Hydrogen Treatment Research Articles

Hydrogen Treatment of Surface Layer of a Gold Film on Glass

Hydrogen Treatment of Surface Layer of a Gold Film on Glass

Electrocatalytic and Conductive Vanadium Oxide on Carbonized Bacterial Cellulose Aerogel for the Sulfur Cathode in Li-S Batteries

Many transition-metal-oxide-based catalysts have been investigated to chemically bind soluble lithium polysulfides and accelerate their redox kinetics in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery chemistry. However, the intrinsic poor electrical conductivities of these oxides restrict their catalytic performance, consequently limiting the sulfur utilization and the rate performance of Li-S batteries. Herein, we report a freestanding electrocatalytic sulfur host consisting of hydrogen-treated VO2 nanoparticles (H-VO2) anchored on nitrogen-doped carbonized bacterial cellulose aerogels (N-CBC). The hydrogen treatment enables the formation and stabilization of the rutile VO2(R) phase with metallic conductivity at room temperature, significantly enhancing its catalytic capability compared to the as-synthesized insulative VO2(M) phase. Several measurements characterize the electrocatalytic performance of this unique H-VO2@N-CBC structure. In particular, the two kinetic barriers between S8, polysulfides, and Li2S are largely reduced by 28.2 and 43.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Accordingly, the Li-S battery performance, in terms of sulfur utilization and charge/discharge rate, is greatly improved. This work suggests an effective strategy to develop conductive catalysts based on a typical transition metal oxide (VO2) for Li-S batteries.

Intrinsic Defects and Their Role in the Phase Transition of Na-Ion Anode Na2Ti3O7.

The development of high-power anode materials for Na-ion batteries is one of the primary obstacles due to the growing demands for their use in the smart grid. Despite the appealingly low cost and non-toxicity, Na2Ti3O7 suffers from low electrical conductivity and poor structural stability, which restricts its use in high-power applications. Viable approaches for overcoming these drawbacks reported to date are aliovalent doping and hydrogenation/hydrothermal treatments, both of which are closely intertwined with native defects. There is still a lack of knowledge, however, of the intrinsic defect chemistry of Na2Ti3O7, which impairs the rational design of high-power titanate anodes. Here, we report hybrid density functional theory calculations of the native defect chemistry of Na2Ti3O7. The defect calculations show that the insulating properties of Na2Ti3O7 arise from the Na and O Schottky disorder that act as major charge compensators. Under high-temperature hydrogenation treatment, these Schottky pairs of Na and O vacancies become dominant defects in Na2Ti3O7, triggering the spontaneous partial phase transition to Na2Ti6O13 and improving the electrical conductivity of the composite anode. Our findings provide an explanation on the interplay between intrinsic defects, structural phase transitions, and electrical conductivity, which can aid understanding of the properties of composite materials obtained from phase transitions.

Development of Phosphorus-Doped Nanoscale Poly-Si Passivating Contacts via Inkjet Printing for Application in Silicon Solar Cells

Herein, high-quality localized phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) passivating contacts containing nanoscale poly-Si film (∼100 nm) on an ultrathin SiOx layer (∼1.5 nm) were fabricated via an inkjet printing technique. A detailed study of the impacts of inkjet printer settings, dopant concentration, and annealing temperature on the poly-Si passivating contact performance (represented by implied open-circuit voltage iVoc and contact resistivity ρc) was carried out. By applying optimized process conditions on symmetrical industrially processed intrinsic poly-Si/SiOx/n-type crystalline Si (c-Si) substrates, good surface passivation was achieved with an iVoc of 699 mV, together with a low ρc of 6.4 mΩ·cm2, after annealing at 975 °C. After a hydrogenation treatment via the deposition of aluminum oxide (AlOx)/silicon nitride (SiNy) stack and subsequent forming gas annealing (FGA), the optimum annealing temperature shifted to 950 °C and the iVoc was further improved to an excellent value of 729 mV. Optical images reveal that a line width of 75 μm can be realized on a mechanically polished silicon wafer. Moreover, high-resolution micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) maps clearly demonstrate the localization of the doped regions on the symmetrical substrate after annealing. These results show that inkjet printing is a promising technique for the fabrication of localized poly-Si/SiOx passivating contacts in high-efficiency solar cells with high flexibility and simplicity.

The application of the EQCM data analysis for the examination of surface oxide formation on Pt-Pd-Ru ternary alloys

The stoichiometry of surface oxides, formed on Pt-Pd-Ru alloys in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solutions, was postulated on the basis of cyclic voltammetric (CV) and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements. A procedure of data analysis was elaborated to extract the information on surface oxide properties from the correlations between the EQCM frequency changes and electric charge. The average values of metal oxidation state in the oxides depend on potential of their formation, alloy composition and degree of alloy homogeneity. The highest metal oxidation state (+8) was reached for 10 %Pt-25 %Pd-65 % Ru alloy, while the lowest one (+4) for 35 %Pt-26 %Pd-38 %Ru alloy. Preliminary hydrogen electrosorption on Pd-rich (63 %) or Ru-rich (65 %) Pt-Pd-Ru alloys resulted in a decrease in the average metal oxidation states in surface oxides, whereas for other alloys the influence of hydrogen treatment was negligible.

DETERMINATION OF ECOTOXIC SUBSTANCES IN WASTEWATER FORMED IN THE PURIFICATION PROCESS OF PETROLEUM OILS WITH HYDROGEN BY SPECTRAL METHODS

The article analyzes the determination of the amount of dissolved ecotoxicants in the sample taken from the industrial wastewater obtained during the process of hydrogen treatment of petroleum oils. During the hydrogenation process, different types of wastes are formed, depending on the nature of each compound contained in petroleum distillates. Every gas, liquid, solid waste formed during the process of hydrogen purification of petroleum distillates by the oil refining industry has a negative impact on the environment in various ways. One of the main directions of our scientific research is the ecological assessment of the environmental impact of wastewater formed in the process of hydrogen treatment of petroleum distillates.Based on the results obtained, the environmental impact of the wastewater was assessed. The amount of volatile ecotoxicants in the wastewater sample was determined by spectral methods and is shown in the table. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; optical emission spectrometry method for metals; spectrometry method for phenols, dyes and fluorine; nephelometry method for turbidity; the gravimetry method for total suspended particles. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to assess the environmental impact of wastewater generated during the technological process at the hydrogen treatment plant. Keywords: petroleum distillates, hydrogen purification, spectral method, ecotoxicants, effluents.

Effect of molecular hydrogen treatment on Sepsis-Associated encephalopathy in mice based on gut microbiota.

In our experiments, male wild-type mice were randomly divided into four groups: the sham, SAE, SAE + 2% hydrogen gas inhalation (H2 ), and SAE + hydrogen-rich water (HW) groups. The feces of the mice were collected for 16 S rDNA analysis 24 h after the models were established, and the serum and brain tissue of the mice were collected for nontargeted metabolomics analysis. Destruction of the intestinal microbiota is a risk factor for sepsis and subsequent organ dysfunction, and up to 70% of severely ill patients with sepsis exhibit varying degrees of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The pathogenesis of SAE remains unclear. We aimed to explore the changes in gut microbiota in SAE and the regulatory mechanism of molecular hydrogen. Molecular hydrogen treatment significantly improved the functional outcome of SAE and downregulated inflammatory reactions in both the brain and the gut. In addition, molecular hydrogen treatment improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and partially amended metabolic disorder after SAE. Molecular hydrogen treatment promotes functional outcomes after SAE in mice, which may be attributable to increasing beneficial bacteria, repressing harmful bacteria, and metabolic disorder, and reducing inflammation.

THERMAL VARIATION OF THE DIFFERENT LAYERS FORTARFAYA DEPOSIT (MOROCCO) IN HYDRODESULPHURIZATION AS WELL AS HYDROGENATION OF CALCIUM Α, ꞵAND MAGNESIUM AT 550°C AND 750°C.

Hydrodesulphurization (HDS), deuteriodesulphurisation, calcium hydrogenation and deuterium treatment are reactions that occur simultaneously when oil shales are treated with hydrogen. In this work, quantitative monitoring of the target elements (sulphur, calcium and magnesium) was carried out using the dispersive X-ray diffraction technique (a technique coupled with a scanning electron microscope). The treatment of oil shale with hydrogen with the objective, either to improve the products preventing oil shale (gas, oil and solid fuel) or in the particular sense to get rid of some undesirable elements having harmful effects on the course of the exploitations of materials we quote the phenomenon of corrosion. An example of this is hydrodesulphurization, which is a reaction that is used to remove sulphur. This hydrogenation reaction was followed in a first work for the different oil shale layers of Tarfaya (M. Hafid and A.Attaoui: 2022) at a temperature of 550°C. However we were able to raise the temperature to 750°C for this study, in the same sense of the continuity of the action by hydrogen on elements such as calcium and magnesium in the temperature domains this study has been continued.

Visualizing Structural and Chemical Transformations of an Industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Pre‐catalyst during Activation and CO2 Reduction

AbstractThe typical industrial catalyst used for methanol synthesis is a multi‐component catalyst based on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. The synergies between various phases of this catalyst play a vital role in defining the overall catalytic function and performance. To gain insights into the role and interaction between the relevant components and phases, ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was deployed to investigate the structures and phases of an industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 in its precursor, activated and reaction states. High structural inhomogeneity in this material is revealed, i. e. the presence of various phases with different morphologies and compositions. It is shown how structural and compositional changes occur during hydrogen treatment and how compositional inhomogeneity in the starting material translates into differences in the local composition of the activated and working catalyst. The formation of defective metallic copper particles (stacking faults and twins) that are in an intimate contact with zinc oxide (poorly crystalline, partially reduced ZnOx and crystalline ZnO), alumina, Zn−Al oxide and carbon‐zinc‐oxygen containing phases (such as zinc formate) is observed. It is also uncovered that alumina plays a potentially important role in stabilizing cationic zinc species. This work provides atomic‐level insight into the relevant state of an industrial methanol synthesis catalyst and the associated synergistic interplay between the involved phases in reactive atmosphere.

Cold plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide aerosols inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria innocua on smooth surfaces and stem scars of tomatoes: Modeling effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, treatment time and dwell time

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentration, treatment time, and dwell time on the efficacy of cold plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide aerosols against bacteria on stem scar and smooth surfaces of tomatoes. Cherry tomatoes inoculated with cocktails of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria innocua on the smooth surface and stem scar area were treated for 10, 20 and 30 s followed by 15 and 30 min dwell times in a treatment chamber with cold plasma-activated aerosols generated from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6% and 7.8% H 2 O 2 . Results showed that the efficacy of the treatments was mostly influenced by the H 2 O 2 concentration and treatment time. The reductions of the two bacteria were modeled as sigmoidal or exponential functions of H 2 O 2 . The models indicated that at H 2 O 2 concentrations ≥4.2%, the treatments reduced populations of L. innocua to non-detectable levels (detection level: 0.70 log CFU/piece) achieving an average 5 log reduction on the smooth surface of tomatoes for all tested treatment times and dwell times. To achieve an average 5-log reduction of Salmonella populations on the smooth surface, H 2 O 2 at concentrations ≥5.7% H 2 O 2 was required. On the stem scar area of tomatoes, populations of Listeria and Salmonella were reduced by less than 2 logs. Our results demonstrated that the efficacy of cold plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide aerosol mainly depended on the concentration of H 2 O 2 , and type and location of inoculated bacteria. • Three main parameters for cold plasma-activated H 2 O 2 process were evaluated. • Non-linear regression models were developed for estimating the efficacy of H 2 O 2 . • Listeria was more sensitive to the activated H 2 O 2 aerosol than Salmonella on tomatoes. • At ≥5.7% H 2 O 2 , both bacteria on the surface of tomatoes were reduced by 5 logs. • Bacteria on stem scar area were more difficult to inactivate than those on surface.

The effects of hydrogen treatment in a cigarette smoke solution-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like changes in an animal model.

Molecular hydrogen, with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may be suitable for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen-oxygen (H2/O2) treatment in cigarette smoke solution (CSS)-induced COPD-like injury in a female BALB/c mouse model. Thirty mice were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (n=8), COPD (n=10), and COPD + H2/O2 (n=12). CSS was administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection twice weekly for 6 weeks during the COPD induction phase. Simultaneously, the COPD + H2/O2 group started received 75 minutes of inhalation therapy (42% H2) delivered by the Oxy-Hydrogen Generator twice daily for 9 weeks. Mice body weights and survival were measured throughout the study period. Neutrophil elastase (NE) activity and lung histopathological changes were also evaluated. The results showed a higher survival rate in the COPD + H2/O2 group compared to the COPD group (100% vs. 80%) during the induction phase. Slight decreases in body weight gains were observed in the COPD and COPD + H2/O2 groups during the first 15 days of the induction phase, but there was no significant difference in mean body weights among the three groups throughout the study period. NE activity was numerically lower in the COPD + H2/O2 group compared to the COPD group. The histopathological evaluation showed significant improvements in the H2/O2-treated mice with respect to mean linear intercept (MLI) and lesion (inflammation and emphysema) scores. Improvements in goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway epithelium were not significant. A 9-week H2/O2 inhalation therapy delivered by the Oxy-Hydrogen Generator to CSS-induced COPD-like injury in mice showed improvement in survival rate, alveolar structural changes, and histopathological lesion scores of the lung.

Hydrogen intake relieves alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized and placebo-controlled crossover study

Alcohol-induced hangover represents a significant, yet understudied, global hazard and a large socioeconomic burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen on relieving drinking and hangover symptoms in 20 healthy volunteers. In this pilot, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, matched, crossover interventional trial, participants were matched into pairs and randomly assigned. Study group 1 inhaled placebo air for 1 h, followed by drinking 100 mL liquor (40% alcohol) within 10 min, and then pure water. Study group 2 inhaled a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas for 1 h, followed by drinking 100 mL liquor within 10 min, and then hydrogen dissolved in water. On a second intervention day (crossover) ≥1 wk later, study-group subjects were switched to the opposite order. Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), hangover severity, and cognitive scores were measured. The BrACs within the hydrogen group were significantly lower than those within the placebo group after 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min (P< 0.05). The hydrogen group reported having fewer hangover symptoms compared with the placebo group (placebo: 77% of symptoms absent, 19.7% of mild symptoms, 2.7% of moderate symptoms, 0.7% of severe symptoms; hydrogen: 88.6% of symptoms absent, 10% of mild symptoms, 1.3% of moderate symptoms, 0% of severe symptoms; P< 0.001). Hydrogen treatment improved cognitive testing scores (P< 0.05), including attention and executive functions. Furthermore, consumption of hydrogen was negatively (β = -13.016; 95% CI: -17.726, -8.305; P< 0.001) and female sex was positively (β = 22.611; 95% CI: 16.226, 28.997; P< 0.001) correlated with increased BrACs. Likewise, the consumption of hydrogen was negatively (OR: 0.035; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.168; P< 0.001) while female sex was positively (OR: 28.838; 95% CI: 5.961, 139.506; P< 0.001) correlated with the severity of hangover symptoms. Hydrogen decreases BrACs and relieves the symptoms of hangovers. This trial was registered at the China Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=58359) as ChiCTR2200059988.

Improvement of mechanical properties and microstructural refining of cast titanium alloys by coupling of electropulsing and temporary alloying element hydrogen

The electric pulse treatment and hydrogen as temporary alloying element have been widely used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys, respectively. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy are improved by electric pulse treatment combined with temporary alloying element hydrogen instead of traditional thermo-mechanical treatment and heat treatment. In comparison to the traditional thermo-mechanical treatment, the microstructure of the as-cast Ti–6Al–4V alloy after solution-aging treatment in pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment is homogeneous and finer, which is due to the lamellar β phase decomposition after thermal hydrogen treatment, accordingly, the ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the alloy are effectively improved after pulsed thermal hydrogen treatment. It’s the acceleration of atomic diffusion and phase transformation in titanium alloys by hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment that leads to the decomposition of the lamellar β phase, thereby refining the microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties. Finally, a novel method for improving the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloys using hydrogen as temporary alloying element and electric pulse treatment is presented.

Hydrogen Stabilization and Activation of Dry-Quenched Coke for High-Rate-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have rapidly come to dominate the market owing to their high power and energy densities. However, several factors have considerably limited their widespread commercial application, including high cost, poor high-rate performance, and complex synthetic conditions. Herein, we use earth-abundant and low-cost dry-quenched coke (DQC) to prepare low-crystalline carbon as anode material for LIBs and tailor the carbon skeleton via a facile green and sustainable hydrogen treatment. In particular, DQC is initially pyrolyzed at 1000 °C, followed by hydrogen treatment at 600 °C to obtain C−1000 H2−600. The resultant C−1000 H2−600 possesses abundant active defect sites and oxygen functional groups, endowing it with high-rate capabilities (C−1000 H2−600 vs. commercial graphite: 223.98 vs. 198.5 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a capacity retention of about 72.79% vs. 58.05%, 196.97 vs. 109.1 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 for 64.01% vs. 31.91%), and a stable cycling life (205.5 mAh g−1 for 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1) for LIBs. This proves that as a simple moderator, hydrogen effectively tailors the microstructure and surface-active sites of carbon materials and transforms low-cost DQC into high-value advanced carbon anodes by a green and sustainable route to improve the lithium storage performance.

Effect of Hydrogenation on the Electrochemical Performance of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 As Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Defect engineering, such as manipulating oxygen vacancies (OVs), which can alter the local structure and electronic properties of metal oxides, has attracted increasing attention for improving the charge-storage performance of electrode materials. In this work, a high-pressure hydrogenation method was developed to fabricate oxygen-deficient TiO2. Two TiO2 phases, namely rutile (TiO2-R) and anatase (TiO2-A), and their hydrogenated phases (denoted with the prefix “H”) are investigated as sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes. The charge-discharge properties of both phases can be significantly enhanced via the hydrogenation treatment. The introduction of OVs increases the electronic and ionic conductivity of TiO2, and the disordered TiO2 provides more electro-active sites for sodiation/desodiation reactions. For the first time, electrochemcial properties of the H-TiO2-R and H-TiO2-A electrodes are systematically compared. The H-TiO2-A electrode exhibits an excellent high-rate capacity of 100 mAh g–1 at 10000 mA g–1 and great cycling stability of 80% capacity retention after 4500 cycles. The superior performance is well supported by a generalized gradient approximation Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof density functional calculation. The proposed anode and material modification strategy have great potential for high-power and high-durability SIB applications.

Effect of short-term heat treatment in the hydrogen on magnetic properties of ZnO:Mn nanocrystals

The magnetic properties of ZnO:Mn(2at%) nanocrystals synthesized by ultrasonic aerosol pyrolysis were studied. It has been established that short-term thermal treatment in hydrogen does not affect the magnetization of the synthesized sample, which had ferromagnetic and paramagnetic components. The sample, which underwent heat treatment in air at T = 850°C and acquired paramagnetic properties, after heat treatment in hydrogen again became ferromagnetic without a paramagnetic phase. It has been established by the EPR method that the structure of defects in the synthesized ZnO:Mn(2%) NCs is inhomogeneous. It changes after heat treatment in hydrogen. It is shown that the controlled thermal treatment of the samples, first in air and then in hydrogen, makes it possible to predictably change their magnetic properties. The results obtained are explained using the model of coupled magnetic polarons. During thermal treatment in hydrogen, the ratio of the number of oxygen vacancies Vo and interstitial Mn2+ ions changes in the samples.

Effect of Hydrogen Treatment on Photoluminescence and Morphology of InGaN Multiple Quantum Wells.

In this paper, the photoluminescence (PL) properties and surface morphology of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures with the hydrogen (H2) heat treatment of InGaN are investigated to elucidate the effect of hydrogen on the structure and surface of the MQWs. The experimental results show that the H2 heat treatment on the as-grown MQWs may lead to the decomposition of InGaN and the formation of inhomogeneous In clusters. The atomic force microscope (AFM) study indicates that although the surface roughness of the uncapped samples increases after H2 treatment, the V-defects are suppressed. Moreover, the luminescence efficiency of the MQWs can be effectively improved by growing a GaN cap layer with an appropriate thickness on the top of the MQWs, which can reduce the effects of the H2 atmosphere and high temperature on the MQWs. In addition, a morphologic transformation from step bunching to shallow steps occurs and a much smoother surface can be obtained when a thicker cap layer is adopted.

Effects of hydrogen treatment on the triethylamine-sensing properties of the platinum-loaded In2O3 nanosheets

In this work, platinum-loaded In2O3 (Pt/In2O3) nanosheets were synthesized and their triethylamine (TEA) sensing performance was improved by hydrogen treatment. The response of 0.25 Pt/In2O3 (H2) to 100 ppm TEA was as high as 4792, which was 12 times the untreated one. The detection limit of 0.25 Pt/In2O3 (H2) was 50 ppt. The samples before and after hydrogen treatment were analyzed by various techniques. It was found that the supported Pt had a high degree of dispersion. Even after hydrogen treatment, most Pt in the 0.25 Pt/In2O3 (H2) existed in the form of single atoms. Pt loading and hydrogen treatment can improve the electron mobility of In2O3. Besides, after hydrogen treatment, the number of low-valence Pt increased, which promoted the generation of adsorbed oxygen and reduced the TEA response energy barrier, thereby enhancing the sensitivity to TEA. These findings are significant for the design of supported metal sensing materials and show the importance of hydrogen treatment in improving the response of Pt-loaded sensing materials and the crucial role of low-valence Pt in TEA sensing performance.

Non‐fuel uses for fatty acid methyl esters

AbstractFor the past two decades, biodiesel has been the workhorse for pioneering green fuel alternatives to petroleum diesel. Recent advancements in decarboxylation of fatty acid feedstocks through hydrogen treatment or the use of fatty acid photo decarboxylase have led to increasing interest in renewable diesel as the next ‘state of the art’. This paradigm shift has caused concern among traditional biodiesel producers, whose infrastructure may not be suitable for renewable diesel, that the supply chain and market demand for biodiesel will be disrupted. However, there are numerous alternative (non‐fuel) uses for biodiesel, which has applications in solvents, lubricants, feedstock chemicals, and more. This review seeks to highlight the advantages of using biodiesel in these industries and the potential for further research and development. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The GPCR Antagonistic Drug CM-20 Stimulates Mitochondrial Activity in Human RPE Cells.

Background:Mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a pathogenic factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Improvement of mitochondrial function may ameliorate RPE bioenergetics status, which may in turn nourish the retinal photoreceptors against degenerative loss.Objective:The purpose of this study is to examine the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonistic drug CM-20 in modulating mitochondrial function in RPE cells.Methods:Human-derived ARPE-19 cell line was differentiated to improve RPE morphology. Dose response of CM-20 was performed to examine mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Secondary validation with multiplexed live-cell mitochondrial imaging was performed. Protection of CM-20 to mitochondria against oxidative stress was detected under co-treatment with hydrogen peroxide.Results:Treatment with CM-20 elicited a dose-dependent increase of MMP. Multiplexed live-cell mitochondrial imaging showed consistent increase of MMP at an optimal concentration of CM-20 (12.5 μM). MMP was significantly reduced under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and treatment with CM-20 showed rescue effects to MMP.Conclusion:CM-20 increases mitochondrial function and protects mitochondria under oxidative stress. As both GPCRs and mitochondria are potential drug targets, retinal neuroprotective testing of CM-20 is warranted in animal models of retinal degeneration.