation. A common fuel injection location at the cavity floor is used for He and H 2 injection cases with an injector hole diameter of 1 mm. An inflow Mach number of 2.2 with sonic transverse fuel injection is kept the same for all the cases. A steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based computational model for compressed real gas is used for the investigation. The governing equations are solved by an implicit, second-order upwind solver with a two-equation Menter's Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The study shows a variation in near field mixing performance between He and H 2 injection cases due to the difference in the molecular mass. As a result, a 10%–11% variation in the mixing efficiency is observed between the two cases. This makes He not suitable for micro-level mixing studies as a surrogate to H 2 . However, it is possible to closely predict the trend in global mixing performance parameters as in the H 2 injection case. • H2 injection shows an enhanced near field mixing than He injection. • Trend in global mixing performance between He and H2 injection are similar. • He cannot be used as a surrogate fuel for H2 in micro-level mixing studies.

Advancements and current technologies on hydrogen fuel cell applications for marine vehicles

Maritime industry has led renewable energy sources for the greener environment and efficient vehicles that effect by increasing population and energy demands. Hydrogen is one of the most popular of these renewable energy sources and one of the most favourable research area, worldwide. In this study, authors reported the usage of hydrogen fuel cells in marine transport as main power forwarder, their advantages and challenges under the lights on state of art and furthermore new technologies perspective. The latest research activities, hydrogen production and storage methods with challenges are analyzed and the developments of fuel cell based marine vehicles are discussed. In detailed, newly approachment of electrolyses from seawater for sustainable fuel necessity is discussed. As a result, this forseen study is important in terms of handling energy from seawater and compiling the latest technology for marine transport.

Performance enhancement of methanol reforming reactor through finned surfaces and diffused entry for on-board hydrogen generation

Hydrogen-rich combustion in engines helps in reducing pollutants significantly. But hydrogen usage on a moving vehicle is not getting large-scale user acceptance mainly due to its poor energy storage density resulting in shorter driving ranges. This storage issue led to the hunt for mediums that can efficiently produce on-board hydrogen. Methanol proves to be an efficient alcohol fuel for producing hydrogen through steam reforming reaction. The heat energy required for such endothermic reaction is obtained through exhaust engine waste energy and this process is collectively known as thermochemical recuperation. However, the conventional reactor used for this process faces a lot of problems in terms of efficiency and methanol conversion. In this study, an attempt has been made to improve the design of the reactor for on-board hydrogen generation using engine exhaust heat for addressing the challenges related to performance and hydrogen yield. For enhancing the heat transfer, a finned surface (straight & wavy) was introduced in the reactor which resulted in an increment in methanol conversion significantly. It was found that wavy fin improved the methanol conversion up to 96.8% at an exhaust inlet temperature of 673 K. Also, a diffusing inlet section was introduced to increase the residence time of reactant gases while passing through the catalyst zone. Under given inlet conditions, the methanol conversion for 6° diffuse inlet reactor goes up to 87.9% as compared to 75.4% for the conventional reactor.

Deformation mechanism of hydrogen-assisted ionic polymer metal composite actuator

Hydrogen power sources are expected to be the main power source for a sustainable society in the future. Therefore, the development of mechanical parts or systems to adapt to the usage of hydrogen is a key issue. Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators are composed of an electrolyte polymer membrane coated with electrodes. Owing to their light weight, flexibility, and ease of miniaturization, IPMC actuators are promising candidates for use as micro-actuators in small robots, microvalves, or artificial muscles. In this study, a hydrogen-assisted IPMC actuator is developed, and its deformation mechanism is investigated. The hydrogen absorption produced by water splitting and the hydrated cation movement in the electrolyte are the driving forces involved in this actuator. The effects of applied voltage, thickness of palladium electrodes, and length of the actuators are studied. Moreover, the contributions of bending moments by a hydrated cation movement and those by hydrogen absorption to the bending deformation are separately clarified. The results indicate that the deformation mechanism of the hydrogen-assisted IPMC actuator depends on the applied voltage, palladium-electrode thickness, and actuator length. The contribution of the hydrogen assistance decreases with the applied voltage, while that of the hydrated cation movement increases. In addition, the specimen with a shorter length exhibits a larger hydrogen-induced moment ratio. These results suggest that the hydrogen assistance to the bending deformation is more effective in IPMC actuators with a shorter and thinner palladium electrode.

Optimized coupling of ammonia decomposition and electrochemical oxidation in a tubular direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cell for high-efficiency power generation

With high energy density both by weight and volume, ammonia (NH3) is a promising hydrogen carrier. Furthemore, NH3 has a mature industrial background, and in liquid form storage and transportation is not a problem. Adding the merit of zero CO2 emission, NH3-to-power by direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells (DA-SOFCs) is an acceptable strategy to facilitate hydrogen usage. Nonetheless, to achieve efficacy, a high compatibility between operating temperature and catalytic materials for NH3 decomposition is needed. In this work, we developed a tubular DA-SOFC with an output power capability of > 3 W. By combining experimental measurements and multi-physics simulation, we comprehensively studies the related intrinsic processes. Based on experimental data, we developed a two-dimensional multi-scale electro-thermo model of tubular DA-SOFC. Separately we evaluated the effects of inlet fuel gas composition, inlet flow velocity, operating temperature, and operating voltage on the rate of NH3 catalytic decomposition and H2 electrochemical oxidation, as well as on NH3 conversion, H atom utilization, and electrical efficiency of the tubular DA-SOFC. The results suggest that high H atom utilization could be realized by matching the rate of NH3 decomposition with that of H2 electrochemical oxidation. It was observed that with the decrease of temperature, the rate of H2 oxidation decreases more rapidly than that of NH3 decomposition, suggesting that the flow velocity of NH3 should be appropriately lowered to optimize H atom utilization. Finally, we established a correlation between H atom utilization, operating voltage, and electrical efficiency for synergistic optimization of operating conditions. At 0.7 V and 800 ℃, the tubular DA-SOFC fueled with NH3 of 27 mL·min−1 is capable of offering 3.2 W, displaying an efficiency of 60%. Compared to that of a tubular H2-SOFC (only 51% efficiency), the efficiency is significantly higher on the basis of equal voltage and fuel utilization ratio. The outcome of the present study demonstrates the potential of tubular DA-SOFC as a device for high-efficiency power generation.

Power control techniques for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A comparative study

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the techniques of energy management strategy for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell device and Lithium-ion batteries are included within the multi-source. Therefore, a comparative analysis has been carried out to follow a successful approach in the hybrid system in terms of hydrogen usage in the Fuel Cell and regulating the Lithium-Ion batteries state of the charge. The various methods have been simulated by using Advanced Vehicle Simulator in MATLAB/Simulink. These simulations have been carried out with five standard driving cycles in which the energy management strategy understudy has been tested and compared. Due to the successful use of sources, the simulation results indicate the proposed technique's superiority and economic success (5 to 15% decrease in fuel consumption). Experimental tests have also been performed to verify the findings of the simulation using a fuel cell emulator.

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

RANS- and TFC-Based Simulation of Turbulent Combustion in a Small-Scale Venting Chamber

A laboratory-scale chamber is convenient for combustion scenarios in the practical analysis of industrial explosions and devices such as internal combustion engines. The safety risks in hazardous areas can be assessed and managed during accidents. Increased hydrogen usage in renewable energy production requires increased attention to the safety issues since hydrogen produces higher explosion overpressures and flame speed and can cause more damage than methane or propane. This paper reports numerical simulation of turbulent hydrogen combustion and flame propagation in the University of Sydney's small-scale combustion chamber. It is used for the investigation of turbulent premixed propagating flame interaction with several solid obstacles. Obstructions in the direction of flow cause a complex flame front interaction with the turbulence generated ahead of it. For numerical analysis, OpenFOAM CFD software was chosen, and a custom-built turbulent combustion solver based on the progress variable model—flameFoam—was used. Numerical results for validation purposes show that the pressure behaviour and flame propagation obtained using RANS and TFC models were well reproduced. The interaction between larger-scale flow features and flame dynamics was obtained corresponding to the experimental or mode detailed LES modelling results from the literature. The analysis revealed that as the propagating flame reached and interacted with obstacles and the recirculation wake was created behind solid obstacles, leaving traces of an unburned mixture. The expansion of flames due to narrow vents generates turbulent eddies, which cause wrinkling of the flame front.