Liquid Peroxide Research Articles

The efficacy of alkalized liquid hydrogen peroxide for the remediation of manufactured methamphetamine in clandestine laboratories

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of alkalized liquid hydrogen peroxide (A-LHP) as a “low tech” decontamination option to reduce methamphetamine from non-porous and porous building materials. The A-LHP decontamination solution was generated by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to 15% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) until the solution was slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.5. The efficacy of alkalized liquid H2O2 against methamphetamine was initially evaluated in the liquid–liquid simulated stirred reactor Phase I testing. Phase II testing evaluated A-LHP decontamination from common building materials (stainless steel, painted drywall, glass, and vinyl tile) contaminated with aerosolized methamphetamine (at surface concentration levels of 1000–10,000 μg per 100 cm2, respectively). For liquid–liquid based decontamination tests after 4 h, the average reduction of methamphetamine burden was 97% ± 3. For 10,000 μg of methamphetamine per 100 cm2, surface decontamination efficacy values were 29%–76%, depending on the building material. For 1000 μg of methamphetamine per 100 cm2, surface concentrations decontamination rates between 82% and 93% were achieved. These data suggest that this “low-tech” decontamination technology can provide greater than 80% reduction of high concentrated methamphetamine from the common building materials tested, with decontamination rates reaching thousands of micrograms per 100 cm2.

Liquid phase hydrogen peroxide decomposition for micro-propulsion applications

Liquid phase hydrogen peroxide decomposition for micro-propulsion applications

Fractional pretreatment of raw and calcium oxalate-extracted agave bagasse using ionic liquid and alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4 – CaOX) crystals has been observed in more than 215 plant families. However, very little is known about the effects of calcium oxalate on biomass pretreatment and saccharification. Agave bagasse (AGB) was used as a model material due to its natural high levels of CaOX. To understand the physicochemical changes in function of biomass pretreatment, both raw AGB and CaOX-extracted agave bagasse (EAB) were subjected to ionic liquid (IL) with 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C4C1Im][Cl] and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatments. Physicochemical changes were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and wet chemistry methods. Results show that free CaOX crystals affected negatively (by ca 39%) the saccharification of AHP-pretreated EAB compared to AGB. On the other hand, IL pretreatment achieved higher sugar yield (7.8 g dm−3) and lower crystallinity (14%) with EAB than for AHP (5.4 g dm−3 and 29%, respectively).

Nickel nanowire arrays electrode as an efficient catalyst for urea peroxide electro-oxidation in alkaline media

Urea peroxide as a solid-state fuel instead of liquid hydrogen peroxide is electro-catalytic oxidized by nickel nanowire arrays (NWAs) electrode. Nickel NWAs electrode is prepared by galvanostatically electrodepositing nickel into the pores and over-plating on the surface of polycarbonate template (PCT) from nickel bath solution. The NWAs are obtained after dissolving PCT in methylene chloride. Results show that urea peroxide decomposes into hydrogen peroxide and urea in aqueous solutions, then is electro-oxidized via two processes: i, hydrogen peroxide electro-oxidation at lower potential region; ii, both hydrogen peroxide and urea electro-oxidation at higher potential region. The onset oxidation potential and current density of urea peroxide electro-oxidation in 6.0molL−1 KOH and 1.0molL−1 urea peroxide are ca. -0.2V and 700mAcm−2 at 0.6V, respectively. The nickel NWAs electrode demonstrates excellent stability for urea peroxide electro-oxidation under different polarization potentials.

Compact design of oxidative steam reforming of methanol assisted by blending hydrogen peroxide

Oxidative steam reforming of methanol (OSRM) mixed with hydrogen peroxide was investigated as a compact hydrogen source for mobile fuel cell systems and a catalytic reactor was designed to validate the concept. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide released the heat, oxygen and water vapor, all of which served OSRM. As the heat was generated internally by the decomposition of the liquid hydrogen peroxide, the reactor ran without external supply of heat and vaporizers for liquid reactants. The platinum/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was used, because Pt was active in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide as well as methanol reforming. The optimal operation condition was determined from the parametric study of H2O2/CH3OH mixture ratios of the liquid reactant supplied to the reforming reactor. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 70 wt% was selected to avoid detonation of its mixture with organic substance such as alcohol. The reforming performance was best among the test conditions when the mixture ratio of 70 wt% H2O2/CH3OH was 3.036. The investigation demonstrated the proposed concept of methanol reforming is effective alternative to the existing OSRM without auxiliary reactors for treatment of reactants and external heat supply.

Lead during the leaching process of copper from waste printed circuit boards by five typical ionic liquid acids

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) contain both valuable resources and toxic substances, causing serious pollution to the environment if not treated appropriately. However, currently almost all researches are focused on valuable resources recovery, mainly copper, without considering the effect of toxic substances, such as lead, during the recycling process. Hence, we selected lead to represent the heavy metals and examined its behavior in typical ionic liquid (IL) acids leaching system. The factors that affect lead leaching rate, such as particle size, temperature, ionic liquid concentration, H2O2 adding amount and solid to liquid ratio, were examined in detail. The results show that particle size, IL acid concentration, solid to liquid ratio and hydrogen peroxide dosage hardly affect lead leaching rate for [BSO4HPy]HSO4, [BSO3HMIm]HSO4 and [MIm]HSO4, while lead leaching rate is significantly influenced by these factors for [BSO3HMIm]OTf and [BSO3HPy]OTf. For copper, it is totally on the opposite. It is hard to discuss the leaching kinetics for lead, while for the leaching of copper, diffusion plays a more important role than surface reaction. Most importantly, compared to lead, IL acids seem to show a selectivity for copper leaching out from WPCBs. Therefore, IL acids could be a prospective choice for leaching copper from WPCBs.

The Pyrolysis Behavior of Alkali Lignin Oxygenized by Hydrogen Peroxide in Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride ([BMIm]Cl)

In order to make better use of lignin, a mixed solution with isopyknic hydrogen peroxide 30% aqueous solution and an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIm]Cl) was used to oxygenize alkali lignin from black liquor. The pyrolysis behavior of the treated alkali lignin (Regenerated ALG) was investigated via TGA. The kinetic controlling temperature range of the Regenerated ALG pyrolysis is between 533K and 649K approved by TG/DTG/DTA data, and the dominated pyrolysis is occurred below 574.7K, which was calculated from a kinetics model using Coats-Redfern method with a first order pyrolysis reaction. The activation energy of the Regenerated ALG also reached up to 105.675kJ/mol, which is 2.2 times greater than the non-treated one.

Bipolar polymer electrolyte interfaces for hydrogen–oxygen and direct borohydride fuel cells

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) using liquid hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant are safe and attractive low temperature power sources for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) as they have excellent energy and power density and do not feature compressed gases or a flammable fuel stream. One challenge to this system is the disparate pH environment between the anolyte fuel and catholyte oxidant streams. Herein, a bipolar interface membrane electrode assembly (BIMEA) is demonstrated for maintaining pH control of the anolyte and catholyte compartments of the fuel cell. The prepared DBFC with the BIMEA yielded a promising peak power density of 110 mW cm−2. This study also investigated the same BIMEA for a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell (H2–O2 FC). The type of gas diffusion layer used and the gas feed relative humidity were found to impact fuel cell performance. Finally, a BIMEA featuring a silver electrocatalyst at the cathode in a H2–O2 FC was successfully demonstrated.

USE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PERCARBONATE TO TREAT CHLORINATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED SOIL

This study compared treatment methods that utilised a liquid carrier of hydrogen peroxide and a solid carrier, percarbonate, for p-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-m-cresol and p-chlorothymol degradation in the soil. The targeted chlorinated aromatic contaminants in the soil degraded to a certain level when treated with the liquid hydrogen peroxide, but the removal efficacy was not dependent on the dosage. In contrast, an increase in the percarbonate dosage enhanced the contaminant removal. Supplementary ferrous iron was more effective for the treatment that employed the liquid carrier of hydrogen peroxide than the treatment employing the solid carrier. Although acidic pH conditions (initial pH of 2.5) favoured contaminant degradation using liquid hydrogen peroxide, the treatment involving percarbonate resulted in more effective contaminant removal without any soil pH preadjustment. Therefore, the solid carrier of hydrogen peroxide, percarbonate, was concluded to be an effective alternative to the liquid carrier, resulting in greater contaminant removal at natural soil pH values.

Mechanisms of bacterial inactivation in the liquid phase induced by a remote RF cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet

A radio-frequency atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet is used for the inactivation of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in solutions. The source is characterized by measurements of power dissipation, gas temperature, absolute UV irradiance as well as mass spectrometry measurements of emitted ions. The plasma-induced liquid chemistry is studied by performing liquid ion chromatography and hydrogen peroxide concentration measurements on treated distilled water samples. Additionally, a quantitative estimation of an extensive liquid chemistry induced by the plasma is made by solution kinetics calculations. The role of the different active components of the plasma is evaluated based on either measurements, as mentioned above, or estimations based on published data of measurements of those components. For the experimental conditions being considered in this work, it is shown that the bactericidal effect can be solely ascribed to plasma-induced liquid chemistry, leading to the production of stable and transient chemical species. It is shown that HNO2, ONOO− and H2O2 are present in the liquid phase in similar quantities to concentrations which are reported in the literature to cause bacterial inactivation. The importance of plasma-induced chemistry at the gas–liquid interface is illustrated and discussed in detail.

Influence of biosurfactant on combined chemical–biological treatment of PCB-contaminated soil

The contamination of soil with polychlorinated biphenyl-containing industrial fluids is a worldwide environmental problem due to their high persistence. The present study aimed to elaborate a new strategy of process integration by the joint application of biosurfactant and combined chemical–biological treatment for soil decontamination. The addition of a microbial surfactant from Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 to the combined chemical–biological treatment, utilizing liquid hydrogen peroxide or calcium peroxide and a natural consortium of microorganisms-destructors, resulted in process modification that increased the treatment efficacy of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl-containing electrical insulating oil. A 42-d combined chemical–biological treatment supplemented by biosurfactant addition resulted in an average 47–50% of polychlorinated biphenyls removal – independent of the hydrogen peroxide carrier used. Changes in the soil pH during the combined treatment application with oxidizing chemicals in moderate dosages were unsubstantial. Joint application of the biosurfactant, microorganisms and oxidizing chemicals in moderate dosages increased soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity compared to that obtained by application of the microbial consortium alone, indicating stimulation of microflora by the process integration. The application of the higher calcium peroxide doses (soil/CaO2=1/0.005, g/g) substantially increased the soil pH and diminished soil microbial respiration compared to that for untreated incubated soil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid addition in the experiments with the solid hydrogen peroxide did not affect the treatment efficacy even after the prolongation of the treatment time from 1 to 42d. Joint addition of both the biosurfactant and the chelating agent to the combined chemical–biological treatment was not effective.

Dynamic simulation of degradation of toluene in waste gas by the photo-Fenton reaction in a bubble column

A dynamic simulation model for the novel toluene gas removal chemical-absorption process based on the photo-Fenton reaction has been developed. It can predict the unsteady- and steady-state performance of a bubble column reactor for photo-Fenton degradation of toluene in a waste gas. In modeling, reaction kinetics in the liquid phase and gas–liquid mass transfer were combined with the tanks-in-series model for nonideal mixing in the gas and liquid phases. The rate equations for Fenton reagents (Fe ions and H2O2), OH radical and the intermediates were included besides those for toluene in the gas and liquid phases. The iron redox cycle generating hydroxyl radical is a key process in the photo-Fenton process. In the simulation model, therefore, the iron redox cycling was taken into account. Experiments for toluene gas photo-Fenton degradation in a semi-batch bubble column were conducted to elucidate the reaction kinetics and to verify the capability of the proposed dynamic simulation model. The proposed simulation model could satisfactorily represent the rather complicated dynamic changes of toluene concentrations in the gas and liquid phases, hydrogen peroxide, iron ions and intermediates during the course of the photo-Fenton process controlled by the iron redox cycle, which was established firstly by the Fenton reaction with the presence of H2O2 and subsequently by the UV light and dissolved oxygen after the complete consumption of H2O2.

Reducing odorous VOC emissions from swine manure using soybean peroxidase and peroxides

The objective of the research was to determine the optimum application rates of soybean peroxidase (SBP) plus peroxide (SBPP) for reducing odorous VOC emissions from swine manure. Industrial-grade SBP was applied in combination with liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or powdered calcium peroxide (CaO2) to standard phenolic solutions and swine manure, and emissions were measured in a wind tunnel. The primary odorant in the untreated manure was 4-methylphenol, which accounted for 68–81% of the odor activity value. At the optimum application rate of SBPP (50gL−1), 4-methylphenol emissions were reduced from the swine manure by 62% (H2O2) and 98% (CaO2) after 24h (P<0.0001). The CaO2 had a longer residence time, remaining effective for 48h with 92% reduction in emission rates (P<0.0001), while H2O2 was similar to the control at 48h (P=0.28).

Protection of Bacillus pumilus Spores by Catalases

Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032, isolated at spacecraft assembly facilities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is difficult to kill by the sterilization method of choice, which uses liquid or vapor hydrogen peroxide. We identified two manganese catalases, YjqC and BPUM_1305, in spore protein extracts of several B. pumilus strains by using PAGE and mass spectrometric analyses. While the BPUM_1305 catalase was present in six of the B. pumilus strains tested, YjqC was not detected in ATCC 7061 and BG-B79. Furthermore, both catalases were localized in the spore coat layer along with laccase and superoxide dismutase. Although the initial catalase activity in ATCC 7061 spores was higher, it was less stable over time than the SAFR-032 enzyme. We propose that synergistic activity of YjqC and BPUM_1305, along with other coat oxidoreductases, contributes to the enhanced resistance of B. pumilus spores to hydrogen peroxide. We observed that the product of the catalase reaction, gaseous oxygen, forms expanding vesicles on the spore surface, affecting the mechanical integrity of the coat layer, resulting in aggregation of the spores. The accumulation of oxygen gas and aggregations may play a crucial role in limiting further exposure of Bacilli spore surfaces to hydrogen peroxide or other toxic chemicals when water is present.

Evaluation of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide to Clean Surfaces in Patient Rooms Using Aerobic Colony Counts and Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Assay

Current guidelines recommend cleaning of non-critical items in patient rooms in healthcare facilities on a regular basis. Disinfectants used in hospitals include quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach and more recently hydrogen peroxide. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of a new liquid hydrogen peroxide disinfectant using aerobic colony counts and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay.

Terahertz Frequency-Domain Spectroscopy Method for Vector Characterization of Liquid Using an Artificial Dielectric

A device for performing vector transmission spectroscopy on aqueous and polar solvent specimens at terahertz frequencies is presented. The device works on the principle of artificial dielectric birefringence by making a microfluidic grating in silicon. The device enables the direct measurement of the complex dielectric function of a liquid, across a wide terahertz band using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Characterization data from a range of liquid specimens, including alcohol, acetone, hydrogen peroxide and whiskies are presented. Using microfluidic sampling, specimen handling is straightforward and direct measurements on strongly terahertz absorbing solvents are possible. The method is scalable to longer or shorter wavelengths.

과산화수소 농축을 위한 투과증발공정 모델링

본 연구의 목적은 과산화수소 농축을 위한 투과증발공정의 수학적 모델을 제시하는 것이다. 대상공정은 NASA에서 개발한 것으로 쉘과 멤브레인 튜브들로 구성되어 있다. 쉘과 튜브에는 각각 과산화수소용액과 sweep gas가 향류로 흐른다. 이때 막을 통해 투과증발되는 기체에는 과산화수소보다 물분자가 더 많기 때문에 과산화수소를 농축할 수 있다. 이 공정의 수학적 모델은 투과물의 흡수-확산 메커니즘에 기초한 비선형 편미분 및 대수 방정식, 투과물 플럭스의 온도 의존성에 대한 아레니우스 관계, 그리고 막 모듈 내의 액상 농도와 흐름에 대한 질량 및 운동량 수지식의 형태로 개발하였다. 과산화수소 농축물 농도의 동적 거동은 제안된 모델의 단순화된 형태를 풀어 모사하였고 그 결과값을 NASA 특허에서 보고된 실험자료와 비교하였다. The objective of this study is to propose a mathematical model for a pervaporation process for concentrating hydrogen peroxide. The process was developed by NASA, which consists of a shell and membrane tubes, where a liquid hydrogen peroxide solution flows in the shell, and a sweep gas flows in the tubes countercurrent to each other. The liquid retentate is concentrated as more water molecules permeate and evaporate through the membrane than hydrogen peroxide. For this process, a mathematical model has been developed in the form of a system of nonlinear partial differential algebraic equations based on a sorption-diffusion mechanism for permeation, an Arrhenius relationship for the temperature dependency of the permeate flux, and mass and momentum balances for the liquid concentrations and flows in the membrane module. The dynamic behavior of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the retentate side has been simulated by solving a simplified version of the proposed model, and the result is compared with the experimental data reported in the NASA patent.

Management of gas gangrene in Wenchuan earthquake victims

Gas gangrene is an emergency condition, which usually develops after injuries or surgery. This study was designed to investigate clinical characteristics, appropriate therapy, and effective control of nosocomial cross-infection of gas gangrene in Wenchuan earthquake victims. Data on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of confirmed, suspected, or highly suspected gas gangrene were collected. Sixty-seven (2.41%) cases of suspected gas gangrene were found, in which 32 cases were highly suspected of gas gangrene and 5 cases were confirmed by culture of Clostridium perfringens. Thereof, injury sites were mainly located on the limbs, and typical indications, including crepitation, severe localized pain, swelling, wound discoloration, dark red or black necrotic muscle, foul smell as well as different degrees of systemic toxic performance were common among them. After hospitalization, all patients were isolated and had surgery quickly to remove dead, damaged or infected tissue. The wounds were also exposed for drainage and washed or padded with 3% liquid hydrogen peroxide for disinfection before all diagnostic test results were available. Additionally, high doses of antibiotics (mainly penicillin) were given for the prevention of infection, and supportive therapy was applied for corresponding symptoms control. Among those cases, no fatality was reported. In summary, in post-disaster emergency relief, the diagnosis of gas gangrene should be primarily based on clinical manifestations; while patient isolation, wound debridement and disinfection, as well as antibiotics treatment, is the main measures for proper treatment and control of nosocomial infection for gas gangrene.

Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage phiX174, and Bacteroides [corrected] fragilis phage B40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and UV light.

In this study, the inactivating properties of liquid hydrogen peroxide (L-H(2)O(2)), vaporized hydrogen peroxide (V-H(2)O(2)), UV light, and a combination of V-H(2)O(2) and UV light were tested on murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and bacteriophages (φX174 and B40-8) as models for human noroviruses. Disinfection of surfaces was examined on stainless steel discs based on European Standard EN 13697 (2001). For fresh-produce decontamination, a mixture of the viruses was inoculated onto shredded iceberg lettuce and treated after overnight incubation at 2°C. According to our results, L-H(2)O(2) (2.1%) was able to inactivate MNV-1 and φX174 on stainless steel discs by approximately 4 log(10) units within 10 min of exposure, whereas for B40-8, 15% of L-H(2)O(2) was needed to obtain a similar reduction in 10 min. Only a marginal reduction (≤1 log(10) unit after 5 min of exposure) by V-H(2)O(2) (2.52%) was achieved for the tested model viruses, although in combination with UV light, a 4-log(10)-unit decrease within 5 min of treatment was observed on stainless steel discs. Similar trends were observed for the decontamination of shredded iceberg lettuce, but the viral decline was reduced. These results demonstrated that both L-H(2)O(2) and a combination of V-H(2)O(2) and UV light can be used for norovirus inactivation on surfaces; V-H(2)O(2) (2.52%) in combination with UV light is promising for decontamination of fresh produce with much less consumption of water and disinfectant.

Role of the Ti(IV)-Superoxide Species in the Selective Oxidation of Alkanes with Hydrogen Peroxide in the Gas Phase on Titanium Silicalite-1: An In Situ EPR Investigation

The interaction of TS-1 with gaseous hydrogen peroxide at temperatures above 373 K has been investigated by in situ EPR measurements. Treatment of TS-1 with hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase leads to a strong EPR signal, assigned to the Ti(IV)-superoxide species. In contrast to investigations with liquid hydrogen peroxide, here only one Ti(IV)-superoxide species could be detected in the EPR spectrum. The time constant of the reaction of the Ti(IV)-superoxide species detected by in situ EPR measurements was much larger than that observed for the rate of consumption of propane or propene via gas chromatographic analysis. Thus, we conclude that the superoxide species may take part in the oxidation reaction (via side reactions or the formation of unselective products), but is probably not the main responsible species in the oxidation of propane or propene.