Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and renin inhibitions by antioxidant shrimp shell protein hydrolysate and ultrafiltration peptide fractions

Protein hydrolysates with 20% and 30% degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were produced from alcalase hydrolysis of Pacific white shrimp shells. The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antihypertensive activities of these protein hydrolysates, focusing on peptide fractions of various molecular weights (MW) obtained through ultrafiltration. The 30% DH protein hydrolysate (SSPH) showed the highest antioxidant activities and was subjected to ultrafiltration to produce peptides of various molecular weights (MW) (F1:10–50, F2:5–10, F3:3–5, F4:1-3, and F5:<1 kDa). SSPH showed higher hydrophilic and non-essential amino acid content, among which alanine and aspartic acid were at higher levels. The obtained peptide fractions were analyzed for various antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against angiotensin-converting enzyme and renin. F4 and F2 samples showed the highest DPPH (2.00 mM TE/g sample) and ABTS (60.68 mM TE/g sample) radical scavenging activities, respectively. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity augmented with decreasing MW, aside from for F1, which showed higher activity than F2–F4 (p < 0.05). The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was found for the F2 fraction (44%–55%), and renin inhibitory activity increased with decreasing MW, in which F5 (12%–22%) was the most effective (p < 0.05). F5 showed 6 major peptides, among which KLVRGSKS and LPKKCLSARPG were the dominant sequences. Thus, this study suggests that shrimp shell protein isolate could be an alternative protein source for peptides with various antioxidant and antihypertensive activities, with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals aimed at mitigating oxidative stress and hypertension.

Citrus sunki Peel Extract, Containing Nobiletin and Tangeretin, Enhances Proliferation and Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

In this experiment, effects of Citrus sunki peel extract (CPE) on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells were analyzed. Citrus sunki peel was extracted with ethanol to obtain CPE. Results of measuring DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity revealed that CPE had an antioxidant ability. The 3T3-L1 cells were cultured in the basal medium (C) or with 0.05% dimethyl-sulfoxide (CDMSO) or with 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/mL CPE (CPE50, CPE100, CPE200, CPE300, and CPE400, respectively). As a result of cell counting and MTS assay, CPE significantly enhanced proliferation capacity of 3T3-L1 cells. To analyze the effect of CPE on the differentiation capacity of 3T3-L1 cells, relative gene and protein expression levels of Cebpb, Cebpa, and FASN related to adipogenesis were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot. CPE increased adipogenesis-related gene and protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells, with CPE300 being especially effective. In Oil Red O staining, adipogenesis was significantly greater in CPE200, CPE300, and CPE400 than in C. This was confirmed image wise through Nile Red staining. Through HPLC analysis, it was confirmed that nobiletin and tangeretin were most abundant in CPE. To analyze effects of nobiletin and tangeretin on 3T3-L1 cells, the cells were cultured with various concentrations of nobiletin, tangeretin, and both. As a result of cell counting and MTS assay, nobiletin and tangeretin significantly decreased the proliferation capacity of 3T3-L1 cells. In RT-qPCR, western blot, Oil Red O staining, and Nile Red staining to analyze differentiation capacity, nobiletin and tangeretin significantly enhanced the expression of genes and proteins related to adipogenic differentiation compared to the control group. In conclusion, CPE, which had high antioxidant capacity, enhanced proliferation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This improvement in differentiation is due to the influence of nobiletin and tangeretin contained in CPE.

Secondary metabolite estimation and antioxidant potential assessment of purple bell Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson

To quantify the aqueous and methanolic extracts for primary and secondary metabolites, and the antioxidant potential of leaf extracts of the Thunbergia erecta plant and to adopt them in Ayurvedic medications for various illnesses. Primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, total phenols, and tannins were estimated using standard procedures. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrogen peroxide, and phosphomolybdenum free radical scavenging activities were employed to evaluate the antioxidative potential. The phytochemical examination of T. erecta exhibited the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, total polyphenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in significant quantity. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the species, clearly verifies that methanolic extract shows prominent antioxidant properties followed by the hydroalcoholic extract. From this study, it can be concluded that this species is effective in scavenging free radicals and may be a powerful antioxidant. The T. erecta leaf extract showed the existence of bioactive components which are known to exhibit medicinal activities. The findings of this study suggest that these plant leaves could be a potential source of natural antioxidants that could have great importance as therapeutic agents in preventing various diseases.

In Vitro Anti Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancer Cell Line Studies on Mollugo Cerviana (L.) Ser

Our traditional treatises on medicine have shown references to number of rare medicinal herbs prescribed to treat various ailments in human. An herbal plant preferred to treat fever, inflammation, rheumatic pain and wounds prevalently in the villages of the delta districts of Tamilnadu by name Mollugo cerviana was chosen for this research. The Ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana was analysed for its in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity through standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol ethanolic extracts of varying concentrations were evaluated under HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) Membrane Stabilization and Protein denaturation studies. Diclofenac sodium a nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drug was the reference standard. The results revealed a concentration dependent increase in the percentage of membrane stabilization activity with increase in concentration of the test extract and a concentration dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation activity. Antioxidant studies revealed a significant free radical scavenging activity by the extract upon evaluation by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide assay and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity assay. The studies on liver cancer cell lines using MTT assay revealed the anticancer activity exhibited by the ethanol extract of Mollugo cerviana. The studies as a whole reveals the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activity possessed by the herbal extract of Mollugo cerviana which invites attention to proceed with further research towards development of novel herbal drugs from Mollugo cerviana to treat inflammation and cancer.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (seedless breadfruit) fruit pulp protein hydrolysates

Protein hydrolysates from dietary sources possess many physiological and biological properties. Artocarpus altilis is an evergreen multipurpose plant with many benefits. Therefore, this study evaluates in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of A. altilis protein hydrolysates. Protein was isolated from A. altilis and hydrolysed with pepsin and trypsin separately using different enzyme: substrate ratios (1:8, 1:16, 1:32). Antioxidant properties investigated included Fe2+-chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities. Anti-inflammatory activities were determined using effects on hypotonic solution-induced cell lysis on red blood cell membrane stabilisation and heat-induced protein denaturation. The degree of hydrolysis of trypsin hydrolysate increased with increasing enzyme–substrate ratio, while pepsin hydrolysate decreased as the enzyme–substrate ratio increased. The dominant amino acids in A. altilis protein and hydrolysates were glutamate, aspartate and leucine. Protein hydrolysates obtained from pepsin and trypsin digestion had DPPH scavenging abilities of 43.0 ± 0.01% and 22.2 ± 0.01%, respectively. However, trypsin-hydrolysed protein had a high Fe2+-chelating ability, while pepsin-hydrolysed protein had high hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability. Trypsin-hydrolysed protein showed good membrane stability and inhibition of protein denaturation. The results indicated that A. altilis protein hydrolysates possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and can further lend support to food industries as functional foods.

Structural and physicochemical characterization of an aminosugar-rich exopolysaccharide isolated from a Chlorella sp.

In the present work an aminosugar-rich exopolysaccharide (EPS) of a novel Chlorella sp. strain was isolated and characterized. Isolation of the EPS matrix was a fast and financially viable procedure based upon consecutive centrifugation and resuspension steps without the use of hazardous chemicals. After acidic hydrolysis, the EPS matrix was examined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy as well as Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), and it was shown that it is a heteropolysaccharide. Aminosugar moieties, mainly glucosamine and galactosamine, constituted >40 % of the structure's relative molar ratio, followed by rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the EPS matrix exhibited specific thermal transitions in the range of 59–88 °C corresponding to crystallization steps, while thermogravimetric analysis showed that the polysaccharide presented exceptional thermal stability at temperatures up to 600 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the polymer exhibited high crystallinity after one DSC cycle. The isolated EPS exhibited a maximum total antioxidant capacity of 11.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents·g−1 and a reducing power of 11.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalents·g−1, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power of the EPS reached 37.2 μM Fe2+·g−1. In all cases the antioxidant and reducing power of the EPS was dose-dependent. The EPS exhibited a moderate hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity reaching a maximum of approximately 40 % at 2 mg mL−1 concentration. All these structural and physicochemical characteristics, along with the strong antioxidant profile, make this macromolecule a strong candidate for further exploitation in commercial applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and bioplastic industries.

Syntheses, Molecular Docking and Biological Evaluation of 2-(2- hydrazinyl)thiazoles as Potential Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Significant Anticancer Agents.

Recently, researchers have worked on the development of new methods for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using polyethylene glycol as a green solvent. In this context, we report the synthesized 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles for their in vitro antioxidant, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vitro anti-cancer activities. The objective of the study was to develop novel antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. At the outset, the condensation of substituted acetophenones 1, thiosemicarbazide 2, and α-haloketones 3 was carried out using PEG-400 (20 mL) in the presence of 5 mol% glacial acetic acid to afford thiosemicarbazones intermediate. Furthermore, these thiosemicarbazones were reacted with α-haloketones 3 to obtain appropriate 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles. The synthesized compounds were in vitro tested for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. In vitro evaluation report showed that nearly all molecules possessed potential antioxidant activity against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide radical (SOR) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity. Most 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles derivatives have shown potential anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium as a reference standard. 2-(2-Hydrazinyl) thiazoles derivatives showed significant anticancer activity for human leukemia cell line K-562 compared to adriamycin as a reference standard. All tested compounds showed potential 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. Among the tested series, 4b, 4d and 4e exhibited good hydrogen peroxide and 4b, 4e, 4f and 4g showed excellent superoxide radical scavenging activity. In addition, the 4b, 4e and 4g compounds revealed potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against standard diclofenac sodium drug. 2-(2-Hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives, such as 4c and 4d, showed significant anticancer activity against human leukemia cell line K-562. Thus, these molecules provide an interesting template for the design and development of new antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agents.

Juvenile heat stress tolerance in Triticum durum-Aegilops tauschii derived synthetics: a way forward for wheat improvement.

Exponentially increasing population and everchanging climatic conditions are two major concerns for global food security. Early sowing in the second fortnight of October is an emerging trend with farmers in Indo Gangetic Plains to avoid yield losses from terminal heat stress. This also benefits the use of residual soil moisture of rice crop, conserving about one irrigation. But most of the available wheat cultivars are not well adapted to early-season sowing. Two in-house developed SHWs, syn14128 and syn14170, were screened for juvenile heat stress. Seedling length, biochemical parameters, and expression of amylase gene immediately after heat shock (HS) of 45°C for 12h and 20h, and 24h indicated significantly lower malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and higher free radical scavenging activities. Syn14170 reported higher total soluble sugar (TSS) under both HS periods, while syn14128 had a sustainable TSS content and amylase activity under HS as well as the recovery period. Both the SHWs had lower oxidative damage along with high free radical scavenging under heat stress. The higher expression of amy4 along with sustainable TSS after heat stress in syn14128 indicated it as a potential source of juvenile heat stress tolerance. Variable response of SHWs to different biochemical parameters under heat stress opens future perspectives to explore the enzymatic pathways underlying these responses.

Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Fresh Aqueous Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata

The current research study is to develop an easy and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata and evaluate the extract to know its effects as an antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Scanning Emission Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, Reducing Power, Hydrogen Peroxide), anti-diabetic (alpha-glucosidase inhibition) and anti-inflammatory (Albumin denaturation and Protein inhibition) activities were carried out under standard conditions. The synthesized AgNPs were noticed through a visual color change from yellow to brown. The surface plasmon resonance confirmed the formation of AgNPs with maximum absorbance at 419nm and the SEM result shows that the AgNPs size ranged from 23nm to 31nm. The reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the AgNPs is low and partially significant compared to the control. The DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity is similar to that of the control. The ability of the synthesized AgNPs to inhibit protein denaturation, alpha glucosidase were similar to that of the standard. It can be concluded that C. odorata leaf extract can be used in the production of potential antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory AgNPs which could be useful in various fields such as in healthcare, industrial purposes, food, etc. Keywords: C. odorata; AgNPs; SEM; FTIR; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory.

Wound Healing and Antioxidant Capabilities of Zizyphus mauritiana Fruits: In-Vitro, In-Vivo, and Molecular Modeling Study.

LC-HRMS-assisted chemical profiling of Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract (ZFE) led to the dereplication of 28 metabolites. Furthermore, wound healing activity of ZFE in 24 adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits was investigated in-vivo supported by histopathological investigation. Additionally, the molecular mechanism was studied through different in-vitro investigations as well as, studying both relative gene expression and relative protein expression patterns. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ZFE extract was examined using two in-vitro assays including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities that showed promising antioxidant potential. Topical application of the extract on excision wounds showed a significant increase in the wound healing rate (p < 0.001) in comparison to the untreated and MEBO®-treated groups, enhancing TGF-β1, VEGF, Type I collagen expression, and suppressing inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Moreover, an in silico molecular docking against TNFα, TGFBR1, and IL-1β showed that some of the molecules identified in ZFE can bind to the three wound-healing related protein actives sites. Additionally, PASS computational calculation of antioxidant activity revealed potential activity of three phenolic compounds (Pa score > 0.5). Consequently, ZFE may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

A Novel Method for the Syntheses of Imidazo-Thiadiazoles as Potential Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Agents.

A literature survey revealed that many imidazo-thiadiazole molecules were used as key intermediates for the development of novel drugs. The synthesized imidazo-thiadiazole derivatives were tested for their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this research paper is to provide readers with information regarding diseases caused by free radicals. The objective of this study is to develop novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs. Imidazo-thiadiazole derivatives 5a-f were synthesized through cyclo-condensation reactions in two steps. First, the synthesis of 2-amino-thiadiazole derivatives from substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and thiosemicarbazide by using POCl3 as a solvent as well as a catalyst was performed. In the next step, imidazo-thiadiazoles were prepared from 2-amino-thiadiazole derivatives with appropriate α-haloketones in the presence of polyethylene glycol-300 (PEG-300) as a green solvent. These imidazo- thiadiazole derivatives were prepared by using a novel method. The synthesized compounds were in vitro tested for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In vitro evaluation report showed that nearly all molecules possess potential antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide radical (SOR), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity. Most of the imidazo-thiadiazole derivatives have shown significant anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium as a reference standard. In the search for novel therapies to treat inflammation and oxidation, we have made efforts to develop anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with a preeminent activity. Imidazo-thiadiazoles 5a, 5e as well as 5f showed potential anti-inflammatory activity. All tested imidazo-thiadiazole deriv-atives (5a-f) showed potential antioxidant activity against one more radical scavenging species as com-pared to ascorbic acid as the reference standard. Thus, imidazo-thiadiazole derivatives constitute an interesting template for the design and development of new antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory agents.

Synthesis of carbon dots from taurine as bioimaging agent and nanohybrid with ceria for antioxidant and antibacterial applications

Here we have synthesized water soluble and biocompatible carbon dots (CDs) from taurine via thermal decomposition method. The CDs showed nearly spherical shape with diameter less than 10 nm. The CDs exhibited excitation dependent fluorescence emission and could be used for mammalian cell imaging. The CDs showed excellent DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity in cell free system. Besides, the CDs also displayed significant intracellular radical scavenging activity in human normal kidney epithelial (NKE) cells. Furthermore, nanohybrids consisting of both CDs and nanoceria (CeO2) were prepared and tested for their biomedical applications. The nanohybrids showed significant antioxidant activities in both cell free and intracellular conditions. The CDs and nanohybrids possessed very little toxicity upto the concentration of 100 μg/mL when treated for 24 hours in human NKE cells. The CDs as well as nanohybrids further displayed significant bacterial growth inhibition against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria under dark as well as light illumination condition via the bacterial membrane damage. However, under the light illumination, the bacterial growth inhibition of CDs and nanohybrids was further enhanced due to the generation of reactive oxygen radicals and subsequent DNA degradation. A higher dose-dependent intracellular antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the nanohybrid is attributed to the synergistic effect of nanoceria and CDs. All these results clearly reflected that our synthesized CDs and their nanohybrids can be used for several biomedical applications.

In-vitro Antioxidant and DPP-IV Enzyme Assay of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Enicostemma littorale

Background: Pharmacological treatments for diabetes are based on increasing insulin availability and improving insulin sensitivity. Today, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) -based therapies aim to control glucose through DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the prolyl oligopeptidase family, with the specificity of eliminating the X-Pro or X-Ala dipeptides from the N-terminal end of the polypeptides. The effect of GLP-1 in stimulating the release of glucose-dependent insulin from pancreatic islets inhibits inappropriate glucagon release after meals and slow gastric emptying promotes intestinal permeability.&#x0D; Study Design: The current study investigated the inhibitory activity of DPP-4 along with the antioxidant activity of Enicostemma littorale extract. &#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted at Anurag University, Hyderabad between June-2021 to Sept-2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The extracts tested for a range of activities such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity test, In-vitro DPP-IV enzyme test activity test, DPPH free radical scavenging.&#x0D; Results: The extract shows dose-dependent DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. In in-vitro DPP-IV enzyme assay activity, Enicostemma littorale ethyl acetate extract showed greater inhibitory activity of DPP-IV compared to vildagliptin with IC50 values ​​of 165.64μg/ml, respectively. Vildagliptin, based on the reference standard for DPP-IV inhibitor activity, has an IC50 value of 57.44 μg/ml. According to the in-vitro analysis, the Enicostemma littorale extract has a strong inhibitory activity of DPP-IV.&#x0D; Conclusion: We concluded that the Enicostemma littorale will be a better source for further development as new antidiabetic drugs. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report and study on the bark part of this species.

Green synthesis of Zirconium nanoparticles using Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract and their antimicrobial and antioxidant potency

The biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles provides an excellent alternative to the chemical synthesis approach. The aim of the current study was a green and eco-friendly synthesis of zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) from fruit peels of Punica granatum (Pomegranate). The synthesis of ZrNPs was confirmed using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The functional groups present on surface of ZrNPs were analyzed using FTIR. The average size of obtained ZrNPs was analyzed using SEM and DLS and it was around 20–60 nm. The antimicrobial activity of obtained ZrNPs was tested against Gram-positive strains (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Fungi (Aspergillus niger) by agar well diffusion method. ZrNPs showed maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus (19 mm) and A. niger (18 mm) at the maximum concentration of 200 μg/mL. The antioxidant scavenging activity of obtained ZrNPs was analyzed using the following methods: DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. This the first and foremost study on ZrNPs synthesized using P. granatum fruit peel extract reporting their efficacy as antimicrobial agents against Bacteria and Fungi. Considering the tolerance of zirconium towards human body, it can also be used as antimicrobial coating material on human implants.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Costus igneus leaf fractions

Costus igneus Nak is an ethnobotanical plant used in the management of several inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. There is a need to scientifically validate its use in ethnomedicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fractions from ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf using in vitro methods. Crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was successively partitioned to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The fractions were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using 1-1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 and p value was set at 0.05. The percentage yield of the crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was 25.40%. The aqueous fraction (37.05%) had the highest percentage yield, followed by butanol fraction (34.33%), hexane fraction (16.58%) and the ethyl acetate fraction (12.04%). Anti-inflammatory studies showed that C. igneus butanol fraction (CIBF) had the highest erythrocyte membrane stabilizing effect (IC50 = 140.61 µg/mL) and highest percentage inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 20.40 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Antioxidant study also showed that CIBF had the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals (IC50 = 18.36 µg/mL), highest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 67.26 µg/mL) and highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 160.50 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The findings showed that CIBF demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro. Key words: Costus igneus, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, In vitro, Butanol fraction.

Assessment of the Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activities of Flavonoid-rich Fraction of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pleiocarpa mutica &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;Leaves

<i>Pleiocarpa mutica</i> is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and belongs to the family of <i>Apocynaceae</i>. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of flavonoid-rich fraction of <i>Pleiocarpa mutica</i> leaves (FRFPML) using both <i>in-vivo </i>and <i>in-vitro </i>based assays. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (110-150g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the <i>in-vivo</i> anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 untreated; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFPML respectively. Tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins were found in varied amounts in the plant secondary metabolites according to quantitative analysis. The extract demonstrated no harm in an acute toxicity assay when dosed up to 5000 mg/kg b.w. Scalar dosages of the FRFPML significantly (p<0.05) suppressed the development of paw oedema induced by egg albumin in the systemic rat paw oedema model. This compares favorably to the standard anti–inflammatory drug indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w) which at 24 hours inhibited egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema (11.82%). Varying doses of the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited egg albumin denaturation, hypotonicity-induced membrane stabilization, protease inhibition and phospholipase A₂ in a concentration-dependent manner, causing inhibition comparable to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug used. The extract at different concentrations (0.2-0.8 mg/ml), significantly (p<0.05) exhibited DPPH (1-1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner similar to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid used. Results from the study revealed that the FRFPML exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity.

Wound Healing Metabolites from Peters' Elephant-Nose Fish Oil: An In Vivo Investigation Supported by In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Gnathonemuspetersii (F. Mormyridae) commonly known as Peters’ elephant-nose fish is a freshwater elephant fish native to West and Central African rivers. The present research aimed at metabolic profiling of its derived crude oil via GC-MS analysis. In addition, wound healing aptitude in adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits along with isolated bioactive compounds in comparison with a commercial product (Mebo®). The molecular mechanism was studied through a number of in vitro investigations, i.e., radical scavenging and inhibition of COX enzymes, in addition to in silico molecular docking study. The results revealed a total of 35 identified (71.11%) compounds in the fish oil, belonging to fatty acids (59.57%), sterols (6.11%), and alkanes (5.43%). Phytochemical investigation of the crude oil afforded isolation of six compounds 1–6. Moreover, the crude oil showed significant in vitro hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the crude oil along with one of its major components (compound 4) exhibited selective inhibitory activity towards COX-2 with IC50 values of 15.27 and 2.41 µM, respectively. Topical application of the crude oil on excision wounds showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the wound healing rate in comparison to the untreated and Mebo®-treated groups, where fish oil increased the TGF-β1 expression, down-regulated TNF-α, and IL-1β. Accordingly, Peters’ elephant-nose fish oil may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Protective Effect of Borassus flabellifer Haustorium Extract against Alkoxyl Radical-Induced Cytotoxicity by Improving Glutathione Metabolism by Modulating Nrf2/Haeme Oxygenase-1 Expression

Aim The study was aimed to assess the ability of Borassus flabellifer haustorium methanolic extract (BHE) on de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells via Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haeme oxygenase-1 (HO1) signaling in 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) di-hydrochloride (AAPH) induced cytotoxicity in normal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cells). Methods The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined in terms of radical scavenging and ex vivo hemolysis. The cytoprotective effect was studied using AAP H as the alkoxyl radical inducer in IEC-6 cell model. The mechanistic basis of protection is determined by Nrf2/HO1 expression using qPCR. Results In vitro screening observed DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging activity for the BHE; further, BHE also protected the oxidative hemolysis in the erythrocytes induced by AAPH. In IEC-6 cells, AAPH treatment significantly reduced the cell viability (p < 0.001) by inducing lipid peroxidation. Further, there observed a significant reduction in the activities of enzymes involved in the de novo glutathione biosynthesis (p < 0.01) and glutathione reductase in these cells. However, pretreatment with BHE (10, 25 and 50 µg/mL) dose-dependently protected from the cytotoxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals (p < 0.05); besides, the de novo glutathione biosynthesis and regeneration of GSH from oxidized form was also increased in these cells. In corroboration with the biochemical parameters, the Nrf2/HO1 expression was upregulated by the BHE pretreatment concomitantly reducing the cellular lipid peroxidation products. The improvement glutathione biosynthesis was also observed in BHE alone treated cells. Conclusion The study indicated the potential of methanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium in enhancing the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells by Nrf2/HO1 dependent manner, concomitantly mitigating the toxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals in intestinal epithelial cells.

Blue Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) from Bio-waste Peels and Its Antioxidant Activity

In this work, Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) are synthesized from agro-waste Ananas comosus by facile hydrothermal treatment. The synthesized CQDs are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared, UV–Visible spectral analysis and quantum yield (QY) measurements. The formation of CQDs with a mean particle size of 2.4 nm is measured using HR-TEM analysis. The fluorescence properties of CQDs show strong blue emission radiation with a QY of 10.65%. Antioxidant assay of the CQDs were assessed against DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), Super oxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities. The results suggest that agro-waste is also one of the promising materials for optical switching devices and also it have good medicinal value by extracting drugs.

Application of raw and differently dried Pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) pulp on Rasgulla (sweetened Casein Ball) to enhance its phenolic profile, shelf life, and in‐vitro digestibility characteristics

Pineapple is well known as a potential antioxidant-rich fruit. The popular dairy product, rasgulla (sweetened casein ball) was fortified with raw pineapple pulp (PP), hot air- (PH), freeze- (PF), microwave- (PMW), and microwave-convective (PMWC)-dried pineapple pulp. The effect of fortifying rasgulla with pineapple on its nutritional quality, phytochemical profile, antioxidant activities, shelf life, in-vitro digestibility, and mineral composition were studied. Phytochemical analysis showed the fortified samples were rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, tannins, and quinones. Fortification enhanced total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP), 2, 2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) radical scavenging property (ABTS), 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion capture capacity (SO), and antioxidant capacity (AC). HPLC analysis showed that the fortification of rasgulla significantly increased the amount of seven polyphenols. Among all the rasgulla samples, PMWC showed the best results for most of the parameters. Novelty Impact Statement This is the first approach to quantitate the phenolic profile of traditional Indian dairy product rasgulla (sweet syrupy cheese ball) and its pineapple fortified moiety. In this study, we opt to explore the nutritional profile of this novel dairy product very pertinent to the nutritional aspects of the dairy product and also the effect of antioxidant enrichment on the shelf life and in-vitro digestibility is studied. Application of natural product to lower calorie intake during digestion may attract the end user more.